斜带石斑鱼MyD88基因的克隆与表达

本研究运用RACE-PCR技术获得斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)基因,并对该基因进行生物信息学和表达模式分析.研究结果表明1 795 bp的cDNA全长序列,包括ORF 870 bp、5' UTR 243 bp和3' UTR 682 bp,3' UTR存在1个多聚腺苷酸加尾信号(AATAAA)和两个mRNA不稳定基序(ATTTA).SMART软件预测该蛋白N端和C端分别存在死亡结构域和TIR结构域(Toll/IL-1 receptor homology domain,TIR);与其它脊椎动物MyD88的序列同一性达57.1%～78.7%;用NJ法构建的系统进化树中,斜带石斑鱼MyD88和其它已报导的鱼类MyD88聚为一枝.qPCR检测结果显示MyD88基因mRNA主要表达于肝脏、脾脏、头肾和胸腺等组织.本研究为进一步探讨MyD88在斜带石斑鱼TLR信号传导中的作用奠定基础.     

以MyD88 TIR二聚化为靶点的抗炎抑制剂筛选模型的建立

MyD88是IL-1R/TLR受体超家族向细胞内转导胞外信号时募集到受体胞浆尾部的重要接头蛋白．由TIR结构域介导的MyD88分子同源二聚化是它招募到受体胞浆尾部的前提,然后二聚化的MyD88再募集下游信号分子,传递信号,引发促炎基因的表达．本研究旨在建立一种模型,以实现活细胞原位的、基于荧光信号变化的MyD88二聚化抑制物的高通量筛选．我们分别构建了MyD88 TIR与GFP和RFP的融合蛋白表达质粒,瞬时转染HeLa细胞,在488 nm激发光下,转染GFP-MyD88 TIR和RFP-MyD88 TIR细胞,检测到绿色荧光与红色荧光间的共振能量转移(FRET)．而当细胞转染GFP-MyD88 TIR和RFP或RFP-MyD88 TIR和GFP,因TIR二聚化不能实现,FRET效率受到严重影响．实验结果提示,依赖双阳性表达GFP-MyD88 TIR和RFP-MyD88 TIR的细胞株,检测不同化合物对于荧光FRET效率的影响,可以建立MyD88 TIR二聚化抑制药物的筛选模型．此外,我们构建了原核表达质粒,利用纯化的His-MyD88 TIR分别与GST或GST-MyD88 TIR蛋白进行体外结合实验,发现GST-MyD88 TIR(而非GST)可以与His-MyD88 TIR相互结合．结果的差异性提示,利用His-MyD88 TIR和GST-MyD88 TIR体外结合实验分析,可以进一步确定抑制物是否直接阻断了TIR的相互作用．结合真核细胞的荧光FRET阻断结果和原核表达的重组蛋白相互作用分析,可确定MyD88 TIR二聚化的抑制物．利用这一模型可以对商品化的小分子库、自行制备的天然产物组分进行广泛的筛选,从中获得有效抑制MyD88二聚化的化合物,参与对MyD88信号通路依赖的慢性炎症、自身免疫性疾病的药物治疗．     

TLR3免疫识别dsRNA病毒的分子机制

1984年,果蝇的Toll样蛋白被发现。13年后,人们发现了第一个与果蝇Toll蛋白同源的人Toll样受体(toll like receptor,TLR)蛋白(hTLR4)。迄今,已有10种TLR蛋白(即hTLR1～10)被发现,它们代表了一类保守的受体家族,分别识别不同的抗原。其中TLR3能专一性地识别双链RNA(double stranded RNA,dsRNA),通过依赖MyD88的信号通路及不依赖MyD88的信号通路,     

TLR——天然免疫中的特异性受体

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是天然免疫系统中特异的I-型跨膜受体及病原模式识别受体,在急性炎症反应、细胞信号转导和细胞凋亡中起重要作用。其结构、分布(基因、细胞、组织、种群层次)及相应配基都具有特异性;TLR的信号通路包括髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor88,MyD88)依赖途径和MyD88非依赖途径。TLR在免疫防御上不仅有其积极的一面,也有其消极的一面;它的发现,无论在理论上还是在应用上都有着开创性的意义。     

饲料中添加椭圆栅藻对异育银鲫中科5号越冬后抗病力的影响

为探究饲料中添加椭圆栅藻(Scenedesmus ovalternus)是否可以提高越冬期异育银鲫中科5号(Carassius gibelio var. CASⅤ)的免疫力和抗病力, 实验在异育银鲫中科5号[初重(109.24±0.23) g]越冬前期(4周)投喂基础饲料或者添加4%椭圆栅藻的饲料, 并在越冬结束后用嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)进行攻毒实验, 测定其生长、免疫力和抗病力等指标。结果表明在饲料中添加4%椭圆栅藻对中科5号的生长和攻毒后累计存活率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活力在不同饲料处理中无显著性差异, 但是栅藻组在攻毒后MPO活力显著升高(P<0.05)。在嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后, 中科5号头肾中髓样分化因子88(MyD88)基因表达显著升高, 且栅藻组高于对照组(P<0.05)。此外, 摄食栅藻饲料的中科5号的Toll样受体4(TLR4)、包含Toll/白介素1的接头蛋白(TIRAP)和包含TIR结构域的IFN诱导连接蛋白(TRIF)基因表达也显著升高(P<0.05), 而对照组中无显著性变化(P>0.05)。因此, 中科5号摄食栅藻后MyD88依赖性或者MyD88非依赖性介导TLR信号通路可能都被激活以抵御病菌的入侵。综上所述, 在饲料中添加4%栅藻可以在一定程度上提高越冬后中科5号的抗病力, 可能是通过TLR通路进行调控。     

赤眼鳟MyD88基因cDNA克隆与表达特性研究

实验使用RACE-PCR技术获得了赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)髓样分化因子88 (Myeloid differentiationfactor 88, MyD88)的cDNA全长, 命名为ScMyD88。ScMyD88的cDNA全长为1779 bp, 其中开放阅读框855 bp, 共编码284个氨基酸残基, 推导的蛋白质分子量为33.053 kD, 理论等电点为5.66。赤眼鳟MyD88具有典型的MyD88结构特征, 包括死亡结构域和TIR结构域(Toll-IL-1 receptor domain, TIR), 其氨基酸序列和鲤科鱼类具有高度保守性, 相似性达到了90%以上, 特别是和武昌鱼相比, 相似性达到了98%。在检测的9个赤眼鳟组织和器官中均有MyD88表达, 其中肝脏、头肾和体肾中表达水平最高, 在脑中表达量最低。在草鱼呼肠弧病毒(Grass carp reovirus, GCRV)感染初期(12h内), MyD88在赤眼鳟免疫组织中表达水平急剧上升, 特别是在脾脏和体肾中尤为明显, 随后恢复正常水平。研究表明, MyD88在赤眼鳟抵抗GCRV入侵的免疫应答反应初期发挥了重要作用。     

斜带石斑鱼MyD88基因的原核表达及蛋白纯化简

正Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是一类重要的模式识别受体,其胞外结构域可识别特定的病原相关分子模式(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs),胞内的TIR(Toll-like/IL-1 receptor)结构域则参与启动胞内信号转导,诱导细胞产生活性氧中间体(Reactive oxygen intermediate)、活性氮中间体(Reactive nitrogen intermediate)和促炎症因子,在感染早期发挥重要作用[1]。在哺乳动物中,髓样分化因子88(Myeloid differentiation factor     

MyD88aa155-171功能区缺失对免疫相关细胞共刺激分子和细胞因子表达的影响

利用重组PCR的方法,克隆并构建MyD88和MyD88aa155-171功能区缺失（MyD88?155-171）载体,转染免疫相关细胞并筛选获得稳定细胞系。报告基因实验结果显示MyD88?155-171功能区缺失能够抑制转录因子NF-κB和AP-1的活性,在不同Toll样受体（TLR）配体刺激后,转染MyD88?155-171的细胞表面分子的表达低于MyD88正常表达的细胞,并且抑制表面分子CD86和B7H1在TLR配体刺激后的上调。同时,多细胞因子分析系统的检测结果表明,给予TLR配体刺激之后,MyD88-/-树突细胞表达低水平的细胞因子,转染MyD88可以使细胞因子表达明显增加,而仅表达MyD88?155-171可以明显影响IL-12,IFN- 的表达。以上结果表明MyD88功能区缺失影响免疫相关细胞表面分子和细胞因子的表达及Toll 样受体信号的传递,其在细胞内信号系统的具体作用机制还需进一步证实。     

胰腺癌上调因子在卵巢癌中水平变化及其与TLR4/MyD88通路的关系

该文探讨了胰腺癌上调因子(PAUF)在卵巢癌中的表达水平,及其与TLR4/MyD88信号通路在卵巢癌中的关系。选取2014年10月至2016年5月在我院就诊的卵巢癌患者共217例,纳入卵巢癌组,另随机选取同期诊断为卵巢良性肿瘤的45例患者纳入卵巢良性肿瘤组和52例健康人群纳入对照组。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测受试者卵巢组织中的PAUF、TLR4和MyD88表达水平。比较三组PAUF、TLR4和MyD88的表达水平;分析PAUF和TLR4、MyD88之间存在的相关性;分析卵巢癌患者中影响PAUF、TLR4和MyD88表达水平的因素。结果显示,卵巢癌患者组织中的PAUF、TLR4和MyD88水平均显著高于良性肿瘤组和对照组(P0.05);卵巢癌组织中PAUF与TLR4表达水平呈正相关(r=0.521,P0.001),且PAUF与MyD88表达也成正相关(r=0.581, P0.001);卵巢癌组织PAUF水平与肿瘤种类、FIGO分期和肿瘤分化程度有关(P0.05),但与患者年龄无关(P0.05);而癌组织中TLR4水平只与肿瘤的分化程度有关(P0.05), MyD88表达水平只与癌症种类有关(P0.05)。由此说明,卵巢癌患者组织中的PAUF表达水平显著升高,与TLR4和MyD88表达成正相关。PAUF可能通过参与TLR4/MyD88信号通路,参与了卵巢癌的发生发展。     

大鼠海马神经元TLR4介导的MyD88依赖途径在神经炎症中的作用

目的:研究大鼠海马神经元是否有Toll样受体4(TLR4)介导的的髓样分化因子88(MyD88)依赖途径及该途径的激活在神经炎症中的作用。方法:采用体外培养7 d的新生大鼠海马神经元,细胞免疫荧光双标法鉴定海马神经元纯度。用TLR4配体脂多糖(LPS)或TLR4抗体预处理海马神经元,以激活或阻断TLR4的作用。实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法检测海马神经元中MyD88、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)mRNA的表达;Westernblot方法测定海马神经元MyD88和TRAF6蛋白水平;细胞免疫荧光双标法观察海马神经元中核因子κB/P65(NF-κB/P65)的表达定位及TLR4激活或阻断后NF-κB/P65核易位情况;ELISA检测培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和一氧化氮(NO)的水平。结果:LPS能上调海马神经元MyD88和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(TRAF6)mRNA水平;促使NF-κB/P65转位至核;增加MyD88和TRAF6蛋白的表达;增加海马神经元培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和NO含量;TLR4抗体预处理能减弱LPS对海马神经元NF-κB/P65核易位作用及降低培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的水平。结论:大鼠海马神经元有TLR4介导的的MyD88依赖途径,该途径的激活能导致TNF-α、IL-lβ和NO含量的增加。海马神经元TLR4介导的MyD88依赖途径参与了神经炎症反应,神经元不是神经炎症反应中的被动者。     

Interactive sites in the MyD88 Toll/interleukin (IL) 1 receptor domain responsible for coupling to the IL1beta signaling pathway

Myeloid differentiation factor MyD88 is the essential adaptor protein that integrates and transduces intracellular signals generated by multiple Toll-like receptors including receptor complex for interleukin (IL) 1beta, a key inflammatory cytokine. IL1beta receptor complex interacts with MyD88 via the Toll/IL1 receptor (TIR) domain. Here we report structure-function studies that help define the MyD88 TIR domain binding sites involved in IL1beta-induced protein-protein interactions. The MyD88 TIR domain, employed as a dominant negative inhibitor of IL1beta signaling to screen MyD88 TIR mutants, lost its suppressing activity upon truncation of its Box 3. Accordingly, mutations of Box 3 residues 285-286 reversed the dominant negative effect of the MyD88 TIR domain on IL1beta-induced and NFkappaB-dependent reporter gene activity and IL6 production. Moreover, mutations of residues 171 in helix alphaA, 195-197 in Box 2, and 275 in betaE-strand had similar functional effects. Strikingly, only mutations of residues 195-197 eliminated the TIR-TIR interaction of MyD88 and IL1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAcP), whereas substitution of neighboring canonical Pro200 by His was without effect. Mutations in Box 2 and 3 prevented homotypic MyD88 oligomerization via TIR domain. Based on this structure-function analysis, a three-dimensional docking model of TIR-TIR interaction between MyD88 and IL1RAcP was developed.     

Mutational Analysis Identifies Residues Crucial for Homodimerization of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 (MyD88) and for Its Function in Immune Cells

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor protein that transduces intracellular signaling pathways evoked by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1Rs). MyD88 is composed of an N-terminal death domain (DD) and a C-terminal Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, separated by a short region. Upon ligand binding, TLR/IL-1Rs hetero- or homodimerize and recruit MyD88 through their respective TIR domains. Then, MyD88 oligomerizes via its DD and TIR domain and interacts with the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) to form the Myddosome complex. We performed site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues that are located in exposed regions of the MyD88-TIR domain and analyzed the effect of the mutations on MyD88 signaling. Our studies revealed that mutation of Glu¹⁸³, Ser²⁴⁴, and Arg²⁸⁸ impaired homodimerization of the MyD88-TIR domain, recruitment of IRAKs, and activation of NF-κB. Moreover, overexpression of two green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged MyD88 mini-proteins (GFP-MyD88_151–189 and GFP-MyD88_168–189), comprising the Glu¹⁸³ residue, recapitulated these effects. Importantly, expression of these dominant negative MyD88 mini-proteins competed with the function of endogenous MyD88 and interfered with TLR2/4-mediated responses in a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and in human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Thus, our studies identify novel residues of the TIR domain that are crucially involved in MyD88 homodimerization and TLR signaling in immune cells.     

Characterization of a novel molluscan MyD88 family protein from manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a universal adaptor protein which is required for signal transduction of TLR/IL-1R family. In this study, a novel molluscan MyD88 family member protein (named as RpMyD88) was identified from manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. It was identified using BLAST algorithm from GS-FLX? sequencing data. The cDNA of RpMyD88 consists of 1416 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 471 amino acid residues. The RpMyD88 contains death domain and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain which are typical features of MyD88 family proteins. The predicted amino acid sequence of RpMyD88 shares 27% identity with scallop MyD88. The expression level of RpMyD88 mRNA was investigated in healthy and challenged clams by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The RpMyD88 gene expression is ubiquitous in all selected tissues. The RpMyD88 mRNA was strongly expressed in hemocyte, gill and mantle. In contrast, it was weakly expressed in siphon, foot and adductor muscle. RpMyD88 was up-regulated in gill and hemocyte after immune challenge with both Vibrio tapetis and LPS challenge. All results considered, sequence characterization, comparison and gene expression data suggesting that MyD88-dependent signaling pathway is presence in manila clam and RpMyD88 plays an important role in innate immune response against bacteria.     

Natural loss-of-function mutation of myeloid differentiation protein 88 disrupts its ability to form Myddosomes

Myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88) is a key signaling adapter in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. MyD88 is also one of the most polymorphic adapter proteins. We screened the reported nonsynonymous coding mutations in MyD88 to identify variants with altered function. In reporter assays, a death domain variant, S34Y, was found to be inactive. Importantly, in reconstituted macrophage-like cell lines derived from knock-out mice, MyD88 S34Y was severely compromised in its ability to respond to all MyD88-dependent TLR ligands. Unlike wild-type MyD88, S34Y is unable to form distinct foci in the cells but is present diffused in the cytoplasm. We observed that IRAK4 co-localizes with MyD88 in these aggregates, and thus these foci appear to be "Myddosomes." The MyD88 S34Y loss-of-function mutant demonstrates how proper cellular localization of MyD88 to the Myddosome is a feature required for MyD88 function.     

1H, 13C, and 15N resonance assignment of the TIR domain of human MyD88

Myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) is one of a critical adaptor molecule in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The TIR domain of MyD88 serves as a protein–protein interaction module and interacts with other TIR-containing proteins such as Mal (MyD88 adaptor-like) and Toll-like receptor 4 to form signal initiation complexes. Here we report the ¹⁵N, ¹³C, and ¹H chemical shift assignments of the TIR domain of MyD88. The resonance assignments obtained in this work will contribute to the study of heteromeric TIR–TIR interactions between MyD88 and TIR-containing receptors or adaptors.     

Genetically resistant mice lacking MyD88-adapter protein display a high susceptibility to Leishmania major infection associated with a polarized Th2 response

Host resistance to the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major is highly dependent on IL-12 production by APCs. Genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice develop IL-12-mediated Th1 immune response dominated by IFN-gamma and exhibit only small cutaneous lesions that resolve spontaneously. In contrast, because of several genetic differences, BALB/c mice develop an IL-4-mediated Th2 immune response and a chronic mutilating disease. Myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) is an adaptator protein that links the IL-1/Toll-like receptor family to IL-1R-associated protein kinase. Toll-like receptors recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and are crucially implicated in the induction of IL-12 secretion by APC. The role of MyD88 protein in the development of protective immune response against parasites is largely unknown. Following inoculation of L. major, MyD88(-/-) C57BL/6 mice presented large footpad lesions containing numerous infected cells and frequent mutilations. In response to soluble Leishmania Ag, cells from lesion-draining lymph node showed a typical Th2 profile, similar to infected BALB/c mice. IL-12p40 plasma level collapses in infected MyD88(-/-) mice compared with infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, administration of exogenous IL-12 rescues L. major-infected MyD88(-/-) mice, demonstrating that the susceptibility of these mice is a direct consequence of IL-12 deficiency. In conclusion, MyD88-dependent pathways appear essential for the development of the protective IL-12-mediated Th1 response against the Leishmania major parasite. In absence of MyD88 protein, infected mice develop a nonprotective Th2 response.     

MAPPIT analysis of TLR adaptor complexes

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial components of the innate immune system, coupling pathogen recognition to a cellular response. We used the MAPPIT mammalian two-hybrid technique to investigate protein-protein interactions in the early steps in TLR signalling. A partial TLR-adaptor interaction map was constructed confirming several known but also documenting novel interactions. We show that the TLR adaptor Mal is critical for linking Myeloid Differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) to TLR2 and TLR4. Analysis of the contributions of the different sub-domains of MyD88-adaptor-like protein (Mal) and MyD88 in adaptor homo- and hetero-dimerisation provides an initial mechanistic insight in this bridging function of Mal.     

Quantitative proteomic analysis after neuroprotective MyD88 inhibition in the retinal degeneration 10 mouse

Progressive photoreceptor death occurs in blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) is a central adaptor protein for innate immune system Toll-like receptors (TLR) and induces cytokine secretion during retinal disease. We recently demonstrated that inhibiting MyD88 in mouse models of retinal degeneration led to increased photoreceptor survival, which was associated with altered cytokines and increased neuroprotective microglia. However, the identity of additional molecular changes associated with MyD88 inhibitor-induced neuroprotection is not known. In this study, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labelling followed by LC-MS/MS for quantitative proteomic analysis on the rd10 mouse model of retinal degeneration to identify protein pathways changed by MyD88 inhibition. Quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ LC-MS/MS is a high-throughput method ideal for providing insight into molecular pathways during disease and experimental treatments. Forty-two proteins were differentially expressed in retinas from mice treated with MyD88 inhibitor compared with control. Notably, increased expression of multiple crystallins and chaperones that respond to cellular stress and have anti-apoptotic properties was identified in the MyD88-inhibited mice. These data suggest that inhibiting MyD88 enhances chaperone-mediated retinal protection pathways. Therefore, this study provides insight into molecular events contributing to photoreceptor protection from modulating inflammation.