血清IL-6 及S-100B 水平对颅脑损伤严重程度和预后评估的临床意义

目的:探讨血清IL-6及S-100B水平变化对颅脑损伤患者病情程度及预后评估的临床价值。方法:选择我院2013年7月~2015年7月收治的颅脑损伤患者100例为研究对象,依据格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)将患者分为特重型损伤组、重型损伤组、中型损伤组和轻型损伤组,每组25例。另选择同期在我院接受体检的25位健康志愿者作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测各组研究对象不同时间点血清IL-6及S-100B水平,并分析IL-6及S-100B水平变化与颅脑损伤程度及预后的关系。结果:颅脑损伤后第1、3、5、7、14天患者血清IL-6及S-100B水平均显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。在相同检测时间,损伤程度越重的患者其血清IL-6及S-100B水平越高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);相同损伤程度颅脑损伤患者随着损伤时间延长,其血清IL-6水平越高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);相同损伤程度颅脑损伤患者血清S-100B水平在损伤后第1天开始上升,第3天达到高峰,第5天开始下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。颅脑损伤患者血清IL-6和S-100B水平与格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)和格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)呈负相关(rIL-6=-0.812、-0.770,rS-100B=-0.767、-0.831,P0.05),与颅脑损伤程度呈正相关关系(r=0.776、0.791,P0.05)。结论:血清IL-6和S-100B水平与颅脑损伤患者病情严重程度和预后相关,对颅脑损伤程度的临床诊断及预后评估具有重要参考价值。     

缺血缺氧脑损伤大鼠NSE和S-100β蛋白的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨缺血缺氧脑损伤大鼠神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和S-100β蛋白（S-100β）的变化及其临床意义。方法75只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,再将实验组按造模后4 h、8 h、12 h和24 h不同时点分为4个亚组。利用夹闭双侧颈总动脉,并进行缺氧的方法制备模型。以放射免疫法（RIA）和酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）分别测定血清和脑组织中NSE和S-100β蛋白的变化。结果造模后24 h内,血清和脑组织中NSE和S-100β的含量是一个动态变化过程,呈同步变化的趋势,在12 h时均达到峰值。而且,实验组中各亚组的二者含量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论缺血缺氧后不同时点NSE和S-100β的含量呈动态变化;二者可作为缺血缺氧后脑组织损伤程度及修复的一个临床参考指标。     

血清S100β蛋白和NSE水平与急性脑梗死患者预后关系的探讨

目的:探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清S100β蛋白及神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平变化与预后的关系。方法:采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测对33例脑梗死患者及25例健康对照组的血清S100B蛋白水平进行测定;用电化学发光的方法对NSE含量的观察,并比较ACI患者在不同病情、不同梗死面积时的血清S100β蛋白和NSE含量变化,采用Pearson法对二者进行相关性分析。结果:脑梗死组患者血清S100β蛋和NSE水平均明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。并且随着神经功能损伤程度的增高和梗死面积的增加,血清S100β蛋白和NSE含量亦明显升;S100β蛋白水平和NSE水平呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论:急性脑梗死患者血清NSE和S-100B蛋白浓度均明显增高。血清S100β蛋白和NSE水平可作为疾病诊断、判断病情及评估预后的重要参数。尤其适用于无法进行影像学检查的急性脑梗死患者。     

血清H-FABP和S-100B 在急性脑梗死患者早期诊断及病情评估中的应用

目的:探索血清心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(H-FABP)和S-100B蛋白(S-100B)在急性脑梗死(ACI)患者早期诊断及病情评估中的应用。方法:选择自2012年9月至2015年3月我院收治的ACI患者91例作为观察组,根据Adama分型法、神经缺损程度和不同的病发时间进行分组,另外选取健康体检者73例作为对照组。采集受试者血液,应用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平,并进行相关性分析。结果:观察组患者发病后第1、3、12 h血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平明显高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者血清中H-FABP水平发病第1 h开始升高,在第3 h达到最高水平,之后开始逐渐下降;S-100B水平变化趋势同H-FABP,发病第12 h达到最高水平,之后开始下降。病灶直径越大,患者血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平越高,且组间差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);重度神经缺损患者血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平明显高于中度和轻度缺损患者,中度神经缺损患者血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平显著高于轻度缺损患者(P0.05);ACI患者血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平与病灶直径和神经缺损程度呈正相关(P0.05)。结论:ACI患者血清中H-FABP和S-100B水平可以作为疾病的早期诊断标准之一,同时可以准确评估病情发展,对于临床检测和确诊具有重要意义,值得在临床上广泛使用。     

外源性磷酸肌酸对重度窒息新生儿血清S-1OOB蛋白及NSE水平的影响

目的:探讨外源性磷酸肌酸对重度窒息新生儿血清S-100B蛋白和特异性神经元烯醇化酶含量(NSE)的影响.方法:重度窒息的新生儿40例,随机分为两组,常规治疗组21例,给予一般治疗(氧疗、支持、对症)和胞二磷胆碱治疗.磷酸肌酸治疗组19例,在常规治疗基础上,生后12h内给予磷酸肌酸治疗lg/d),另外同期住院的新生儿湿肺和黄疸患儿14例为正常对照组.均与生后48h和生后10天取血检测血清S-100B蛋白和NSE含量.并于生后第14天进行新生儿行为神经测定(NBNA评分).结果:磷酸肌酸治疗组和常规治疗组患儿生后48h血清S-100B蛋白和NSE含量无显著差异(※P＞0.05,※P＞0.05),与正常对照组比较差异具有显著性(△P＜0.05,△P＜0.05),生后10天血清S-100B和NSE含量在常规治疗组患儿和磷酸肌酸组相比具有显著差异,磷酸肌酸治疗组两者明显下降(※P＜0.05,※P＜0.05).生后三周的行为神经评估(NBNA评分)＜35分者所占百分比磷酸肌酸治疗组27％与常规治疗组组53％比较,差异均具有显著性意义(x2=6.112,※P＜0.05).结论:磷酸肌酸用于治疗新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病能够改善脑的能量代谢,降低脑损伤的程度,改善神经行为,降低致残率.     

NSE在颅脑手术前后患者血清中的动态变化及其与预后的关系

目的 分析颅脑手术前后患者血清中神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的动态变化与治疗效果、预后的相关性.方法 对我科2012年5月~2013年1月入院行择期手术的颅脑手术患者90例,按临床诊断分类分组进行手术.分别于术前1天,术后第1、3、7天抽取空腹外周静脉血,使用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定NSE的血清浓度,并与正常对照组比较.结果 手术组中除面肌痉挛组外,术前血清中NSE含量均较对照组明显升高(P＜0.01).手术组术后第1、3天血清中NSE含量均较对照组明显升高(均P＜0.01).术后第7天,手术组中除面肌痉挛组外血清NSE含量较对照组明显升高(P＜0.01).各手术组血清NSE含量在术后均迅速上升,第1天达高峰,然后逐渐下降.根据预后评分,预后恶劣组血清NSE高于预后良好组(P＜0.01).行颅脑手术患者血清中NSE术前及术后第1、3、7天值与GOS评分呈负相关(r分别为-0.463、-0.682、-0.735、-0.748,均P＜0.01).结论 动态监测血清NSE对不同颅脑手术患者手术前后进行病情评估、疗效观察及预后判断具有重要价值.     

血清C反应蛋白、白蛋白、S100B蛋白与颅脑损伤严重程度及其并发急性创伤性凝血病的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨血清C反应蛋白（CRP）、白蛋白、S100B蛋白与颅脑损伤严重程度及其并发急性创伤性凝血病的关系。方法：选取我院2020年3月到2023年3月收治的80例颅脑损伤患者作为研究对象,对所有患者采取格拉斯昏迷评分（GCS）进行评价,并依照评分结果判定患者颅脑损伤严重程度,将GCS评分≤8分的25例患者分为重度组,将GCS评分＞8分的55例患者分为非重度组。对比两组患者血清CRP、白蛋白、S100B蛋白表达水平。随后将80例颅脑损伤患者依照是否并发急性创伤性凝血病情况分为急性创伤性凝血病组（n=20）和非急性创伤性凝血病组（n=60）对比两组患者一般临床情况,并分析血清CRP、白蛋白、S100B蛋白对颅脑损伤其并发急性创伤性凝血病的预测价值。结果：不同严重程度颅脑损伤患者白蛋白对比无显著差异（P＞0.05）,CRP、S100B蛋白水平对比差异显著,重度组CRP水平高于非重度组,S100B蛋白水平低于非重度组（P＜0.05）;Spearman相关分析结果显示：白蛋白与颅脑损伤严重程度无明显相关性（P＞0.05）,CRP与颅脑损伤严重程度呈正相关,S100B蛋白与颅脑损伤严重程度呈负相关（P＜0.05）;急性创伤性凝血病组和非急性创伤性凝血病组颅脑损伤患者性别、年龄、BMI、颅脑损伤类型对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,急性创伤性凝血病组和非急性创伤性凝血病组颅脑损伤患者脑挫伤范围、就诊时间、GCS评分、休克指数、CRP、白蛋白、S100B蛋白水平对比差异显著（P＜0.05）;logistic回归分析结果表明：GCS评分、休克指数、CRP、白蛋白为颅脑损伤并发急性创伤性凝血病的独立影响因素（P＜0.05）。结论：入院时检测CRP、S100B蛋白能够早期对颅脑损伤严重程度进行辅助评价,且当颅脑损伤患者CRP水平较高、S100B蛋白和白蛋白水平较低、的患者要警惕急性创伤性凝血病的发生,及时对患者采取相关措施进行干预。     

硬膜外皮质电刺激治疗急性颅脑脑损伤的初步实验研究

目的:探讨硬膜外皮质电刺激(EECS)对急性颅脑脑损伤(ACCI)后的影响.方法:SD大鼠24只,随机分为A组(假损伤组),B组(损伤组)和C组(治疗组),侧方液压打击损伤(LFPI)大鼠脑组织建立ACCI模型后,C组给予硬膜外电刺激治疗.术后24小时处死动物,检测A组脑组织含水量、血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)含量与B、C组上述指标的差异.结果:与A组相比,B组与C组脑组织含水量明显增加(P＜0.01),与B组相比,C组大鼠脑含水量减少(P＜0.05),差异有统计学意义;与A组相比.B组与C组大鼠血清NSE明显增加(P＜0.01),与B相比,C组大鼠大鼠血清NSE明显减少(P＜0.01),差异有统计学意义.结论:EECS可减轻ACCI后脑水肿,降低血清NSE水平,从而起到脑保护的作用.     

抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平与缺血性卒中患者颅内大动脉狭窄发生和短期转归的关系

目的:探讨急性缺血性卒中患者血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平与患者颅内大动脉血管有无狭窄和短期转归的关系。方法:回顾性分析225例急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,根据颅脑MRA、颅脑CTA及DSA结果,将卒中患者分为颅内大动脉分为血管狭窄组(n=146)和非狭窄组(n=79),并将狭窄组按狭窄程度分为1-6组,每组代表一个等级。在入院24 h内检测血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体、同型半胱氨酸、C-反应蛋白、尿酸、甲功、血脂、血糖等生化指标,入院当天采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评定神经功能缺损情况。在出院时或发病后14 d,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评估临床转归。结果:颅内大动脉血管狭窄组血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平显著高于非狭窄组(P0.01)。血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPO-Ab)[优势比(odds ratio,OR)1.003,95%可信区间(confidence interval,CI)(1.001~1.005);P0.05]水平升高是脑梗死患者血管狭窄的独立危险因素。入院时血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平升高与短期转归不良有关(P0.01),但校正其他混杂因素后丧失统计学意义(OR:0.998,95%CI:0.993~1.002;P0.05。结论:急性缺血性卒中患者血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体水平是脑梗死患者血管狭窄的独立危险因素,但与血管狭窄组狭窄程度及短期转归无关短期转归无关。     

重型颅脑外伤患者肠内营养应用时机的比较分析

目的观察重型颅脑外伤患者应用肠内营养的最佳时机。方法选择重型颅脑外伤患者108例,随机分为A、B、C 3组,各36例。3组病人均经胃管或空肠管进行肠内营养支持,A组治疗开始时间为伤后24~48h,B组为伤后48~72h,C组为伤后72~96h。2周后对3组病人的血红蛋白、总蛋白、血清白蛋白等营养指标以及临床耐受情况、腹泻发生率进行比较。结果治疗后3组患者血红蛋白、总蛋白、血清白蛋白等均较治疗前有不同程度增高,组间比较,A、C组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但A组较C组明显增高(均P0.05);腹泻发生率比较,A组较B、C组明显增加(P0.05),而B组与C组比较无明显差异(P0.05)。结论重型颅脑外伤患者伤后48~72h较适合采用肠内营养。     

Traumatic brain injury

There is an increasing incidence of military traumatic brain injury (TBI), and similar injuries are seen in civilians in war zones or terrorist incidents. Indeed, blast-induced mild TBI has been referred to as the signature injury of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Assessment involves schemes that are common in civilian practice but, in common with civilian TBI, takes little account of information available from modern imaging (particularly diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging) and emerging biomarkers. The efficient logistics of clinical care delivery in the field may have a role in optimizing outcome. Clinical care has much in common with civilian TBI, but intracranial pressure monitoring is not always available, and protocols need to be modified to take account of this. In addition, severe early oedema has led to increasing use of decompressive craniectomy, and blast TBI may be associated with a higher incidence of vasospasm and pseudoaneurysm formation. Visual and/or auditory deficits are common, and there is a significant risk of post-traumatic epilepsy. TBI is rarely an isolated finding in this setting, and persistent post-concussive symptoms are commonly associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain, a constellation of findings that has been called the polytrauma clinical triad.     

Acoustic thermometry of the patient brain with traumatic brain injury

Non-invasive deep brain acoustic thermometry is carried out for two patients at Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute. This method is based on the measurements of the own thermal acoustic radiation of the investigated object. These two patients have got the brain injury. Some of their skull bones are absent. Infrared thermometry was also used to measure the surface temperature of the forehead skin. On the basis of the experimental data the temperatures deep within the brain were reconstructed. The values for the two patients are equal to 37.3 ± 0.7 and 37.0 ± 0.3°C.     

Polyaminen and brain injury

Summary The cerebral ODC/polyamine system is disturbed by brain injury. The main modifications are important increases in ODC activity and putrescine concentration, with minor variations in spermidine and spermine concentrations. A great diversity of stimuli such as cerebral ischemia or overstimulation of the central nervous system by chemical or non-chemical agents can induce polyamine disturbances. Both the contribution of polyamines to the brain damage and their involvement in the repair mechanisms triggered after brain insults have been proposed.     

The spread of brain oedema in hypertensive brain injury

Severe hypertension in humans may lead to fibrinoid necroses of cerebral blood vessels with small hemorrhages and cystic necroses. Similar lesions have also been reported in the experimental model of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). We examined the genesis and spreading pattern of the brain oedema in SHRSP. The extravasation of plasma proteins was visualized with the Evans-Blue or the immunoperoxidase method. Most commonly the leakage occurred in the grey matter of the cerebral cortex or basal ganglia. The spreading pattern followed that of vasogenic brain oedema with a local spread in the grey matter and an extensive one in the white matter. In addition, we detected a novel pathway upwards along the perivascular spaces of the penetrating vessels as well as laterally in the subpial zone. This route is likely to serve also as a drainage channel for the oedema into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoidal space. Transfer of the extravasated proteins from the white matter to the ventricles was also observed, confirming that this previously described pathway for the resolution of oedema fluid exists in the SHRSP model of vasogenic brain oedema.     

Ghrelin attenuates brain injury after traumatic brain injury and uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock often occur concomitantly due to multiple injuries. Gastrointestinal dysfunction occurs frequently in patients with TBI. However, whether alterations in the gastrointestinal system are involved in modulating neuronal damage and recovery after TBI is largely neglected. Ghrelin is a "gut-brain" hormone with multiple functions including antiinflammation and antiapoptosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ghrelin attenuates brain injury in a rat model of TBI and uncontrolled hemorrhage (UH). To study this, brain injury was induced by dropping a 450-g weight from 1.5 m onto a steel helmet attached to the skull of male adult rats. Immediately after TBI, a midline laparotomy was performed and both lumbar veins were isolated and severed at the junction with the vena cava. At 45 min after TBI/UH, ghrelin (4, 8 or 16 nmol/rat) or 1 mL normal saline (vehicle) was intravenously administered. Brain levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and cleaved PARP-1 levels in the cortex were measured at 4 h after TBI/UH. Beam balance test, forelimb placing test and hindlimb placing test were used to assess sensorimotor and reflex function. In additional groups of animals, ghrelin (16 nmol/rat) or vehicle was subcutaneously (s.c.) administered daily for 10 d after TBI/UH. The animals were monitored for 28 d to record body weight changes, neurological severity scale and survival. Our results showed that ghrelin downregulated brain levels of TNF-α and IL-6, reduced cortical levels of cleaved PARP-1, improved sensorimotor and reflex functions, and decreased mortality after TBI/UH. Thus, ghrelin has a great potential to be further developed as an effective resuscitation approach for the trauma victims with brain injury and severe blood loss.     

A study of rotational brain injury

Of concern in the paper is an investigation on brain injuries which may occur owing to an input angular acceleration of the head. The study is based on the use of an improved mathematical model for the cranium. The eccentricity of the braincase is incorporated through the consideration of a prolate spheroidal shell as the representative of the skull. Also the dissipative mechanical behaviour of the brain material (as per the observations of experimenters) has been accounted for by considering the material contained in the shell as viscoelastic. The problem is formulated in terms of prolate spheroidal coordinates. The singularities of the governing equations of motion (when expressed in the prolate coordinate system) are removed by a suitable transformation of the concerned dependent variable, viz. the one that stands for the angular displacement of a representative point of the system. In the first place the solution of the boundary value problem is sought in the Laplace transform space, by employing a finite difference technique. Use of the alternating-direction-implicit method together with Thomas algorithm was made for obtaining the angular acceleration in the transformed space. The Laplace inversion is also carried out with the help of numerical procedures (Gauss quadrature formula is used for this purpose). The results of the parametric study are presented through graphs. The plots illustrate the shear stresses and strains in the brain medium. A meaningful comparison of the computational results with those of previous investigations indicate that the eccentricity of the braincase plays a significant role in causing injury to the brain.