华南冠网蝽的生物学特性和发生规律

华南冠网蝽一年发生5代。卵期13～23天(越冬代170～180天)。若虫5龄,若虫期14～25天。成虫寿命8～26天。每雌产卵3～69粒。发育起点温度为12.18℃,完成一代的有效积温为566.2日度。在郁闭度大的林分为害严重。及时抚育间伐可减免受害。大发生时可喷洒乐果、敌百虫等农药,杀死若虫和成虫。     

无忧花茸毒蛾的生物学习性

无忧花茸毒蛾（Ｄａｓｙｃｈｉｒａ ｈｏｒｓｆｉｅｌｄｉ　Ｓａｕｎｄｅｒｓ）在山东１年发生３代,以蛹越冬。翌年４月中、下旬成虫羽化、产卵,幼虫６～７龄,一生可食泡桐叶片１～２．６片（２５０－６５０ｃｍ~２）。各虫态历期分别为：卵１０～２２天;幼虫２５～５０天;蛹８～１５天（越冬蛹１６０－１８０天）。其生长发育受寄主植物,空气温、湿度的影响,种群数量的消长则受天敌、降雨和冬季低温的制约。防治可采用在树干基部打孔注入内吸农药,既不伤害天敌,也可减少对环境的污染。     

棉花上朱砂叶螨的生物学和发生规律研究

朱砂叶螨是河南棉田严重害虫之一。年可发生10代以上,1～2代在平均温度16～20℃时完成一代需19～29天,其余各代在平均温度22～28℃时为10～13天。26℃左右为最适发育温度,发育起点温度10℃左右,有效积温为163.25日度。以授精雌成螨在寄主植物枯落叶下,杂草叶下及土中越冬。3月上旬开始在杂草上取食活动,5月上旬开始侵入棉田,6、7月是螨量高峰期,9月上旬在田间消失,降雨量与虫口密度呈负相关。     

枯叶蛱蝶Kallima inachus的生物学研究

枯叶蛱蝶在四川峨眉山海拔450～1200 m地带一年发生3代,以第1代和第2代为主,以滞育成虫越冬.第2代成虫大部分在7月中旬后进入滞育状态,但3个世代的个体都可能存在于越冬种群中.在室内饲养条件下,第1代历期约为45～54天,第2、3代历期较长,越冬个体可达5～7个月.在日平均温度26.4～28.2℃,相对湿度63.2% ～84.7%条件下,卵期4～6天,幼虫期21～36天,蛹期10～15天.其寄主包括爵床科马兰属等多种植物.主要天敌有赤眼蜂、蜘蛛、蚂蚁和鸟类.     

我国新天敌资源——小蠹蒲螨形态与生物学研究

小蠹蒲螨Pyemotes scolyti(Oudemans,1936)为我国新纪录种。在河北,是核果类果树毁灭性害虫果树小蠹Scolytus japonicus Chapuis和多毛小蠹S.seulensis Mu-rayamy的有效天敌。该螨胎生,1年多代(25℃,8d完成1代),雌雄性比30:1～2,每雌产后代平均60余头,有较高的利用价值。     

湖北红点唇瓢虫生物学特性研究

该虫在重庆一年发生4代,以2～4代成虫越冬。3月上旬气温达14℃以上成虫开始产卵。9月下旬气温达19℃以下停止产卵。在平均21.5℃和24.5℃时完成一代各需77～80天和37～55天。田间成虫于5月中旬、7月中旬、9月中旬和10月下旬出现4次高峰。捕食矢尖价、桑盾蚧、米兰白轮蚧和柿绒粉蚧。在益害比为1:100～400时,放虫后65天,矢尖蚧虫口下降87.42％～94.36％。发现幼虫寄生蜂6种。     

大突肩瓢虫生物学及田间种群消长研究

大突肩瓢虫5ynonycha grandis(Thunberg)在云南开远1年发生4代,以成虫在蔗茎老叶鞘内越冬.日均温26.6～27.8℃下,卵期3～4天,幼虫期9～12天,预蛹期1天,蛹期4～5天,成虫产卵前期20～25天,1个世代历期37～46天;日均温24.5～25.5℃下,卵期5～9天,幼虫期14～21天,预蛹期1～2天,蛹期5～8天,成虫产卵前期25～30天,1个世代历期45～55天.(第4代)(越冬代)各虫态历期延长,全代历期长达250余天.成虫、幼虫均捕食甘蔗绵蚜.大突肩瓢虫田间种群动态:6月初开始在蔗田出现,8～10月种群数量明显增长,11月间形成高峰,12月开始越冬.     

穴蚁蛉幼虫期的食物量对各虫态历期的影响研究

穴蚁蛉在自然条件下１年发生１代,本实验证明,不同的饲食频率可影响幼虫的发育历期,在每天饲给１头米蛾成虫的情况下,１年可发生３代。１个世代可以在全历期都处于长日照和没有低温的条件下完成,其发育可以不需要光周期变化诱发,１５日饲食１次的穴蚁蛉,３龄 虫     

虾钳菜披龟甲生物学的研究

虾钳菜披龟甲是湘南危害空心莲子草的重要害虫,1年发生4代,以成虫越冬。成虫产卵期长达25～45天,平均每雌产卵64粒。各虫态历期,因代别而异,卵期在3～9天,幼虫期在16～26天,蛹期3～8天。成虫寿命长达60天或200余天（越冬代）。发生为害与温、湿度关系密切,高温、干旱对其不利。     

环带锦斑蛾的生物学

环带锦斑蛾在江西南昌一年1～3代,以幼虫在寄主基部落叶层的叶片内越冬。根据其种群在生活史上的分化,可分为:连续发育型,一年3代;二代滞育型,一年2代;一代滞育型,一年1代。卵聚产于寄主枝秆、叶腋和叶片上。越冬幼虫6～7龄;非滞育幼虫5龄。成虫寿命,雌虫10～15天,雄虫7～10天。讨论了该虫生活史上的~α分散适应”对策的意义。     

两种外来斑潜蝇实验种群生物学特征比较

美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard和南美斑潜蝇Liriomyzahuidobrensis(Blanchard)是我国的2种重要入侵性害虫。本实验室在标准化流程下饲养了48(L.huidobrensis)-160(L.sativae)个世代的稳定实验种群。美洲斑潜蝇的实验种群需要较大的繁殖规模(>100对)才能保持群体的稳定性。2种斑潜蝇4个发育阶段的形态特征和幼虫为害特征差别明显。南美斑潜蝇的发育历期比美洲斑潜蝇长,总产卵量低于美洲斑潜蝇,但产卵历期明显长于美洲斑潜蝇。这可能是南美斑潜蝇较之容易繁殖的重要原因。该实验种群的建立为物种驯化、寄主选择性、抗性筛选及其它生理学、生态学等诸多研究打下基础。     

福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物初步名录

本记录了福州郊区美洲斑潜蝇、南美斑潜蝇寄主植物的初步名录。发现该地区美洲斑潜蝇可取食20科85种植物,南美斑潜蝇可取食20科73种。最后讨论了这两种斑潜蝇的主要寄主作物和杂草,并提出套种和清除田间杂草的农防措施;斑潜蝇的适应性很强,寄主范围正逐步扩大,应密切关注其动态。     

南美斑潜蝇在温室蔬菜上种群动态的初步观察

系统观察结果表明,南美斑潜蝇Liriomyza huidobrensis(Blanchard)在平凉市日光温室蔬菜全生产期内的种群消长明显呈“两头高中间低”的态势,成虫发生量以春夏生产期最大,可达2.1头/叶;深冬生产期最小,仅为0.1~0.2头/叶;秋冬生产期较大,保持在1.0~1.2头/叶之间。温室内温、湿度条件的变化是引起该虫种群数量波动的主要原因。根据有效积温计算结果,该虫在平凉市日光温室蔬菜全生产期发生9.1代,世代平均发育速率0.030,不同生产期的发生代数和发育速率差异较大。生产上宜采取“前控后治中间松”的防治策略。     

温度对美洲斑潜蝇及南美斑潜蝇种群增长的影响

在恒温条件下观察了美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇实验种群的发育、存活及繁殖情况,拟合了两种斑潜蝇发育速率与温度之间的关系模型,求出了各发育阶段的发育起点温度及有效积温,组建了不同温度下两种斑潜蝇实验种群的生殖力表,计算了主要的生命表参数.结果表明,温度对两种斑潜蝇的发育、存活、繁殖均有显著的影响,且两种斑潜蝇对温度的适应特性有着明显差异.美洲斑潜蝇适应的温度范围较广,相对较高的温度有利于种群的发育、生存及繁殖;而南美斑潜蝇适应的温度范围相对较窄,且适温范围明显偏低,高温不利于种群的增长;在各自的适温条件下,两种斑潜蝇都有很强的种群增殖能力.     

Toxicity of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Liriomyza huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well as the Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) are important pests of vegetable crops in Indonesia and are likely to spread to neighboring countries. Three pesticides (dimehypo, abamectin, and cyromazine) are currently used to control these pests, but there is little information on their effectiveness against field populations and on their impact on parasitoids controlling Liriomyza species. The toxicity of these chemicals to L. huidobrensis and three common parasitoids (Hemiptarsenus varicornis Gerault, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha Perkins) was therefore evaluated in Indonesia with mortality laboratory assays. All three chemicals were effective against larvae of three populations of L. huidobrensis with different histories of chemical exposure. Dimehypo caused mortality in adult Opius sp., G. micromorpha, and H. varicornis, whereas abamectin was toxic only at concentrations substantially higher than the field rate. Cyromazine did not influence survival of the parasitoids. A commonly used fungicide, mancozeb, had no impact on parasitoid mortality. Trials were repeated with a strain of H. varicornis from Australia and a different parasitoid (Diglyphus isaea) recently found in Australia. Neither parasitoid was influenced by mancozeb or cyromazine. Abamectin applied at field rates caused some mortality among the adults of both species, but was less toxic than chlorpyrifos. Abamectin produced lower LC50s against Australian H. varicornis than against Indonesian H. varicornis. These results suggest that cyromazine can be incorporated into Liriomyza control programs in Indonesia that conserve parasitoids, whereas dimehypo and abamectin need to be used cautiously. Local Australian parasitoids should help control L. huidobrensis as long as only cyromazine and nontoxic fungicides are applied.     

Influence of Liriomyza species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and their host plants, on oviposition by Opius dissitus females (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Two factors, among others, influence the oviposition of Opius dissitus Muesebeck. The first was the host species, the second the plant upon which the pest host larvae develop. O. dissitus females prefer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) larvae over those of L. huidobrensis (Blanchard). O. dissitus females were more attracted to the larvae of L. trifolii or L. huidobrensis when these were present on courgette rather than tomato or lettuce.     

Host plant-related parasitism and host feeding activities of Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, and Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Host plant species can affect the behavior and attributes of parasitoids, such as host searching, oviposition, and offspring fitness. In this study, parasitism, host feeding, and sex ratios of Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) larvae reared on Phaseolus vulgaris L., Pisum sativum L., Solanum lycopersicum L., and Vicia faba L. were determined. In no-choice tests, L. huidobrensis had the highest rate of parasitism when reared on P. vulgaris (46%), L. sativae when reared on V. faba (59%) and P. vulgaris (59%), and L. trifolii when reared on S. lycopersicum (68%). Host feeding in no-choice tests ranged between 2% and 36% and was highest on L. trifolii reared on V. faba. Results of choice tests showed a significant interaction effect for host plant and Liriomyza species on parasitism and host feeding. Within plant mixtures, L. sativae reared on P. vulgaris had the highest rate of parasitism (31%), followed by L. trifolii on S. lycopersicum (29%) and L. huidobrensis on V. faba (28%). Host feeding was highest on L. trifolii reared on S. lycopersicum (14%) and lowest on L. huidobrensis reared on P. sativum and S. lycopersicum (1%). In some instances, plant mixtures resulted in a higher proportion of females of D. isaea than single plant species. The highest proportion of females was obtained in plant mixtures on L. huidobrensis and L. trifolii on V. faba (71 and 72%, respectively). This study suggests that planting crop mixtures can potentially lead to higher proportions of females, thus improving parasitism and host feeding, depending on Liriomyza and host plant species.     

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assays to distinguish Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from associated species on lettuce cropping systems in Italy

The pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a serious insect pest infesting open field lettuce plantings in northern Italy. In these cropping systems, it coexists with several other agromyzid species that have negligible economic importance on open field vegetables. The rapid detection of L. huidobrensis is crucial for effective management strategies, but the identification of agromyzids to species can be very difficult at adult as well at immature stages. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay is proposed to separate L. huidobrensis from Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach), Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), and Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau), which usually occur in the same lettuce plantings. An approximately 1,031-bp region of the mitochondrial genome encompassing the 3' region of cytochrome oxidase I, the whole leucine tRNA, and all of the cytochrome oxidase II was amplified by PCR and digested using the enzymes PvuII and SnaBI separately. Both endonucleases cut the amplicons of L. huidobrensis in two fragments, whereas the original band was not cleaved in the other analyzed species. The presence of Dacnusa spp. DNA does not bias the assay, because the PCR conditions and the primer set here described do not amplify any tract of this endoparasitic wasp genome.     

南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与植物营养物质及叶绿素含量的关系

采用非自由选择法,在室内研究了南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性及其与植物叶片营养物质和叶绿素含量的关系.结果表明,南美斑潜蝇成虫对不同供试植物的选择性存在显著差异,选择性最强的为菜豆、茼蒿和西葫芦,最差的为番茄和甘蓝.相关分析表明,南美斑潜蝇成虫寄主选择性与叶片可溶性糖含量存在显著的正相关关系(R＝0.5014,P=0.0174,F＝6.717),而与叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量相关关系不显著.     

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method to distinguish Liriomyza huidobrensis from L. Langei (Diptera: Agromyzidae) applied to three recent leafminer invasions.

A molecular method is presented for differentiating the morphologically cryptic leafminers Liriomyza langei Frick and L. huidobrensis (Blanchard). This method requires polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 1031-bp region of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase DNA followed by restriction fragment analysis using the restriction enzymes SpeI and EcoRV. Spel cuts the mitochondrial fragment of L. langei into two fragments, but does not cut the L. huidobrensis fragment. EcoRV cuts the L. huidobrensis fragment into two fragments, but does not cut the L. langei fragment. This PCR-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) method is faster and less costly than DNA sequencing,which is currently the only other way to differentiate these two species. We apply the method to samples from recently introduced leafminer populations in Sri Lanka, Canada, and South Africa and find that the invasive leafminer in all three locations is L. huidobrensis.