穴蚁蛉的研究

通过多年的观察研究,详细报导粤北穴蚁蛉的生态类型、生物学特性、个体发育与饲食频率的关系;介绍穴蚁蛉幼虫——蚁狮在治疗泌尿系统结石疾病中的重大药用价值和开发、保护蚁狮的方法和途径．     

穴蚁蛉的自然种群动态

本文主要报道了穴蚁蛉 Myrmeleon(Morter) sagax(Walker)幼虫的野外自然种群数量动态。穴蚁蛉 1年发生 1代 ,在自然界其幼虫 3～ 5月份数量平稳略有下降 ,5、6月间数量迅速下降 ,6月初数量最少 ;7～ 9月份数量迅速上升 ,而后下降 ;新一代穴蚁蛉幼虫 (蚁狮 )在 6月份出现。其种群 ,秋季以 1龄幼虫数量为多 ,冬季主要以 2龄幼虫为主越冬 ,春季以 3龄蚁狮占优势。春季野外采集来的蚁狮 ,在每日光照 14小时、每周两饲 (每次饲 1头米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica成虫 )的条件下饲养 ,结果发现 ,采集回时处于 3龄期的蚁狮比自然界大约提前 1个月结茧化蛹和羽化 ;而采集回时处于 2龄期的蚁狮则和自然界中的情况基本一致。     

粤北蚁狮生态学的初步研究

根据多年来对粤北蚁狮的调查和试验,研究了粤北自然界穴蚁蛉的生活史,蚁狮４种生境类型,５目数十种昆虫食物分布和坐等式的捕食方式．结果表明,在一定范围内,饲食量一定时,饲食频率增大１倍,蚁狮个体发育历期缩短２０％,３５天内幼虫结茧化蛹率提高４１．７５％．     

锈翅蚁蛉(脉翅目:蚁蛉科)的发育生物学研究

锈翅蚁蛉为全变态类昆虫,在贵州省一年发生1代,11月下旬开始越冬,各龄幼虫均可越冬,次年3月苏醒.在室内饲养条件下,卵期13 d±0.56 d,幼虫期63.58 d±1.81d,蛹期26.35 d±1.14 d,成虫期20 d± 1.06 d.结合野外调查和室内饲养,详细描述了锈翅蚁蛉各虫态的形态特征,幼虫的筑穴、捕食、蜕皮、化蛹、羽化以及成虫的捕食、交配等行为习性.     

泛蚁蛉对筑穴材料选择性研究

研究了泛蚁蛉幼虫对筑穴材料选择性,并分析了筑穴材料中的含水量对泛蚁蛉幼虫筑穴率的影响.泛蚁蛉各龄期幼虫均偏爱在细上粒中筑穴;各龄幼虫在70～40目颗粒中有最高的筑穴率和最大的穴直径,2、3龄在颗粒组合1/3Ⅰ+1/3Ⅱ+1/3Ⅴ中也有较高的筑穴率和大的穴直径,且筑穴率和穴直径与在70～40目颗粒中无明显差异;当筑穴材料中的含水量小于3%时,各龄泛蚁蛉幼虫均有较高的筑穴率.     

用蚁蛉观察昆虫的完全变态

蚁蛉（Ｍｙｒｍｅｌｅｏｎｆｏｒｍｉｃａｒｉｕｓ）,昆虫纲脉翅目,蚁蛉科。我们经过多年的观察实践,发现蚁蛉是观察昆虫完全变态的好材料。同时带学生观察,会因行为的特殊性,易引起学生的兴趣。１找幼虫蚁蛉幼虫一般生活在树荫或檐下砂地中,造漏斗状陷阱,潜伏井底...     

温度对广重粉蛉生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确温度对广重粉蛉Semidalis aleyrodiformis生长发育和繁殖的影响,为天敌昆虫广重粉蛉在生物防治领域的开发和利用提供理论依据。【方法】在不同恒定温度条件下,测定广重粉蛉的发育历期和存活率,并构建实验种群生命表。【结果】随着温度的上升,广重粉蛉幼虫各阶段的发育历期逐步缩短。在26℃,成虫前期存活率最高,达85.00%,高温和低温均降低幼虫存活率;广重粉蛉成虫寿命和产卵量随温度的上升而下降,在23℃时产卵量最高（445.00粒）,且与26℃无显著差异。在26℃下,广重粉蛉实验种群的净增值力R_0、内禀增长率r_m和周限增长率λ均达到最大值。【结论】广重粉蛉对温度的适应范围在23-29℃,最佳温度为26℃,在我国南方有很好的生物防治应用前景。     

芦苇卷叶蛛生物学特性的研究

芦苇卷叶蛛在山东青州一年可发生２－３代，以若蛛，成蛛越冬，若蛛经４－５次蜕皮发育为成蛛。雌，雄可多次交配，雌蛛一生可产卵囊３－５个，单雌产卵量平均４１．６粒，孵化率为８７％。世代平均历期１２８．３５天，寿命２３０天左右，♀：♂＝１．３６：１。耐饥力的大小与温度高低，有无水分供应及发育阶段有关，在相同条件下，成蛛的耐饥力在于幼蛛，温度高耐饥力弱，反之，则强。     

湘北烟区烟青虫发生情况研究

烟青虫在湘北烟区1年发生5代,第一至四代危害烟草,第五代在其他作物上取食。自然条件下,世代重叠比较明显,幼虫发生与危害最大的是第一代,危害时期是5月下旬至6月下旬,同时,还得出了烟青虫各代的发生期、历期及其发育起点温度和有效积温。     

实验室内中华白蛉自体生殖的观察

本文报告实验室内中华白蛉自体生殖观察的结果。成蛉腹节背面第2—3节上的暗斑及胃内蛹便是羽化后尚未吸血白蛉的标志。而自体生殖的标志尚应在腹节内查见脂肪体,附腺含颗粒和正在发育着的卵泡。对自体生殖中华白蛉卵的形成与发育作了详细观察。它们依靠腹节内脂肪体发育卵和附腺。在25℃±1℃下,早则在羽化5天后,卵可以成熟,第6天产卵。以动物的血饲白蛉的实验结果表明自体生殖白蛉产卵前一般无须吸血,少数吸血的可促进第二卵泡的发育,缩短第二次产卵期。根据实验室内羽化出两代从未吸过血的雌性中华白蛉159只全部呈现自体生殖的事实,作者认为陕北宜川和山西太原的中华白蛉是属于自体生殖品系。本文就自体生殖的有关问题结合文献作了分析和讨论。     

基于地统计学的二化螟种群时间格局分析

对常德鼎城区1960～2001年二化螟各世代的越冬后幼虫高峰虫量的时间序列资料进行了地统计学分析.结果表明,年际间二化螟种群总虫量、第1代虫量、第2代虫量和冬后基数序列数据结构性较强,可预测性较好,特别是年际间总虫量其结构性占总变异的比例高达91.1％,可以前11年总虫量预测下年总虫量;世代间幼虫高峰虫量,年际间第1代虫量、第3代虫量和冬后基数序列数据的长期趋势较为明显,特别是冬后基数的长期趋势极为明显;世代间幼虫高峰虫量呈现3代（1年）的季节性周期.首次采用缺失某世代虫量或插入冬后基数的方法分析了各世代虫量和冬后基数对整个世代间虫量数据系列的重要程度,结果表明,各世代虫量和冬后基数单独对整个世代间虫量数据系列的影响均较小,二化螟发生量更多地受栽培制度、气候、食料和天敌等因子的影响.初步总结并建立了种群时间格局分析的地统计学方法.     

The mustard trypsin inhibitor 2 affects the fertility of Spodoptera littoralis larvae fed on transgenic plants

The effects of mustard trypsin inhibitor MTI-2 expressed at different levels in transgenic tobacco lines have been evaluated by feeding the lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis throughout its larval life. Specific conditions were selected to study the long-term effects of feeding larvae on transgenic plants expressing the inhibitor at various levels. The data obtained led to the establishment of three relevant parameters to be considered during the experimentation: (i) the PI content of the plant lines to be used; (ii) the developmental stage of larvae sensitive to that PI content; (iii) the ratio of MTI-2/proteases sufficient to inhibit gut proteases. The experimental data obtained from feeding S. littoralis larvae using these conditions led to two main results. First, when L2 S. littoralis larvae were fed on high MTI-2 expressing tobacco plants, no effects on larval development were detected but there was a significantly reduced fertility. When the same larvae were fed on low expressing MTI-2 tobacco plants, only a less marked lowering of fertility was observed. Second, after the first generation, no differences in protease activity were observed in insects derived from larvae fed on high or low MTI-2 expressing tobacco lines, suggesting that genetic traits observed in previous studies were not inherited.     

斜纹拟木蠹蛾在广州发生的生物学特征

本文报道了斜纹拟木蠹蛾Indarbela obliquifasciata在广州的发生和为害特征,对其形态和生物学特征做了阐述,表明该虫在广州一年发生一代,其取食寄主达18种,但主要寄主植物为羊蹄甲,其幼虫共6龄并以幼虫越冬。并对该虫的防治提出了建议。     

栗山天牛幼虫龄数和龄期的测定

栗山天牛Massicus raddei (Blessig)是危害我国东北柞树天然林的重要蛀干害虫, 长期营隐蔽性生活, 3年发生1代, 防治困难。幼虫的龄数和龄期测定是害虫预测预报以及制订其科学治理策略的重要依据。本研究于2008-2011年通过林间定期解剖受害树进行取样, 在辽宁省宽甸县采集不同发育阶段的栗山天牛幼虫, 分别测量幼虫上颚长、 主单眼间距、 前胸背板宽、 中胸气门长和体长等5项形态指标, 利用频次分析的统计方法, 测定了栗山天牛幼虫的龄数。结果表明: 栗山天牛幼虫有6龄, 雌雄性幼虫龄数相同。上颚长、 主单眼间距和前胸背板宽3项指标均可用于分龄, 中胸气门长和体长变异较大, 不宜用作幼虫龄数划分。利用种群众数龄期法计算1-6龄幼虫的平均龄期分别为9.25, 266.85, 48.09, 51.29, 260.33和385.71 d, 幼虫期共1 021.52 d。在我国东北地区, 自然条件下栗山天牛世代发生非常整齐而且高度同步, 完成1代发育需跨越4个年份, 幼虫经历3次越冬, 第1年以2-3龄幼虫越冬, 第2年主要以4-5龄幼虫越冬, 第3年全部以末龄幼虫越冬。研究结果进一步明确了栗山天牛幼虫期的生物学特性, 为生产上合理防治该害虫提供了参考依据。     

榆跳象生物学特性及防治

榆跳象是榆树重要食叶害虫之一,在甘肃省张掖地区１年发生１代,以成虫越冬。成虫取食叶肉,幼虫潜叶危害。成虫期根施３％呋喃丹颗粒剂或２５％溴氰菊酯乳油２０００倍稀释液树冠喷雾,防治效果可达９０％。     

蝶蛹金小蜂在杭州的年生活史

蝶蛹金小蜂是菜粉蝶蛹期的主要寄生蜂。在杭州,绝大多数以老熟幼虫在寄主蛹内越冬。田间养虫室内饲养结果:1979年发生11—12代;1981年早、中、迟三组分别为12—13代、10—11代以及9—10代,三组合计,非越冬代成虫自5月上旬至12月初始终不断,一年之内,前后(连续或不连续)两代成虫重叠发生的天数至少175天,前后(连续或不连续)三代成虫重叠发生的天数至少49天。 2、3月间小蜂即可羽化,远远早于田阔第一代菜粉蝶蛹的出现,惟不能寄生越冬后的越冬代菜粉蝶蛹,但越冬代蜂的羽化盛期仍处于田间第一代菜粉蝶蛹初见至化蛹始盛期之间,且喂食后寿命很长,故越冬代蜂与第一代菜粉蝶蛹之间的发生期基本上是吻合的。其后,两者代数既多(菜粉蝶一年发生9代),发生又都不整齐,小蜂成虫与菜粉蝶蛹均连绵不断,时间上彼此也是吻合的。这是此蜂自然寄生率高并成为其重要天敌的一个主要原因。 对发生代数多、世代重叠的重要天敌建议分期分批饲养,以深入掌握其生活史及与寄主发生的关系。     

Seasonal abundance and activity of the tick Dermacentor silvarum in northern China

Studies on the seasonal abundance and activity of larvae, nymphs and adults of Dermacentor silvarum (Ixodida: Ixodidae), both on and off the host, were carried out over a 2-year period from February 2008 to January 2010 in northern China. During the study period, feeding ticks were removed weekly from domestic sheep and free-living ticks were collected weekly by flag-dragging in four different habitat types. Rodents were captured and inspected for immature ticks from June to September 2008. The results of this study suggest that the ticks mainly reside in shrubs and complete only one generation per year with sequential seasonal distribution and little overlap between the activity of the larvae and nymphs. Adults were most prevalent from late February to late May and peaked in number in mid-April. Larvae were found from early June to early September and peaked in number in mid-July. Nymphs were mainly distributed from late June to late September and peaked in mid-August. Adult and nymphal D. silvarum were found primarily on the ears of sheep, but no larvae were found on sheep. Additionally, an overwintering male adult population was detected on sheep after October, but no free-living adults were found by dragging.     

萧氏松茎象的生活史、产卵和取食习性

萧氏松茎象Hylobitelus xiaoi是严重蛀害国外松的新害虫。在江西赣南地区两年发生一代,以幼虫在蛀道、成虫在蛹室或土中越冬。卵和蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.4℃和7.5℃,有效积温分别为215.9和345.3日·度。各虫态历期：13～28℃间,卵为52.9～11.4天;13～30℃间,蛹为60.1～16.4天; 25℃恒温下,幼虫128.9天。成虫靠爬行活动,极少飞翔。成虫具夜出性活动节律：即傍晚上树行取食、交配和扩散等活动,早晨回到树干基部或土缝中。成虫需取食松枝作为补充营养,产卵前期46.3天,产卵期 105.3天,卵产于近表土的寄主树皮内,每雌产卵35.7粒。幼虫5～7龄,以幼树危害最烈。     

中国四种蜣螂幼虫形态记述(鞘翅目:金龟科:金龟亚科)

基于3龄幼虫首次描述了中国4种蜣螂幼虫的形态特征,分别是：捷氏凯蜣螂Caccobius jessoensis Harold、短亮凯蜣螂C．brevis Waterhouse、双顶嗡蜣螂Onthophagus bivertex Heyden和小驼嗡蜣螂0．gibbulus（Pallas）。文中列出了中国凯蜣螂和嗡蜣螂属幼虫分种检索表。标本保存在沈阳农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

Influence of larval food consumption on the fecundity of the lacewingChrysoperla carnea

The effects of food consumption on larval growth and development and adult fecundity of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), were studied on two populations of larvae derived from either a laboratory colony or from field-collected adults. The number of eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth,Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), provided to individual lacewing larvae was varied to produce three food-supply treatments: low, intermediate, and high. Food-supply was found to influence larval growth and development and adult fecundity. Lacewing larvae provided with an overabundance of moth eggs developed faster than larvae provided with fewer moth eggs than they could have consumed. Adult females that developed from the high feeding treatment had a substantially shorter preoviposition period, a later decline in egg deposition, and a significantly higher fecundity than adults arising from the other feeding classes. Unrestricted feeding by adult lacewings on an artificial diet did not compensate for prior low feeding regimes. The overall performance of the lacewings derived from the laboratory colony was substantially poorer than that of the lacewings derived from field-collected adults. This effect was accentuated when the larvae were given a low food-supply. This overall decrease in vigor is attributed to inbreeding of the laboratory culture over a one year period. These finds are relevant to mass rearing programs for this biological control agent.