抗微生物脂肽体外抗PRV和PPV的研究

本试验研究了枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ株产生的抗微生物脂肽(Antimicrobial lipopeptide,AMI)的体外抗伪狂犬病病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus, PPV)南京株活性并对其可能的机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明该抗微生物脂肽对猪肾(Porcine Kidney,PK-15)细胞的半数中毒浓度(Median Toxicosis Dose,TD50)和最大无毒浓度(TD0)分别为47.57 mg/L、18.9 mg/L;对PRV株、PPV南京株所致细胞病变效应(Cytopathic Effects,CPE)有明显的抑制作用,可使细胞存活率显著升高;但不能抑制PRV株、PPV南京株在PK-15细胞上的感染和复制.由此可知,该抗微生物脂肽可以直接作用于PRV株、PPV南京株,从而抑制其对PK-15细胞的感染作用,其作用效果显著低于抗病毒药物阿昔洛韦(Acyclovir,ACV),但由于其对PK-15细胞毒性较弱,可作为一种抗病毒药物进行进一步开发研究.     

枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ产生的新型抗微生物物质体外抗NDV和IBDV的活性分析

测定了枯草芽孢杆菌fmbJ株产生的新型抗微生物物质的体外抗新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)lasota株、传染性法式囊病病毒(Infectious Bursal Disease Virus,IBDV)哈尔滨(H)株作用。结果表明该新型抗微生物物质对鸡胚成纤维(Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts,CEF)细胞的TD50和TD0分别为128.95mg/L、25.79mg/L;对NDVlasota株、IBDV H株所致细胞病变效应有明显的抑制作用,可使细胞存活率显著升高;该抗微生物物质具有抗NDVlasota株、IBDV H株作用;并具有预防其感染及抑制其复制的作用。其抗病毒作用效果和病毒唑相当,由于其对CEF细胞的毒性较弱,可作为一种抗病毒药物进行开发研究。     

一氧化氮对猪细小病毒体外增殖的影响研究

本文研究了来源于不同前体物的一氧化氮(Nitro oxide,NO)对猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)体外增殖的影响.结果表明,NO前体物S-硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺(SNAP)、L-精氨酸(L-Arg)均能够有效地诱导PK-15细胞产生NO,进而显著地抑制PPV在PK-15细胞上的复制,其效果与前体物的浓度呈正相关,在浓度为100μmol/L和200μmol/L时,SNAP产生NO的能力与抑制病毒复制的作用要强于L-Arg.在病毒感染前6 h和3 h添加SNAP或L-Arg对病毒复制的抑制作用比在病毒感染后3 h和6 h添加的作用强,表明NO的抗病毒作用主要发生在病毒感染的初始阶段.此外,添加具有抑制L-Arg产生NO作用的N-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA)能抵消L-Arg体外抗病毒的作用.     

表达猪细小病毒VP2蛋白的重组猪伪狂犬病毒在小鼠体内的免疫反应

为了研制出能够同时预防猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)和猪伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)的二联活疫苗,本研究将PPV VP2基因克隆到伪狂犬病毒通用转移质粒pG中,构建重组伪狂犬转移质粒pGVP2。利用脂质体转染法将重组质粒pGVP2和PRV HB98弱毒株DNA共转染至猪睾丸(ST)细胞,使其在ST细胞内发生同源重组,经5次绿色荧光空斑纯化重组病毒rPRV-VP2。分别用重组病毒rPRV-VP2、亲本PRV HB98弱毒株、商品化PPV灭活苗和DMEM细胞培养液免疫6周龄雌性昆明小鼠,2周后进行二免。一免后第7周用PRV强毒NY株对小鼠进行攻毒。结果获得表达VP2基因的重组病毒rPRV-VP2,经ELISA试验、血清中和试验(SN)、血凝抑制试验(HI)和流式细胞检测发现,重组病毒rPRV-VP2株可有效刺激小鼠机体产生抗PPV和PRV抗体,同时具有增强小鼠机体细胞免疫反应的能力,且对PRV强毒攻击具有保护作用。结果表明,重组病毒rPRV-VP2可作为同时预防PPV和PRV感染的重组疫苗候选株。     

MOI对PK-15细胞感染PPV后细胞因子mRNA转录时相的影响

【目的】更好地了解感染复数(MOI)对猪细小病毒(PPV)感染PK-15细胞后引起细胞因子的反应,探讨宿主-病毒之间的作用关系。【方法】运用荧光定量PCR技术,测定和分析3种感染复数对PPV感染PK-15细胞引起的病毒DNA量的变化和细胞因子IFN-、IRF-3、TNF-a和IL-18分泌水平。【结果】PPV感染PK-15细胞12 h病毒开始大量迅速增殖,感染48 h且MOI为1.0时达到最高峰;PPV感染后可引起PK-15细胞中IFN-、IRF-3、TNF-a和IL-18的表达量显著增加,其中IRF-3基因在感染后1 h且MOI为10.0时表达量达到967倍。【结论】细胞因子的分泌水平显著依赖感染复数和感染时间的交互作用。     

猪细小病毒PK-15细胞适应株的培育及增殖特性

为了研究猪细小病毒不同接毒方式的增殖规律及在不同细胞的病毒含量差异。本实验利用PK-15细胞对猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)分离株进行适应性培养。针对PPV的NS1基因设计特异性引物,建立实时荧光定量PCR方法。利用该方法检测PPV分离株同步和分步接毒的病毒含量,绘制一步生长曲线;同时检测PPV在HeLa、MDBK、PK-15、ST、F81、BHK-21和Marc-145细胞上的增殖特性。结果显示,PPV分离株盲传至12代产生CPE,继续传代培养10代仍能产生稳定的细胞病变,成功培育出PK-15细胞适应株。一步生长曲线显示,分步接毒的病毒含量高于同步接毒,而增殖周期短于同步接毒;PPV在不同细胞的增殖结果显示,各细胞开始出现CPE的时间依次为PK-15、ST、HeLa和MDBK,病毒含量高低依次是ST、PK-15、MDBK和HeLa,而不能在F81、BHK-21和Marc-145细胞上增殖。本实验首次利用荧光定量PCR方法成功分析PPV不同接毒方式的增殖规律及不同细胞的增殖特性,为PPV基础研究和疫苗生产提供资料。     

表面活性素体外抗伪狂犬病毒活性研究

研究了表面活性素（surfactin）体外抗伪狂犬病毒（Pseudorabies Virus,PRV）效果。观察表面活性素的细胞毒性、对PRV直接灭活作用、抗PRV吸附作用及对PRV生物合成抑制作用。结果表明表面活性素对猪肾（porcinekidney,PK-15）细胞的TD50和TD0分别为31．25、4．03μg／mL;具有直接灭活PRV效果,不具有抗PRV吸附作用,对PRV生物合成无显著影响.     

一氧化氮对猪细小病毒体外增殖的影响研究

本文研究了来源于不同前体物的一氧化氮(Nitro oxide,NO)对猪细小病毒(Porcine paruouirus,PPV)体外增殖的影响。结果表明,NO前体物S-硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺(SNAP)、L-精氨酸(L-Arg)均能够有效地诱导PK-5细胞产生NO,进而显著地抑制PPV在PK-5细胞上的复制,其效果与前体物的浓度呈正相关,在浓度为100μmol/L和200μmol／L时,SNAP产生NO的能力与抑制病毒复制的作用要强于L-Arg。在病毒感染前6h和3h添加SNAP或L-Arg对病毒复制的抑制作用比在病毒感染后3h和6h添加的作用强,表明NO的抗病毒作用主要发生在病毒感染的初始阶段。此外,添加具有抑制L-Arg产生NO作用的N-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA)能抵消L-Arg体外抗病毒的作用。     

猪细小病毒单克隆抗体的制备和鉴定

目的制备猪细小病毒（PPV）杂交瘤细胞株,并对其分泌的PPV单克隆抗体进行鉴定。方法按常规方法制备并获得2株杂交瘤细胞。用染色体分析对杂交瘤细胞进行鉴定,用间接ELISA、免疫过氧化物酶单层试验（IPMA）和间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）对其分泌的单克隆抗体进行效价测定、亚型鉴定和特异性鉴定。结果得到2株分泌单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株2H9、1F9,染色体数目介于90～110之间。细胞上清效价均达1∶1×104,腹水效价均达1∶1×107,其亚型分别为IgG1、IgM,均为kappa链。2H9、1F9单抗与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、猪伪狂犬病毒（PRV）、猪圆环病毒I型（PCV-1）、猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型（PCV-2）、乙脑病毒（JEV）等均无交叉反应。IPMA和IFA检测结果显示2H9、1F9单抗均能与接种于PK-15细胞的PPV发生特异性反应。结论成功制备了2株抗PPV杂交瘤细胞株,证实其产生的单克隆抗体具有良好的特异性和敏感性。     

猪Mx1和牛Mx1蛋白在PK-15细胞中的表达及其对伪狂犬病病毒的抑制

目的:研究猪Mx1和牛Mx1蛋白在PK-15细胞中的表达并检测其是否对伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)具有抑制作用。方法:从IBRS-2细胞和MDBK细胞中分别调取猪Mx1和牛Mx1基因,并克隆到pc DNA3.1/myc-His(-)B,构建得到真核重组表达质粒,以脂质体转染的方法将其分别导入到PK-15细胞,从mRNA水平和蛋白质水平鉴定重组质粒在细胞内的表达情况,然后用细胞毒性试剂盒检测这两种蛋白是否对PK-15细胞具有毒性。之后,通过荧光定量PCR检测猪Mx1和牛Mx1在攻毒后不同时间、不同攻毒剂量的条件下对PRV的抑制情况,并观察100TCID50病毒攻击细胞72h后的病变程度。结果:成功克隆了猪Mx1和牛Mx1基因,经mRNA水平和蛋白质水平证实,两种重组质粒在PK-15细胞内能够正常表达。从荧光定量PCR和细胞病变的角度来看,细胞内表达的Mx1蛋白对PRV具有显著性的抑制(P0.001)。结论:猪Mx1和牛Mx1基因在PK-15细胞中表达的Mx1蛋白能够抑制PRV在胞内的复制。     

Antiviral Activity of Antimicrobial Lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis fmbj Against Pseudorabies Virus, Porcine Parvovirus, Newcastle Disease Virus and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Vitro

Bacillus subtilis fmbj can produce lipopeptide antimicrobial substance, whose main components were surfactin and fengycin. In the study, the antiviral activity of antimicrobial lipopeptides (AMLs) from B. subtilis fmbj (CGMCC No. 0934) against Pseudorabies Virus (PRV), Porcine Parvovirus (PPV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) was evaluated in vitro. The AMLs represented a direct inactivation effect on cell-free virus stocks of PRV, PPV, NDV and IBDV, and it could effectively inhibit infection and replication of the NDV and IBDV, but failed to affect PRV and PPV. The AMLs were represented higher toxicity for the Porcine Kidney (PK-15) cells (50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) value was 32.87 μM) and lower for the Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts (CEF) cells (CC₅₀ value was 89.16 μM). The Selectivity index of AMLs on PRV, PPV, NDV and IBDV was 1.44, 2.23, 8.40 and 12.19, respectively.     

硒对猪细小病毒体外增殖抑制作用的研究

本文以PK-15细胞为模型,研究了亚硒酸钠、硒蛋氨酸和海藻硒多糖等三种硒化合物对猪细小病毒体外复制 的抑制作用,以及还原型谷胱甘肽、D-甘露醇等氧自由基清除剂对不同来源硒的抑制病毒作用的影响。结果表明: 三种硒化合物对猪细小病毒在PK-15中的复制呈现不同程度的抑制作用,在相同浓度时其强度依次为硒蛋氨酸、 亚硒酸钠、海藻硒多糖,随着浓度的增加,其抑制作用逐渐增强,呈剂量依赖性关系。还原型谷胱甘肽和甘露醇均 有增强硒的抑制病毒复制作用,两者同时添加时,协同增强硒的抑制病毒复制作用。     

携带猪γ干扰素基因逆转录病毒载体的构建及其在猪肾细胞(PK-15)中的表达

将梅山猪γ干扰素基因定向插入逆转录病毒载体pLXSN(neor),构建逆转录病毒重组质粒,利用脂质体介导法将重组质粒转染逆转录病毒包装细胞系PA317,转染细胞经含G418(400μg/mL)培养基筛选一周后获得稳定产毒的PA317细胞系。从细胞培养上清中提取RNA,进行RT-PCR检测,扩增到目的片段;将上清感染猪肾细胞(PK-15),经含G418(400μg/mL、600μg/mL和800μg/mL)的DMEM筛选一周,间接免疫荧光表明表达的猪γ干扰素主要锚定于细胞膜。收取PK-15细胞上清,在牛肾细胞(MDBK)上进行干扰素抗病毒活性检测,结果显示重组病毒表达的猪γ干扰素抗水泡性口炎病毒(VSV)的活性为1200IU/106cells.48h。以表达的干扰素处理PK-15细胞后,经细胞病变抑制法测定,重组猪γ干扰素可以抵抗口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)感染。试验结果表明猪γ干扰素基因已成功插入逆转录病毒基因组并在PK-15细胞中表达,表达的重组猪γ干扰素具有较强的抗病毒生物活性。     

检测PCV2、PPV、PRV疫苗株与野毒株的多重PCR方法

本文建立了一种同时检测猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）、细小病毒（PPV）、及伪狂犬病毒（PRV）疫苗株与野毒株的多重PCR方法.根据GenBank上发表的PCV2、PPV和PRV gB、gE基因序列,针对各自保守区各设计一对特异性引物,用这四对引物对同一样品中的PCV2、PPV和PRV gB、gE进行检测,结果可同时扩增出269bp（PCV2）、581bp（PPV）、372bP（PRV gB）及147bp（PRV gE）四条特异性片段.对JEV、PRRSRV、大肠杆菌和双蒸水的PCR扩增结果均为阴性;敏感性测定结果表明,该多重PCR能检出10pg PCV2、PPV和PRV gB、gE检测敏感度分别为10^-6.2、10^-3.8、10^-5.8TCID50的模板.该方法的建立对临床上进行这三种疾病的鉴别诊断和混合感染的检测具有重要意义.     

The design and recombinant protein expression of a consensus porcine interferon: CoPoIFN-α

CoPoIFN-α is a recombinant non-naturally occurring porcine interferon-α (IFN-α). It was designed by scanning 17 porcine IFN-α nonallelic subtypes and assigning the most frequently occurring amino acid in each position. We used a porcine IFN-α (PoIFN-α) derived from domestic pig as a control. Both porcine IFN-α genes were introduced into yeast expression vector PpICZα-A and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The antiviral unit of these two IFN-αs were assayed in MDBK, PK-15 and MARC-145 cells against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and their inhibitory abilities on pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication were also examined, respectively. We found the antiviral activity (units/mg) of CoPoIFN-α was 46.4, 63.6 and 53.5-fold higher than that of PoIFN-α for VSV inhibition in MDBK, PK-15 and MARC-145 cells, 4.8-fold higher for PRV inhibition in PK-15 cells, and 5-fold higher for PRRSV inhibition in MARC-145 cells. Our results also showed that the PRV and PRRSV-specific cytopathic effect (CPE) could be inhibited in the cells pretreated with CoPoIFN-α and PoIFN-α, and the virus titers in the cells pretreated with CoPoIFN-α were lower than those cells pretreated with PoIFN-α by 10-20-fold. The antiproliferative activity of CoPoIFN-α was significantly higher than that of PoIFN-α on a molar basis. The mRNA level of Mx1 and OAS1 genes in PK-15 cells induced by CoPoIFN-α were enhanced about 4.6-fold and 3.2-fold compared to that induced by PoIFN-α. Based on a homology model of CoPoIFN-α and IFNAR2, all of the different residues between native PoIFN-α and CoPoIFN-α were not involved in IFNAR1 binding site, and there is no direct interaction between these residues and IFNAR2, either. We speculate that the higher activity of CoPoIFN-α was likely due to the electrostatic potential introduced by residue Arg156 around the binding site or a structural perturbation caused by these different residues. This may enhance the overall binding affinity of CoPoIIFN-α and the receptors. Thus, CoPoIFN-α may have the potential to be used in therapy of porcine diseases.     

含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase-1)对猪伪狂犬病毒复制的影响

猪伪狂犬病是伪狂犬病毒(Pseudorabies virus,PRV)感染引起的一种烈性接触性传染病,其感染宿主会触发机体先天免疫应答,引起I型干扰素(Type I interferon,IFN-1)和炎性细胞因子等细胞因子的产生,为研究可诱导产生炎性细胞因子的含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1,caspase-1)的基因敲除对PRV复制的影响,本试验利用近年来发展迅速的一项规律性短重复回文序列簇/Cas9核酸酶(Clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR associated system 9,CRISPR/Cas9)基因定点修饰技术构建猪肾上皮细胞(Porcine kidney epithelial cells,PK15)caspase-1基因稳定敲除细胞系,并通过T7核酸酶检测敲除效率;细胞毒性(Cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)试剂盒检测PK15敲除caspase-1增殖影响;采用流式细胞术检测PRV-GFP感染PK15以及PK15-caspase-1^-/-的增殖差异;实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time quantitative PCR,RT-PCR)检测PRV-gB、TK及白细胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IFN-β、干扰素刺激基因(Interferon-stimulated genes 20,ISG20)mRNA的表达;Western Blot检测PRV-gB蛋白表达;滴度测定检测子代病毒滴度。结果表明,2对特异性单链引导RNA(Single guide RNA,sgRNA)均能对caspase-1进行基因编辑,但经T7核酸酶酶切进行基因编辑效率分析结果表明sgRNA2的基因编辑效率较高;CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活力结果表明caspase-1基因敲除对PK15以及PK15-caspase-1^-/-细胞活力无影响(P>0.05);流式细胞仪检测结果表明PRV-GFP在PK15-caspase-1^-/-中的增殖显著低于PK15细胞(P<0.05);定量RT-PCR结果表明PRV-gB、TK基因在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的mRNA表达显著低于PK15细胞(gB:P<0.05,TK:P<0.05),而IFN-β、ISG20基因在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的mRNA表达显著高于PK15细胞(gB:P<0.05,TK:P<0.05);Western Blot结果表明,PRV的gB蛋白在PK15-caspase-1^-/-的表达显著低于PK15细胞(P<0.05);滴度测定结果表明,敲除caspase-1能够抑制PRV子代病毒的增殖。以上结果均表明caspase-1基因敲除可抑制PRV在PK15细胞中复制。     

Effect of different selenium sources and levels on porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been linked to several disease syndromes during the last decade. A deficiency in selenium has also been associated with the increases of virulence of some viruses and severity of infectious disease. In order to evaluate the effect of different selenium sources and levels on PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells, three selenium sources, i.e. sodium selenite, kappa-selenocarrageenan and dl-selenomethionine at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 micromol/L were used throughout this experiment. PCV2 loads in PK-15 cells were measured by a newly developed real-time quantitative PCR. A significantly inhibitive effect of dl-selenomethionine on PCV2 replication in vitro was demonstrated and the inhibition was concentration dependent within the range of 2-16 micromol/L. The inhibitive effect of dl-selenomethionine on PCV2 replication may be caused by enhanced activity of glutathione peroxidase. Our results may serve as a basis for further studies of the biological function of selenium and control of PCV2 infection.     

Sindbis virus translation is inhibited by a PKR/RNase L-independent effector induced by alpha/beta interferon priming of dendritic cells

The tropism of Sindbis virus (SB) for cells of the dendritic cell (DC) lineage and the virulence of SB in vivo are largely determined by the efficacy of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-mediated antiviral responses. These responses are essentially intact in the absence of PKR and/or RNase L (K. D. Ryman, L. J. White, R. E. Johnston, and W. B. Klimstra, Viral Immunol. 15:53-76, 2002). In the present studies, we investigated the nature of antiviral effects and identity of antiviral effectors primed by IFN-alpha/beta treatment of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) generated from mice deficient in PKR and RNase L (TD). IFN-alpha/beta priming exerted significant antiviral activity at very early stages of SB replication and most likely inhibited the initial translation of infecting genomes. The early effect targeted cap-dependent translation as protein synthesis from an SB-like and a simple RNA were inhibited by interferon treatment, but an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site-driven element exhibited no inhibition. Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 was defective after virus infection of TD cells, suggesting other mechanisms of translation inhibition. To identify components of these alternative antiviral pathway(s), we have compared global gene regulation in BMDCs derived from normal 129 Sv/Ev, IFNAR1-/-, and TD mice following infection with SB or treatment with IFN-alpha/beta. Candidate effectors of alternative antiviral pathways were those genes induced by virus infection or IFN-alpha/beta treatment in 129 Sv/Ev and TD-derived BMDC but not in virus-infected or IFN-alpha/beta-treated IFNAR1-/- cells. Statistical analyses of gene array data identified 44 genes that met these criteria which are discussed.