浙江五峙山列岛黄嘴白鹭的巢位选择研究

黄嘴白鹭(Egretta eulophotes)是全球性受威胁鸟类。2005年7月, 我们在浙江五峙山列岛对黄嘴白鹭的巢位选择进行了研究, 共测量了74个巢。研究发现, 在0.99 hm2的馒头山小岛上, 黄嘴白鹭的巢呈聚集性分布, 平均巢间距为119.6 cm, 最小巢间距为15 cm。黄嘴白鹭对巢位具有明显的选择性, 优先选择在灌丛, 尤其是那些相对较高的灌丛(高于50 cm)下营巢, 其次是较低的灌木(低于64 cm)内部和草丛上。多数巢存在遮蔽物。避风和遮荫是黄嘴白鹭巢位选择的主要要求。台风是决定五峙山列岛黄嘴白鹭巢位选择的最主要因素, 而高灌木的数量直接影响五峙山列岛黄嘴白鹭的繁殖成功和今后的资源状况。     

浙江韭山列岛的黑嘴端凤头燕鸥繁殖群调查初报

2004年7月28日～8月2日,在考察浙江象山韭山列岛省级海洋生态自然保护区时,发现了正处于繁殖中期的黑嘴端凤头燕鸥(Sterna bernsteini)的群体混群于大凤头燕鸥(S．bergii)的繁殖群中。据估测,大凤头燕鸥的种群数量为3500～4500只,黑嘴端凤头燕鸥的种群数量为10～20只。这是目前继2000年马祖群岛发现黑嘴端凤头燕鸥繁殖群之后的第2个繁殖群体。     

中华凤头燕鸥

中华凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bernsteini),原名黑嘴端凤头燕鸥。自1863年被首次命名之后,一直鲜为人知。仅有少数标本采自印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国及我国的山东烟台、青岛和福建福州(Collar et al. 2001)。1937年夏, 21只标本采自青岛外海岛屿(Shaw 1938)。这是中华凤头燕鸥在20世纪最后一次确切的记录。此后长达63年之久,该鸟似乎失去了踪迹。基于标本采集的地点和时间分布,鸟类学家们推测该鸟应在山东和福建沿海繁殖,在印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国等周边的南中国海越冬。由于缺乏确切的资料,IUCN将中华凤头燕鸥列为极危物种,而我国则将它列为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物。2000年夏,中华凤头燕鸥在马祖列岛被台湾鸟类摄影家重新发现,有8只成体混群在大约2 400只大凤头燕鸥(T.bergii)中繁殖。2004年8月,浙江自然博物馆鸟类研究小组在浙江韭山列岛省级自然保护区发现了另一繁殖群体,有约20只中华凤头燕鸥混群在4 000只左右的大凤头燕鸥中繁殖。2006年,在澎湖列岛繁殖的大凤头燕鸥群中也发现了1对中华凤头燕鸥。马祖列岛繁殖群体由于屡受大陆渔民捡蛋等干扰,种群数量逐年下降。由于实施了严格的保护措施,2006年始数量逐渐回升,2008年繁殖个体数量最大时达到17只。近年由于猛禽等干扰因素,繁殖屡遭挫折,种群数量再次下降。韭山列岛繁殖群由于遭受渔民捡蛋,繁殖连年失败。     

福建沿海岛屿水鸟考察报告

野外共考察了福建沿海岛屿57个,记录到水鸟16科94种,其中18种在岛屿上有见繁殖,统计到水鸟总量近17000只.文中对一些全球受威胁物种,如黑嘴端凤头燕鸥Sterna bernsteini、黑脸琵鹭Platalea minor、黄嘴白鹭Egretta eulophotes、黑嘴鸥Larus saundersi等种类在福建沿海的状况做了进一步论述.     

中华凤头燕鸥

正中华凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bernsteini),又名黑嘴端凤头燕鸥,被IUCN列为极危物种,国家II级重点保护野生动物,数量极为稀少,据估计全球总数量不超过100只。根据历史记录,认为中华凤头燕鸥在我国东部沿海繁殖,在南中国海越冬。在消失63年之后,2000年在马祖列岛被重新发现。2004年在浙江象山韭山列岛又发现了第2个     

黑嘴端凤头燕鸥北方群体初析

黑嘴端凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bernsteini),今又称中华凤头燕鸥,因其群体数量殊微自鸟种受胁状态定量评估以来一直被视为极危物种。尽管近些年来只观测报道了该种在台湾海峡和大舟山群岛的两个群体,作者2010年撰文指出应视其北方群体依然存在。2016年8月8日,韩国政府发布公报称,在韩国西南部的近海无人岛屿上观察记录到有黑嘴端凤头燕鸥繁殖,同年自8月初至9月上旬,在中国江苏如东和山东胶州湾相继发现记录到黑嘴端凤头燕鸥成鸟引领当年幼鸟并成鸟结小群停歇的多起实例。据此,对黑嘴端凤头燕鸥北方群体的存在应再无争议且对该种繁殖分布态势之拼图板的认知亦初显完整。但诘问依然是:就黑嘴端凤头燕鸥群体总量而言,被人类所知晓的,或者换言之,处在人类监控或掌控之下的,其比例究竟如何?     

国际鸟盟引用了我的观点 一个观鸟爱好者的濒危鸟类研究

<正>近期,国际鸟盟(BirdLife International)启动了新一轮濒危鸟种评估工作,友人告诉我,其中对黑嘴端凤头燕鸥(现又称中华凤头燕鸥)评估意见,引用了我的观点,即我与合作者于2010年提出黑嘴端凤头燕鸥存在三个亚群的分布态势。听到这个消息,我内心有小小的激动:回顾这17年的观鸟经历,我从一个鸟类摄影爱     

河北沿海发现小凤头燕鸥

正2017年7月25日,在河北省唐山市海港开发区金沙岛一季节性水塘(39°10′26″N,118°58′16″E)观察到1只小凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bengalensis),该鸟停歇约10 min后飞离该地。至8月7日,在该地点多次记录到单只小凤头燕鸥停歇洗浴。附近亦有普通燕鸥(Sterna hirundo)、白额燕鸥(S.albifrons)、反嘴鹬(Recurvirostra avosetta)、环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)、青脚滨鹬(Calidris temminckii)等水鸟在此停歇或觅食。所发现的小凤头燕鸥     

利用线粒体Cyt b基因全序列探讨部分鸥类的系统发育关系

利用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因全序列,对采自陕西红碱淖湿地繁殖的遗鸥Larus relictus、棕头鸥Larus brunnicephalus、普通燕鸥Sterna hirundo和鸥嘴噪鸥Gelochlidon nilotica的序列特征进行了分析.联合已知该基因全序列的其它32种鸟类,构建了36种鸟类之间的系统发育关系,并确定了4种鸥在系统发育中的地位.结果表明:4种鸥Cytb基因全长均为1 143 bp;MP、ML和Bayes树拓扑结构大致相同,支持遗鸥、渔鸥Larus ichthyaetus和地中海鸥Larus audouinii、Larus melancephalus划归为黑头鸥族;棕头鸥划归为面具族;遗鸥与地中海鸥亲缘关系较近,与渔鸥次之,与棕头鸥亲缘关系较远;普通燕鸥和鸥嘴噪鸥均划归为黑帽族;燕鸥属和凤头燕鸥属亲缘关系较近,噪鸥属较为古老,是较早分化出的一支;鞘嘴鸥科作为单型科,受不同选择压力导致和鸥类亲缘关系甚远;建议将灰头鸥Larus cirrocephalus移人巾头鸥族;鸥科、燕鸥科和剪嘴鸥科的拓扑结构未能准确解析,需要进一步分析研究.     

内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区水鸟的资源状况

2014年5月—2015年4月,对内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区水鸟群落特征和时空分布的特点,以及迁徙状况进行了研究,以期开展对鸟类资源及其栖息环境的保护。根据保护区地形和水系分布特点,选择了27个水鸟集中分布的地点,每月调查1次,共调查12次。共记录到水鸟7目14科58种。保护区4月水鸟数量达到全年的最高值,5—8月水鸟数量和种类随之降低;10月水鸟数量明显增加;12月至翌年3月,保护区除了大鸨Otis tarda,几乎看不到其他水鸟。大鸨数量的高峰期出现在晚冬2月和春季迁徙季节(3—5月)。保护区春、秋季的主要物种是雁鸭类,水鸟数量和多样性的变化与雁鸭类的种类和数量变化密切相关,这些水鸟主要分布在图牧吉泡子、三道泡子和东泡子等地,当地拥有大面积的沼泽如芦苇沼泽和苔草沼泽,是雁鸭类取食和栖息的理想场所。环志回收的结果表明:保护区繁殖的白枕鹤Grus vipio和丹顶鹤G.japonensis分别在日本鹿儿岛和我国江苏盐城越冬;繁殖的部分苍鹭Ardea cinerea个体在浙江舟山地区越冬;部分在黑龙江省兴凯湖繁殖的东方白鹳Ciconia boyciana在越冬地找到配偶,一起迁徙到保护区进行繁殖。     

Effects of flyway‐wide weather conditions and breeding habitat on the breeding abundance of migratory boreal waterbirds

Anthropogenic habitat loss and climate change are among the major threats to biodiversity. Bioclimatic zones such as the boreal and arctic regions are undergoing rapid environmental change, which will likely trigger changes in wildlife communities. Disentangling the effects of different drivers of environmental change on species is fundamental to better understand population dynamics under changing conditions. Therefore, in this study we investigate the synergistic effect of winter and summer weather conditions and habitat type on the abundance of 17 migratory boreal waterbird species breeding in Finland using three decades (1986–2015) of count data. We found that above‐average temperatures and precipitations across the western and northern range of the wintering grounds have a positive impact on breeding numbers in the following season, particularly for waterbirds breeding in eutrophic wetlands. Conversely, summer temperatures did not seem to affect waterbird abundance. Moreover, waterbird abundance was higher in eutrophic than in oligotrophic wetlands, but long term trends indicated that populations are decreasing faster in eutrophic than in oligotrophic wetlands. Our results suggest that global warming may apparently benefit waterbirds, e.g. by increased winter survival due to more favourable winter weather conditions. However, the observed population declines, particularly in eutrophic wetlands, may also indicate that the quality of breeding habitat is rapidly deteriorating through increased eutrophication in Finland which override the climatic effects. The findings of this study highlight the importance of embracing a holistic approach, from the level of a single catchment up to the whole flyway, in order to effectively address the threats that waterbirds face on their breeding as well as wintering grounds.     

Waterbird assemblages and associated habitat characteristics of farm ponds in the Western Cape, South Africa

Natural freshwater wetlands are among the most threatened habitats on Earth. Effective wetland biodiversity conservation can not, however, be evaluated without fully understanding the roles of artificial waterbodies as refuges for water-dependent plants and animals. Waterbird assemblages were examined on 59 farm ponds in the Elgin and Caledon districts of the Western Cape, South Africa. This study examines the relationship between waterbird use and habitat characteristics of farm ponds. Patterns of temporal and spatial variation of waterbird species richness and abundance were quantified in relation to the habitat characteristics of each pond. Cluster analysis and multiple regression analyses identified surface area of the farm ponds as an important variable determining the presence and abundance of many waterbird species. Structural diversity in terms of vegetation in and around the ponds was especially important in determining their usage by waterbirds. These variables were evaluated in terms of creating a mosaic of habitat types (by varying vegetation structure and pond topography), which may be a useful way to enhance waterbird diversity at farm ponds. This study concludes that the high number of farm ponds in the transformed habitat matrix of the Western Cape plays an important role in conserving waterbirds.     

安徽沿江浅水湖泊越冬水鸟群落的集团结构

长江中下游湖泊是越冬水鸟的重要栖息地,随着湖泊渔业养殖强度的不断加大,湖泊湿地严重退化,水鸟的越冬生态受到影响。为揭示长江中下游浅水湖泊越冬水鸟对湿地资源的利用特征,2008年12月至2009年3月,通过扫描取样法采集安徽省长江沿江升金湖、菜子湖和武昌湖3个浅水湖泊30种越冬水鸟的取食行为百分比数据,利用聚类分析法对越冬水鸟进行集团划分,并采用无倾向对应法(DCA)分析越冬水鸟的取食特征。聚类分析结果表明,安庆沿江湖泊越冬水鸟群落可分为4个集团,即深水取食集团G1、挖掘和啄取集团G2、浅水取食集团G3和泥滩拾取集团G4。G2集团的鸟种最多,共有13种,优势种为鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)、豆雁(Anser fabalis);G3集团次之,共6种,优势种为小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia);G4集团共5种,优势种为黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)、鹤鹬(Tringa erythropus)和红脚鹬(Tringa totanus);G1集团水鸟种类有6种。这些水鸟的觅食生境主要在湖泊滩涂和浅水区域,其食物资源的可利用性和觅食对策共同决定群落组成结构。DCA分析表明,取食方式及取食时运动方式组成的觅食对策决定了集团食物资源的分割,草滩中取食鸟类主要采用静止取食和啄取方式,泥滩取食集团主要采取拾取及奔-停取食,深水区取食集团则主要采用潜水方式取食,因此,维持湖泊不同区域的丰富食物资源对于保护湖泊丰富的水鸟资源具有重要意义。     

EDITORIAL

Understanding breeding site preferences is important for management of colonial waterbirds. The number of active colonial waterbird nests at a series of four small constructed wetlands in Cape Town was counted monthly from 1999 to 2008. In total 491 pairs belonging to 11 waterbird species were involved. Between 1997 and 2004 a number of different artificial structures were used to attract colonial waterbirds to breed at one of the constructed wetlands. The changes in use of the different artificial structures, and of natural reedbeds, for nesting revealed the site preferences of different waterbird species. Structures that simulated flooded dead trees were most successful in attracting breeding waterbirds. Reedbeds were used for nesting when the number of such artificial structures was reduced. When the reedbeds were removed some birds returned to the artificial structures, whereas others moved to a more distant wetland. Some species were pioneers that provided public information about safety from predation that apparently encouraged birds in other species to settle. Safety from potential mammalian predators was clearly the prime consideration in breeding locality selection. Adverse winds and human disturbance were less important factors.     

Breeding waterbirds in relation to artificial pond attributes: implications for the design of irrigation facilities

The growth of inter-basin water transfers and the development of new irrigation facilities in southeastern Spain are responsible for a variety of ecological impacts. In spite of this, the construction of artificial ponds to keep water for intensive agriculture may also provide new habitats for breeding waterbirds. We counted waterbirds during the breeding season in artificial ponds that had been built up using different materials and measured their abiotic and biotic attributes. We found that ponds were used as breeding and foraging habitat by 22 different waterbird species and breeding numbers of a few of them seemed to be larger in these artificial facilities than in nearby natural and semi-natural wetlands. Abundance and richness of breeding waterbirds was influenced by construction materials. Ponds constructed with low density polyethylene and covered with sand and stones held more species and their numbers were higher than those constructed with other plastic materials. The presence of emergent and submerged vegetation as well as abiotic attributes, such as pond size, accounted for most of the deviance when modelling richness and species abundance.     

Aerial survey of waterbirds on wetlands as a measure of river and floodplain health

1. This study highlights the use of waterbird communities as potential measures of river and floodplain health at a landscape scale. 2. The abundance and diversity of a waterbird community (54 species) was measured over 15 trips with four aerial and three ground counts per trip on a 300-ha lake in arid Australia. 3. Aerial survey estimates of individual species were significantly less precise (SE/mean) than ground counts across two (11–100 and > 1000) out of four abundance classes of waterbirds: 0–10, 11–100, 101–1000 and > 1000. Standard error/mean as a percentage decreased with increasing abundance from about 60% for the lowest abundance class to 18% for the largest abundance class. 4. Aerial survey estimates were negatively biased for species in numbers of less than 10 and greater than 5000 but unbiased compared to ground counts for other abundance classes. Aerial surveys underestimated numbers of waterbirds by 50% when there were 40 000 waterbirds. Three ground counts found about seven more waterbird species than four aerial surveys. One ground count took about 150 times longer than two aerial surveys and cost 14 times more. 5. Regression models were derived, comparing aerial survey estimates to ground counts for 31 of 36 species for which there were sufficient data. Aerial survey estimates were unbiased for most of these species (67%), negatively biased for six species and positively biased for one species. Estimates were negatively biased in species that occurred in small numbers or that dived in response to the aircraft. 6. River system health encompasses the state of floodplain wetlands. Waterbirds on an entire wetland or floodplain may be estimated by aerial survey of waterbirds; this is a coarse but effective measure of waterbird abundance. Aerial survey is considerably less costly than ground survey and potentially provides a method for measuring river and floodplain health over long periods of time at the same scale as river management.     

城市化对杭州市湿地水鸟群落的影响研究

１９９７年１２月￣１９９８年１１月,对杭州市区６类湿地１７９个术方中水鸟的分布和数量进行了调查,同时选取１１个栖息地参数进行分析。以确定影响杭州市湿地水鸟群落的主要因子;并提出了城市化综合指数可作为衡量城市化的指标,进一步分析了城市化与杭州市湿地水鸟群落的关系。结果显示,除了食物、水质和水深等因素外,景观水平和干扰的因素（湿地的形状、周转建筑的比例、湿地的连通性、至市中心的距离、噪音、人的有形干扰     

崇明东滩抛荒鱼塘的自然演替过程对水鸟群落的影响

人工湿地抛荒的现象普遍存在,但针对抛荒后的自然演替过程对水鸟群落影响的研究较少.于2007、2008、2011年对崇明东滩自然抛荒的人工鱼塘水鸟群落展开调查,探究抛荒后的自然演替过程对水鸟群落结构及不同水鸟类群的影响.3a累计观察到水鸟59种12819只,隶属6目12科.其中抛荒前最多,共53种11001只;抛荒第1年22种1673只;抛荒第4年最少,9种145只.鱼塘抛荒后水鸟种类和数量下降剧烈,物种多样性先上升再下降,均匀度逐年上升,优势度先下降再上升.方差分析结果表明,5个群落特征都存在极显著年度差异(P1＜0.01;P2＜0.01;P3＜0.01;P4=0.003;P5＜0.01).非参数检验结果表明,不同类群水鸟的种类和数量逐年下降趋势明显,且年际差异极显著.即抛荒后的自然演替过程对水鸟群落产生了不利影响.建议采取人工管理措施防止旱化,增加环境异质性,恢复水鸟群落多样性.     

西藏夯错水鸟多样性及斑头雁繁殖活动区的变化

于2009年4 11月,对西藏夯错的水鸟资源状况进行了调查,旨在了解该地区水鸟资源状况的了解,并为禽流感的防控提供了科学依据。在夯错全年共记录到水鸟26种,隶属于6目10科。夯错也是斑头雁和棕头鸥重要的繁殖地。水鸟春秋季迁徙高峰期在4月份和10月份,这也是水鸟多样性较高的2个月,其主要原因是由于迁徙鸭类数量和种类的增加。卫星跟踪研究表明,在繁殖前期,斑头雁活动区面积较大,主要在夯错及其周围的湿地取食;进入繁殖中期,斑头雁的活动范围减少了许多;繁殖后期,随着幼鸟陆续出壳,父母随即带领幼鸟离开夯错,到其它湿地取食和育雏,因此此期的活动区面积较大。由于夯错面积较小,不能满足斑头雁对食物的需求,因此部分斑头雁选择其它湿地作为主要的取食地,但部分扩散到其它湿地的斑头雁在迁徙前期重新返回夯错,使得该时期斑头雁的数量有呈上升趋势。通过与青海湖水鸟资源状况的比较发现,夯错水鸟种类较少,这可能主要是由于两个湖泊所处地理区划的不同,并由此带来的气候环境的差异,以及植被条件的不同所造成的。这种差异主要是由于夯错海拔较高,紫外线很强,气候干燥,植被单一,栖息地类型多样性较低,因此水鸟的种数也相对较少一些。