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在"神经-体液调节"单元的教学中,教师打破了"神经调节"和"体液调节"的教材章节划分,以"辣觉产生的信息传递机制及应用"为大情境贯通,整合了神经-体液调节过程中的信息传递过程,强化了学生对信息交流在生命系统中重要作用的认知,引导学生完成相关概念的构建,体会科学探究的过程并落实社会责任. 相似文献
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合作学习是中学体育课堂教学的重要形式,只有正确的"合"才能有效的"作"。本文就中学学校体育课堂教学实践中如何进行"合"和"作",通过文献资料、调查、逻辑分析等方法,论述了在学校体育教学中进行合作学习的必要性及其途径方法。 相似文献
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“同伴教学法”在“微生物学实验”混合式教学中的应用 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
1984年,哈佛大学教授埃里克·马祖尔(Eric Mazur)在物理学教学实践中创立了"同伴教学法(peer-instruction,PI)",PI引导学生主动探究、互相学习,获得良好的教学效果。21世纪,信息技术和生命科学的飞速发展,使得生命科学的实验教学走向网络平台。在"微生物学实验"的混合式教学中,应用"同伴教学法"让学生在实验原理掌握、实验操作技术、实验结果分析和作业互评等学习过程中始终保持在教授给他人的状态,即两周后知识技能的保持率稳定在90%。对比"同伴教学法"班级和未实施"同伴教学法"班级,发现各种成绩的统计中,实施了"同伴教学法"的班级都显著提升。因此,在实验课程的教学中"同伴教学法"是值得深度研究和推广的高效教学方法。 相似文献
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本文对圈养的两只雄性大熊猫尿中睾酮激素进行了测定与比较,结果表明该老龄大熊猫"菲菲"与壮年大熊猫"川川"在同一时期内尿中睾酮激素含量基本处于相同水平,两者没有显著差异.由此可见老龄雄性大熊猫"菲菲"仍具有繁殖能力. 相似文献
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作为旧石器研究中十分重要的研究概念之一, 本文对"操作链"的发展史、理论内涵、实践方法等方面进行讨论, 认为"操作链"概念是一种动态的、综合的理论视角和研究体系, 强调了石器技术系统的两个行为过程(技术表现与思维运作)和一个互动关系(操作序列)。实践应用和术语对比, 为更好地运用"操作链"研究石器并复原史前技术体系提供了参考。文章还提出了"操作链"概念本身存在的问题, 希望能在今后的工作中得到完善。 相似文献
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新课程下,课堂教学的"预设"与"生成"成为了教师研究的一个重要课题。高质量的生成离不开精心的预设,预设中应有生成。论述在课堂教学中,应以预设为基础,精心准备,提高生成的质量和水平。 相似文献
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The Cuban species of Calisto are reviewed based on the morphology of adult and immature stages, as well as DNA sequences of six genes (COI, EF1α, wingless, GAPDH, RpS5, CAD). A new species, Calisto occultasp. n., is described from the northeastern Cuban mountains. Calisto smintheus Bates, 1935 and Calisto bruneri, Michener 1949 are revised and revalidated. A new status, the species level, is proposed for Calisto brochei, Torre 1973, Calisto muripetens, Bates 1939 and Calisto bradleyi, Munroe 1950. The immature stages of Calisto smintheus, Calisto brochei,and Calisto occulta are described for the first time, and those of Calisto herophile, Hübner 1823 are redescribed. Useful morphological characters for adults are the shape and conspicuousness of androconial patch, the number and relative size of white dots on underside of hindwing, the shape of aedeagus, the shape of digitiform projection of genitalia valve, the shape and relative size of tegumen and uncus, the relative size of female genitalia, the height of sterigmal ring dorsal crown of the latter, and the relative size of corpus bursae and ductus bursae. For the immature stages, the most important characters are the color pattern of head capsule, the number and width of longitudinal lines of body, in the larvae; and the color pattern and the absence or presence of dorsal ridges on the abdomen of pupae. The phylogenetic relationships between the Cuban Calisto species are quite robust and well-supported; however, conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear datasets was detected in Calisto brochei, Calisto muripetens and to a lesser degree in Calisto bradleyi. 相似文献
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Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system 总被引:31,自引:0,他引:31
Using an antiserum generated in rabbits against synthetic galanin (GA) and the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of GA-like immunoreactive cell bodies and nerve fibers was studied in the rat central nervous system (CNS) and a detailed stereotaxic atlas of GA-like neurons was prepared. GA-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the rat CNS. Appreciable numbers of GA-positive cell bodies were observed in the rostral cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus interstitialis striae terminalis, the caudate, medial preoptic, preoptic periventricular, and preoptic suprachiasmatic nuclei, the medial forebrain bundle, the supraoptic, the hypothalamic periventricular, the paraventricular, the arcuate, dorsomedial, perifornical, thalamic periventricular, anterior dorsal and lateral thalamic nuclei, medial and central amygdaloid nuclei, dorsal and ventral premamillary nuclei, at the base of the hypothalamus, in the central gray matter, the hippocampus, the dorsal and caudoventral raphe nuclei, the interpeduncular nucleus, the locus coeruleus, ventral parabrachial, solitarii and commissuralis nuclei, in the A1, C1 and A4 catechaolamine areas, the posterior area postrema and the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia. Fibers were generally seen where cell bodies were observed. Very dense fiber bundles were noted in the septohypothalamic tract, the preoptic area, in the hypothalamus, the habenula and the thalamic periventricular nucleus, in the ventral hippocampus, parts of the reticular formation, in the locus coeruleus, the dorsal parabrachial area, the nucleus and tract of the spinal trigeminal area and the substantia gelatinosa, the superficial layers of the spinal cord and the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The localization of the GA-like immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus suggests a partial coexistence with catecholaminergic neurons as well as a possible involvement of the GA-like peptide in a neuroregulatory role. 相似文献
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(1) In this paper, differences among the five genera constituting the tribe Cimi cifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae are discussed. Beesia, the first genus, with compound
cymes and flowers bearing neither petals nor staminodes, is different from the other four
genera with simple or compound racemes and flowers bearing either petals or staminodes,
and may occupy a primitive position within the tribe. As to the other four genera, Souliea is
characterized by the stem without basal leaf but with 2~5 sheath-like cataphylls, the sepals
being deciduous but not caducous, moderate in size and petaloid, the petals being much
smaller than sepals, but pink in color and more or less petaloid, the pollen grains being pan tocolpate or pantoporate, the carpels being 1~3 per flower, when mature forming dry linear
follicles conspicuously reticulate on the surface and dehiscent along the ventral suture, and
the seeds being reticulate-foveolate on the surface. These diagnostic characters indicate clear ly that Souliea might have deviated from the lineage formed by the next three genera, i. e.
Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea, which have their own well-recognizable diagnostic
characters. Anemopsis is characterized by the normally developed basal leaf, the racemose
inflorescence with sparse and few long pedicellate flowers, the sepals 7~10 in number, mod erate in size, and petaloid, the petals slightly smaller than sepals, the tricolpate pollen
grains, the carpels 2~4 per flower, stalked, when mature forming dry oblong follicles with
transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds with scaly membranous wings. Cimicifuga is
distinguished by the normally developed basal leaf, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepa ls, the organs of the second floral whorl sometimes with empty sterile anthers being stamin odes not petals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 1~8 per flower, when mature form ing dry oblong or ovoid follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds usually
with scaly membranous wings. The last genus Actaea is different by the basal leaf trans formed into a small scale, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepals, the organs of the sec ond floral whorl being clawed petals, the pollen grains with 3(4~6) colpi, carpel 1 per flow er, when mature forming a fleshy indehiscent berry smooth on the surface and without any
veins, the seeds roughish or slightly rugose, neither foveolate nor winged on the surface, and
the advanced most asymmetric karyotype. According to the diagnostic characters given
above, we believe that Beesia, Souliea, Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea do represent
five independent genera, and the treatment of the tribe Cimicifugeae including these five
genera in it by Hutchinson (1923), Janchen (1949) and some other authors, has precisely
shown the taxonomic diversity within the tribe. We are therefore unable to accept the treatment published by Compton et al. (1998) to lump the two genera, Souliea and Cimicifuga, into the genus Actaea. (2) Compton et al. (1998, 1997) found out that the Chinese
plants previously identified by various authors as Cimicifuga foetida L., in which the terminal and lateral racemes of the compound raceme flower more or less simultaneously, differ
from the true C. foetida L. in northern Asia, in which the terminal raceme of the compound raceme flowers before the lateral ones, and thus restored the species name Cimicifuga
mairei Lévl. , which was formerly reduced to the synonymy of C. foetida L. , for the Chinese plants. After examining the specimens collected from Siberia and from Southwest China
we failed to find out any other differences in both vegetative and reproductive organs between
the plants of the two regions, and we consider that it is better to treat the populations in
Southwest and Central China as a geographical variety of Cimicifuga foetida L. A new
combination, Cimicifuga foetida L. var. mairei (Lévl.) W. T. Wang & Zh. Wang, is
thus made. (3) 3 species of Delphinium, 1 species and 1 variety of Clematis are described as new. 相似文献
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Zhu Ge-lin 《植物分类学报:英文版》1996,34(5):486-504
Numbers of species and genera,endemic genera,extant primitive genera,relationship and distribution patterns of presently living Chenopodiaceae(two subfamilies,12 tribes,and 118 genera)are analyzed and compared for eight distributional areas,namely central Asia,Europe,the Mediterranean region,Africa,North America,South America, Australia and East Asia.
The Central Asia,where the number of genera and diversity of taxa are greater than in other areas,appears to be the center of distribution of extant Chenopodiaceae.North America and Australia are two secondary centers of distribution.
Eurasia has 11 tribes out of the 12,a total of 70 genera of extant chenopodiaceous plants,and it contains the most primitive genera of every tribe. Archiatriplex of Atripliceae,Hablitzia of Hablitzeae,Corispermum of Corispermeae,Camphorosma of Camphorosmaea,Kalidium of Salicornieae,Polecnemum of Polycnemeae,Alexandra of Suaedeae,and Nanophyton of Salsoleae,are all found in Eurasia,The Beteae is an Eurasian endemic tribe,demonstrating the antiquity of the Chenopodiaceae flora of Eurasia.Hence,Eurasia is likely the place of origin of chenopodiaceous plants.
The presence of chenopodiaceous plants is correlated with an arid climate.During the Cretaceous Period,most places of the continent of Eurasia were occupied by the ancient precursor to the Mediterranean,the Tethys Sea.At that time the area of the Tethys Sea had a dry and warm climate.Therefore,primitive Chenopodiaceae were likely present on the beaches of this ancient land.This arid climatic condition resulted in differentiation of the tribes Chenopodieae,Atripliceae,Comphorosmeae,Salicornieae,etc.,the main primitive tribes of the subfamily Cyclolobeae. Then following continental drift and the Laurasian and Gondwanan disintegration, the Chenopodiaceae were brought to every continent to propagate and develop, and experience the vicissitudes of climates, forming the main characteristics and distribution patterns of recent continental floras.
The tribes Atripliceae, Chenopodieae, Camphorosmeae, and Salicornieae of recent Chenopodiaceae in Eurasia, North America, South America, southern Africa, and Australia all became strongly differentiated. However, Australia and South America, have no genera of Spirolobeae except for a few maritime Suaeda species. The Salsoleae and Suaedeae have not arrived in Australia and South America, which indicates that the subfamily Spirolobeae developed in Eurasia after Australia separated from the ancient South America-Africa continent, and South America had left Africa. The endemic tribe of North America, the tribe Sarcobateae, has a origin different from the tribes Salsoleae and Suaedeae of
the subfamily Spirolobeae. Sarcobateae flowers diverged into unisexuality and absence of bractlets. Clearly they originated in North America after North America had left the Eurasian continent. North America and southern Africa have a few species of Salsola, but none of them have become very much differentiated or developed, so they must have arrived through overland migration across ancient continental connections. India has no southern African Chenopodiaceae floristic components except for a few maritime taxa, which shows that when the Indian subcontinent left Africa in the Triassic period, the Chenopodiaceae had
not yet developed in Africa. Therefore, the early Cretaceous Period about 120 million years ago, when the ancient Gondwanan and Laurasian continents disintegrated, could have been the time of origin of Chenopodiaceae plants.The Chinese flora of Chenopodiaceae is a part of Chenopodiaceae flora of central Asia. Cornulaca alaschnica was discovered from Gansu, China, showing that the Chinese Chenopodiaceae flora certainly has contact with the Mediterranean Chenopodiaceae flora. The contact of southeastern China with the Australia Chenopodiaceae flora, however, is very weak. 相似文献
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Darleen A. DeMason 《Protoplasma》1985,126(3):168-177
Summary During imbibition ofPhoenix dactylifera embryos, all cotyledon cells show the same changes: protein and lipid bodies degrade, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) increases in amount, and dictyosomes appear. At germination, the distal portion of the cotyledon expands to form the haustorium. At this time, epithelial cells have a dense cytoplasm with many extremely small vacuoles. Many ribosomes are present along with ER, dictyosomes, and mitochondria. The parenchyma cells have large vacuoles and a small amount of peripheral cytoplasm. Between 2 and 6 weeks after germination, epithelial cells still retain the dense cytoplasm and many organelles appear: glyoxysomes, large lipid bodies, amyloplasts, large osmiophilic bodies, and abundant rough and smooth ER which appear to merge into the plasmalemma. A thin electron-transparent inner wall layer with many small internal projections is added to the cell walls. Starch grains appear first in the subsurface and internal parenchyma and subsequently in the epithelium. Lipid bodies, glyoxysomes, protein, and osmiophilic bodies occur in the epithelial and subepithelial cell layers but not in the internal parenchyma. At 8 weeks after germination, the cytoplasm becomes electron transparent, vacuolation occurs, lipid bodies and osmiophilic bodies degrade, and the endomembranes disassemble. After 10 weeks, the cells are empty. These data support the hypothesis that the major functions of the haustorium are absorption and storage. 相似文献
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Anne Dambricourt Malassé 《L'Anthropologie》2008,112(3):370
During the years 1996 and 1997, a team of the Laboratory of Prehistory, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, and of the Departments of Archaeology, Karachi and Peshawar University, Pakistan, leads the first prehistoric field investigation in the District of Chitral, Hindu Kush, close to the Wakhan Corridor (the Amu Daria course in the Pamir). Problematics are the origins and the becoming of the Epipaleolithic/Neolithic hunters-gatherers known in the Pamir Plateau and the Gissar Range, the lithics tradition of which share common roots with the Sub-Himalayan Soanian tradition (Mode 1). A second field investigation has been conduced in the North West India, where Soan developed from Early Pleistocene, in the Frontal Range of the Siwaliks and Himachal Pradesh during the years 2003, 2005 and 2006 in cooperation with the Department of Archaeology and Museums of Punjab, India. New discoveries in both countries support new hypothesis for the understanding of human evolution in Asia and Homo sapiens origins. 相似文献
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McPherson SJ Ellem SJ Risbridger GP 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》2008,76(6):660-670
Abstract Both androgens and estrogens play a significant role in the prostate and are critical for normal prostate growth and development, as well as the maintenance of adult prostatic homeostasis throughout life. It is the balance of these two hormones, rather than each individually, that is important for prostatic development and differentiation. Estrogen action is mediated by the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. ERα is expressed throughout the prostatic tissue during fetal and early neonatal life, and if activated inappropriately, produces late-life disease, including inflammation and emergence of pre-malignant pathologies. In contrast, ERβ expression is initiated after ERα, is localized primarily to the epithelium, and appears to be important during later periods of development such as puberty and adulthood, acting to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in the adult tissue. Therefore, there is also a spatial and temporal balance between ERα and ERβ that is critical for development. Together with the shifting balance between androgens and estrogens themselves, the subtle, yet critical, balance between the activity of ERα and ERβ is what ultimately determines the response of the prostate to estrogen, and is crucial for prostate health. 相似文献
18.
In the mutualistic symbioses between legumes and rhizobia, actinorhizal plants and Frankia, Parasponia sp. and rhizobia, and cycads and cyanobacteria, the N2-fixing microsymbionts exist in specialized structures (nodules or cyanobacterial zones) within the roots of their host plants.
Despite the phylogenetic diversity among both the hosts and the microsymbionts of these symbioses, certain developmental and
physiological imperatives must be met for successful mutualisms. In this review, phylogenetic and ecological aspects of the
four symbioses are first addressed, and then the symbioses are contrasted and compared in regard to infection and symbio-organ
development, supply of carbon to the microsymbionts, regulation of O2 flux to the microsymbionts, and transfer of fixed-N to the hosts. Although similarities exist in the genetics, development,
and functioning of the symbioses, it is evident that there is great diversity in many aspects of these root-based N2-fixing symbioses. Each symbiosis can be admired for the elegant means by which the host plant and microsymbiont integrate
to form the mutualistic relationships so important to the functioning of the biosphere. 相似文献
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Here we report the results of a comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring of Rostherne Mere in 1998, including changes in dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, particulate N & P, suspended solids, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton. The results demonstrated the major influence of primary producers on the overall geochemical cycling of N, P and Si, and suggested that the significance of zooplankton might have been previously underestimated. For major anions and cations, however, the influence of biota on lake water concentrations appeared to be negligible, reflecting the fact that these chemicals were present far in excess of plankton requirements. Thus changes in concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg and S were rather limited and must have reflected changes in hydrological and meteorological parameters. K, however, demonstrated a transitional pattern, reflecting some influence of biological uptake. During the stratification period, the slow processes of bacterial decomposition in the hypolimnion gradually released chemicals contained in the materials accumulated in the bottom layer, remarkably increasing the concentrations of dissolved compounds of those elements present in amounts comparable with the pool stored in the sedimenting detritus (e.g. orthophosphate P, ammonia N, Si and DOC). The decomposition also resulted in a drop in the redox potential, followed by partial denitrification and chemical release from the sediments. The hypolimnion of the Mere was confirmed to remain at the stage of Mn release, characterised by accumulation of DOC, orthophosphates, ammonia and initial stages of denitrification. High levels of P released from the sediments during the stratification period suggest that the lake’s recovery after sewage diversion might be further delayed. 相似文献
20.
Bin Li Jue Liang Colin C. Hanfrey Margaret A. Phillips Anthony J. Michael 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2021,297(4)
Polyamines are fundamental molecules of life, and their deep evolutionary history is reflected in extensive biosynthetic diversification. The polyamines putrescine, agmatine, and cadaverine are produced by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent L-ornithine, L-arginine, and L-lysine decarboxylases (ODC, ADC, LDC), respectively, from both the alanine racemase (AR) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) folds. Two homologous forms of AAT-fold decarboxylase are present in bacteria: an ancestral form and a derived, acid-inducible extended form containing an N-terminal fusion to the receiver-like domain of a bacterial response regulator. Only ADC was known from the ancestral form and limited to the Firmicutes phylum, whereas extended forms of ADC, ODC, and LDC are present in Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Here, we report the discovery of ancestral form ODC, LDC, and bifunctional O/LDC and extend the phylogenetic diversity of functionally characterized ancestral ADC, ODC, and LDC to include phyla Fusobacteria, Caldiserica, Nitrospirae, and Euryarchaeota. Using purified recombinant enzymes, we show that these ancestral forms have a nascent ability to decarboxylate kinetically less preferred amino acid substrates with low efficiency, and that product inhibition primarily affects preferred substrates. We also note a correlation between the presence of ancestral ODC and ornithine/arginine auxotrophy and link this with a known symbiotic dependence on exogenous ornithine produced by species using the arginine deiminase system. Finally, we show that ADC, ODC, and LDC activities emerged independently, in parallel, in the homologous AAT-fold ancestral and extended forms. The emergence of the same ODC, ADC, and LDC activities in the nonhomologous AR-fold suggests that polyamine biosynthesis may be inevitable. 相似文献