葡萄抗病无核胚挽救育种及分子标记辅助选择

以欧洲葡萄无核品种为母本,中国野生葡萄双优、欧山杂种北醇及8个欧洲葡萄品种为父本共进行了16个组合的杂交,通过胚挽救技术获得胚挽救苗55个株系。利用无核基因特异引物GSLP1、抗黑痘病和抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记对杂种株系进行分子检测,杂种中检测出拥有无核基因RAPD标记的22株、拥有抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记的16株、拥有抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记的9株。在这些胚挽救杂种苗中,同时拥有无核、抗黑痘病、抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记的胚挽救苗4株,同时拥有无核和抗黑痘病基因RAPD标记的胚挽救苗9株,同时拥有无核、抗炭疽病基因RAPD标记的胚挽救苗1株。     

无核葡萄胚挽救影响因素的研究

分别以‘底莱特’和‘大粒红无核’自交、‘红宝石无核’ב新郁’和‘爱莫无核’ב黑奥林’胚珠为材料进行无核葡萄胚挽救影响因素的研究。结果显示:(1)‘底莱特’自交和‘红宝石无核’ב新郁’胚珠剥胚后萌发率分别为11.4%和10.0%,高于横切胚珠情况下的萌发率(5.5%、0.6%);(2)用Nitsch培养基培养的‘大粒红无核’自交和‘爱莫无核’ב黑奥林’胚珠的胚萌发率分别为9.5%和5.6%,胚状体诱导率分别为6.3%和3.9%,明显高于ER培养基的萌发率。结果表明:剥胚有利于无核葡萄胚的萌发;Nitsch比ER培养基更有利于胚萌发和胚状体诱导;同时,由于杂交亲本染色体倍性的差异导致胚萌发率不同,表现为:二倍体无核自交>二倍体无核×二倍体有核>二倍体无核×四倍体有核。     

东方百合系内杂交授粉技术与胚抢救技术研究

研究了东方百合系内杂交授粉技术及胚抢救技术。结果表明:(1)在组合‘Justina’בShela’中,采用柱头直接授粉,花粉管在花柱中向下定向生长,在子房中向胚珠定向生长;采用切花柱授粉,花粉管在花柱切口及子房中发生不同程度无向性生长;残留花柱越长,进行胚珠定向的花粉管数量越多,获得的饱满种子越少,采用柱头直接授粉获得的饱满种子最多。(2)采用柱头直接授粉对东方百合系内56个组合进行杂交实验,仅1个组合未获得饱满胚珠、3个组合获得胚珠少于10个,其余52个组合获得大量饱满胚珠,初步表明此法可作为东方百合系内杂交通用授粉技术。不同胚抢救技术试验结果显示,授粉约70d后采用切胚珠接种比胚珠直接接种的杂种胚萌动快、萌发率高,而且前者的胚抢救效率也明显高于授粉40d后的"剥胚式接种"。研究认为,授粉约70d后采用"切胚珠接种"可作为东方百合系内杂交通用胚抢救技术。     

‘火州黑玉’葡萄杂交后代果实性状遗传倾向分析

为了探索‘火州黑玉’葡萄果实性状遗传规律,2013~2014年,对‘火州黑玉’为母本的3个组合198个杂交后代的果实性状(包括核性、果色、香味、质地、可溶性固形物含量、果粒重和果粒形状)进行了分析研究。结果表明:后代中胚败育型株系占77.3%,有香味株系仅1个;杂交后代的果色、质地、可溶性固形物含量、果粒重、果形指数呈现数量遗传性状且连续广泛分离;果粒表现无核、深果色、脆肉、小粒、圆形等性状具有遗传倾向;可溶性固形物含量遗传较复杂。研究认为,‘火州黑玉’葡萄能将无核、深果色、脆质地、圆果形等性状以很强优势传递给F1代,但很难出现有香味株系;果粒呈变小趋势,但存在有选择大果型株系的潜力。     

无核葡萄的育种与胚挽救技术的运用

植物的胚挽救技术在无核葡萄的育种研究中发展迅速。利用假单性结实的无核葡萄作母本,无核品种作父本,杂交后在合子胚未败育时,进行胚挽救即可获得杂种实生苗,无核率可达82％．理论上可达100％。还介绍了运用该技术时杂交亲本的选择、胚挽救最佳胚龄的确定及相应的培养基成分、激素等技术方法。     

棉属二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉种间杂交的胚珠培养

用棉属二倍体野生种与四倍体栽培种陆地棉杂交及四倍体栽培种海岛棉、陆地棉与二倍体栽培种亚洲棉杂交,以陆地棉自交作对照。将杂交和自交授粉后2天(部分材料为1天)的胚珠在液体培养基上进行飘浮静置暗培养。培养50—70天,7个杂交组合及2个自交品种的胚珠均获得一定频率的胚(包括成熟和不成熟胚)及成熟胚萌发的苗。其中陆地棉与澳洲野生棉、阿拉伯棉、亚洲棉、海岛棉与亚洲棉等4个杂交组合已得到杂种一代植珠。试验结果表明,同一组合的胚珠,在不同的培养基上获得胚的频率和胚萌发率有明显差异;不同组合的胚珠,在同一培养基上培养的结果也不一致。陆地棉X亚洲棉、海岛棉×亚洲棉两个组合授粉后1天的胚珠培养也获得一定频率的胚发育。     

蚕豆幼胚珠培养及与近缘种杂交的研究

为提高蚕豆的抗病性、抗虫性和着荚性,人们试图将其与野生近缘种进行种间杂交,但因杂交幼胚早期败育,至今未获成功。解决杂交幼胚的发育问题已成杂交成功的关键。作者以自交授粉15天的幼胚珠为材料,确立了由幼胚珠离体培养经继代直接成苗的方法,获得可正常开花结实的完整植珠。以蚕豆为母本与5个近缘种进行了种间杂交,对杂交20天的杂交幼胚珠进行了离体培养,经愈伤组织再分化形成试管苗。为克服蚕豆与近缘种杂交幼胚的败育进行了探索。     

姜花属种间杂交胚拯救研究

为提高姜花属种间杂交胚挽救中幼胚萌发率,以白姜花×金姜花的胚珠为试材,研究不同胚珠发育时期、不同培养基及低温处理果实对幼胚萌发率的影响.结果表明,白姜花×金姜花胚挽救的适宜培养基是MS+0.1 mg/L BA十0.1 mg/L NAA;接种时期以60 d的幼胚培养效果最佳;低温处理果实3～6 d能有效提高幼胚的萌发率.     

普通小麦与粗山羊草正,反交的育性研究

普通小麦与粗山羊草杂交需借助幼胚培养方可获得杂种,取授粉１２～１６天的幼胚进行拯拯救,成苗率较高,效果较好。而不同杂交方式对共杂种成胚率、成苗率及思胚拯救率影响很大。以普通小麦为母本,粗山羊草为父杂交时,１５个杂交组合平均杂种成胚率,成苗率及幼胚拯率分别为５．３５％和５８．７３％,而在１２个反交组合中,其平均成胚率,成苗率及幼胚拯救率分别为９８．８８％、１７．１０％和２４．４４％。由此可见,普通小     

百合杂种系间杂交障碍的克服及3种幼胚离体培养方法的比较研究

分别以麝香百合(Longiflorum,L)'White Fox'、亚洲百合(Asiatic,A)'Conneticut King'、东方百合(Oriental,O)'Sorbonne'及喇叭百合(Trumpet,T)'Royal Goden'为亲本,用切割柱头法进行杂交,采用离体培养技术对杂种幼胚进行抢救,并运用基因组原位杂交技术对所得杂种进行鉴定.结果显示,在所选的6个杂交组合中,切割柱头授粉能不同程度地克服除LL×TT之外的5个杂交组合的受精前障碍;胚、胚乳及胚珠3种外植体的离体培养萌发率分别为100%、21.5%和1%,所得植株占所得杂种的比例分别为9.6%、89.9%和0.5%;基因组原位杂交分析显示,所获植株均为真杂种.结果证明,胚、胚乳及胚珠培养是从幼胚获得百合杂种植株的高效途径,且能有效防止伪杂种混杂,胚乳培养是获得百合杂种一代的主要方式.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细