药用真菌β-(1,3)-D-葡聚糖构效关系及检测方法研究进展*

β-(1,3)-D-葡聚糖是许多活性真菌多糖的核心结构,由于具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性,已成为研究热点。本文从β-(1,3)-D-葡聚糖的主链、支链分支度、支链基团、分子量及空间结构等方面介绍了结构与生物活性之间的关系,并对目前该类多糖的定性方法及鲎G因子、半乳糖神经酰胺ELISA等定量检测方法进行了综述。     

药用真菌β-(1,3)-D-葡聚糖构效关系及检测方法研究进展

β-（1,3）-D-葡聚糖是许多活性真菌多糖的核心结构,由于具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性,已成为研究热点。本文从β-（1,3）-D-葡聚糖的主链、支链分支度、支链基团、分子量及空间结构等方面介绍了结构与生物活性之间的关系,并对目前该类多糖的定性方法及鲎G因子、半乳糖神经酰胺ELISA等定量检测方法进行了综述。     

灰树花菌丝体多糖G.F.-2理化性质及生物活性的研究*

对灰树花菌丝体多糖G.F.-2的理化性质及生物活性进行了研究,结果表明G.F.-2是一种均一性好、分子量为7.24×105的大分子纯多糖,其单糖组成的摩尔比为Xyl∶Man:GaL∶Glc=0.7:1.0:1.5:4.3;G.F.-2由β-D-葡聚糖单元以糖苷键连接而成,主链以β-1,3和β-1,4为主,分枝点主要发生在C6位,形成β-1,6糖苷键;同时,该多糖具有清除氧自由基,显著促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的生物活性功能。     

灰树花菌丝体多糖G.F.-2理化性质及生物活性的研究

对灰树花菌丝体多糖G.F.-2的理化性质及生物活性进行了研究,结果表明G.F.-2是一种均一性好、分子量为7.24×105的大分子纯多糖,其单糖组成的摩尔比为Xyl∶Man:GaL∶Glc=0.7:1.0:1.5:4.3;G.F.-2由β-D-葡聚糖单元以糖苷键连接而成,主链以β-1,3和β-1,4为主,分枝点主要发生在C6位,形成β-1,6糖苷键;同时,该多糖具有清除氧自由基,显著促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的生物活性功能。     

改性酵母葡聚糖——CMG的部分性质及其在溶液中构象行为

多糖的生物、药物活性与其化学结构之间有非常重要的关系．许多抗肿瘤的葡聚糖都是以β－（１－３）连接为主链,具有β－（１－６）分支和三股螺旋结构的葡聚糖大分子［１,２］．多糖的生物活性除受主链的连接方式、分子大小和分支度的影响外,还与其高级结构密切相关［...     

真菌多相结构的化学修饰

真菌多糖因具有独特的分子结构,一般都具有促进免疫、抑制肿瘤的活性,但这种活性随真菌种类及其产生的多糖种类不同而差异较大;另外真菌多糖都具有较大的分子量,水中溶解性较差,这为真菌多糖的实际应用造成了一定的困难．对某些真菌多糖的结构进行必要的化学修饰,不仅可增强其促进免疫和抗肿瘤活性,而且水溶性也大大地提高。茯苓多糖是β-1,6-葡糖链分支的β-1,3-葡聚糖,没有抗肿瘤活性,经高碘酸氧化、Smith降解、硼氢化钠还原可得较小分支的中间产物,再经酸水解去除分支得到直链多糖,即茯苓新糖。茯苓新糖和中间产物均具有很…     

灰树花多糖的分子修饰及其活性研究进展

灰树花是一种高蛋白低脂肪的食品,具有免疫调节、抗氧化和抗肿瘤等生物活性。其中,多糖是灰树花的主要活性成分之一。对多糖进行分子修饰是提高它原有的生物活性或增加新活性的重要途径之一。综述了灰树花多糖的分子修饰方法,以及修饰后灰树花多糖的生物活性及其构效关系的研究进展,以期为灰树花多糖的深入研究和开发利用提供参考。     

食用菌多糖的提取纯化及生物活性研究进展

食用菌多糖因具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂等生物活性而备受关注.食用菌多糖的结构影响其生物活性,具有(1→3)、(1→4)、(1→6)及混合糖苷键的β-D-葡聚糖是高活性食用菌多糖的结构特征之一,展现出提高抗氧化酶活性、促进分泌抗癌因子、刺激脾脏和胸腺细胞增殖等不同功能.酸碱、超声波及微波、Sevag法、...     

植物多糖的药理功能研究进展

<正>多糖广泛存在于动物、植物、微生物中,它们是一类生物大分子,因其特有的药理、化学性质及生物学活性,而在石油工业、食品工业、制药工业等领域得到广泛应用。在生化药物生产中,多糖也是与蛋白质、酶及核酸系列的一大类。植物多糖的糖链结合以β-1,3或β-1,6键为主,有的多糖还带有分支,带有分支链的多糖具有抗肿瘤活性。而α型连接的多糖生理活性较弱,但有研究表明[1],α型连接的多糖也具有     

鲎G因子实验法定量测定药用、食用蘑菇多糖中的（1，3）-β-葡聚糖含量

(1,3)-β-葡聚糖是蘑菇免疫调节和抗肿瘤多糖的核心结构。通过鲎的G因子法测定了从19种药用和食用蘑菇中提取的27个多糖样品中(1,3)-β-葡聚糖的含量,我们发现(1,3)-β-葡聚糖普遍存在于这些蘑菇多糖提取物中。但是,(1,3)-β-葡聚糖的含量随蘑菇的种类和多糖提取的部位不同有着很大的差异,平均值大约占多糖的34．8％。从香菇、裂褶菌、云芝、草菇、灰树花、鸡腿菇和姬菇中提取的9种多糖中(1,3)-β-葡聚糖含量远高于其余的多糖。适当的纯化可以提高蘑菇多糖中(1,3)-β-葡聚糖的含量。我们的研究表明鲎G因子法可以用来快速有效地测定蘑菇多糖提取物中的(1,3)-β-葡聚糖含量。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

New geographical distribution and host records of rust fungi from northern Thailand

Ten species of rust fungi (Crossopsora 2, Maravalia 1, Pileolaria 1, Puccinia 1, Ravenelia 1, Sphaerophragmium 1, Uredo 2, and Uromyces 1) are newly recorded together with six new host plants in Thailand.Contribution no. 194, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.