地塞米松和胰岛素调节猪脂肪细胞SOCS-3、OB、GLUT4和PPARγ基因的表达

猪是研究糖尿病最理想的模型动物,研究胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗是研究糖尿病的重要环节。为明确SOCS-3在胰岛素抵抗中的作用,分别用100nmol／L的胰岛素,300nmol／L的地基米松处理原代培养的猪脂肪细胞诱导胰岛素抵抗;利用半定量RT-PCR技术分别检测SOCS-3、OB、GLUT4和PPARγ基因表达变化。结果发现,胰岛素增加了GLUT4、SOCS-3和PPARγ基因的表达,对OB基因表达变化没有显著性影响;地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗状态下OB和SOCS-3基因表达水平升高,而GLUT4和PPARγ基因表达水平显著下调。研究结果表明,GLUT4基因表达量水平的升高可能是由于PPARγ的高表达引起,SOCS-3基因的不同表达水平对胰岛素信号的抑制效果不同。地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗不仅表现在对葡萄糖转运的抑制,也反映在抑制了胰岛素信号;而SOCS-3基因可能是消除胰岛素抵抗的一个有效靶基因。     

急、慢性运动对2型糖尿病大鼠脂肪PI3K/AKT/GLUT4通路的影响

目的:探讨急性和慢性运动对2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠脂肪组织明磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/葡萄糖运载体4(GLUT4)信号通路的影响。方法:15月龄SD雄性大鼠52只随机分为正常对照组(n=13)和高脂组(n=39),分别喂养普通和高脂饲料。8周后,高脂组体重＞正常对照组20％,注射小剂量STZ后,血糖＞16.7 mmol/l,造模成功。将糖尿病模型组随机分为糖尿病对照组(DC,n=13),糖尿病慢性运动组(DCE,n=13),糖尿病急性运动组(DAE,n=13)。DCE组进行8周的游泳运动,DAE组进行一次性游泳运动。测定血脂,血糖和血清胰岛素,Western blot法测定脂肪PI3K、AKT和GLUT4蛋白含量。结果:糖尿病组体重、血脂、血糖、胰岛素显著高于正常对照组(P均＜0.01);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平降低(P＜0.05),脂肪组织中PI3K、AKT和GLUT4蛋白表达下降(P均＜0.01)。糖尿病慢性运动组体重、血脂、血糖、胰岛素均出现显著性下降(P均＜0.01);HDL-C升高(P＜0.05),脂肪PI3K、AKT和GLUT4蛋白表达上升(P＜0.01)。糖尿病急性运动组血脂、血糖、胰岛素下降(P均＜0.05);HDL-C升高(P＜0.05),脂肪PI3K、AKT和GLUT4含量显著上升(P均＜0.05)。结论:①高脂饮食结合小剂量STZ诱导的T2DM大鼠脂肪组织PI3K/AKT通路受损,降低了胰岛素的敏感性。②急性、慢性有氧运动,均可以通过PI3K/AKT通路,改善糖脂代谢紊乱,慢性运动略优于急性运动。     

干扰视黄醇结合蛋白4对猪脂肪细胞PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响

视黄醇结合蛋白4(Retinol binding protein 4,RBP4)是一种脂肪细胞分泌因子,其表达水平的升高与胰岛素抵抗及Ⅱ型糖尿病等疾病密切相关,但具体作用机制尚不清楚。为明确此机制,通过包装RBP4干扰慢病毒并侵染猪前体脂肪细胞。运用胰岛素激活及诱导胰岛素抵抗模型,利用QRT-PCR及Western blotting方法检测RBP4的干扰效率及处理组PI3K/Akt信号通路相关基因的表达。结果显示RBP4的基因及蛋白的干扰效率达到60%(P<0.01)以上。进一步研究发现在胰岛素诱导及胰岛素抵抗的情况下,LH1-shRBP4干扰后可显著提高胰岛素信号通路AKT2、PI3K、GLUT4和IRS1基因mRNA的表达;明显促进AKT2、PI3K和IRS1蛋白的磷酸化;提高AKT2、PI3K和GLUT4基因的总蛋白水平。总之,RBP4干扰通过上调PI3K/Akt胰岛素信号通路相关因子的表达及其磷酸化水平,提高了胰岛素敏感性。此研究将为胰岛素抵抗相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。     

他克莫司对大鼠肝脏组织蛋白磷酸酶2A和P-AKT表达的影响

目的通过观察他克莫司对大鼠血糖、胰岛素水平、肝脏组织蛋白磷酸酶2A和磷酸化AKT表达的影响,进一步探究他克莫司导致血糖升高的机制。方法将60只雄性SD大鼠(89.83±4.44)g随机均分为2组,他克莫司组(n=40),每日空腹(禁食水8 h)灌胃给药,剂量为4 mg/(kg·d);对照组(n=20),每日空腹灌胃给予等量生理盐水,每月测量大鼠体重、空腹血糖。5个月后处死大鼠,心脏穿刺取血,取胰腺组织和肝脏组织,测大鼠血清胰岛素水平,行胰腺组织病理组织学观察,并对肝脏行组织处理和免疫组织化学技术检测肝细胞质中蛋白磷酸酶2A和磷酸化AKT的表达。结果用药2个月后,他克莫司组大鼠的血糖水平明显高于对照组(P0.05),他克莫司组大鼠的胰岛素分泌指数、胰岛素敏感指数均明显低于对照组(P0.05);胰岛素抵抗指数明显增高(P0.05)。他克莫司组大鼠与对照组相比,其肝细胞质内PP2A表达明显增加,磷酸化的AKT表达明显减少。结论他克莫司导致胰岛细胞坏死,胰岛细胞数量减少,胰岛素的分泌降低、胰岛素敏感性下降、胰岛素抵抗增加,从而导致大鼠血糖升高。他克莫司增加大鼠肝脏组织PP2A的表达,减少肝脏组织磷酸化的AKT的表达,可能通过PI3K/AKT信号转导途径参与胰岛细胞凋亡和胰岛素抵抗,引起血糖的升高。     

木兰醇通过激活AKT信号通路改善心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗

目的:探究木兰醇对胰岛素抵抗的心肌细胞糖代谢的影响。方法:通过MTT法和LDH检测试剂盒检测木兰醇对心肌细胞的细胞毒性;100 n M的胰岛素刺激SD大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞24 h构建心肌胰岛素抵抗模型;葡萄糖检测试剂盒、糖摄取检测试剂盒检测心肌细胞的糖代谢情况;通过Western blot检测糖代谢相关信号通路蛋白磷酸化AKT的表达情况。结果:木兰醇对心肌细胞无明显毒性,且剂量依赖性的增加胰岛素敏感和非敏感型心肌细胞糖代谢。30μM的木兰醇孵育心肌细胞1 h,显著激活细胞磷酸化AKT信号通路。100 n M的胰岛素刺激心肌细胞24 h后,再次给予100 n M的胰岛素刺激后,心肌细胞的糖代谢水平无明显变化。30μM的木兰醇孵育心肌细胞24 h显著增加胰岛素抵抗心肌细胞的糖代谢水平。PI3K抑制剂Wortmanmin完全抑制木兰醇的上述作用。结论:木兰醇可通过激活AKT信号通路改善心肌细胞胰岛素抵抗。     

地塞米松和胰岛素调节猪脂肪细胞SOCS-3、OB、 GLUT4和PPARg 基因的表达

猪是研究糖尿病最理想的模型动物, 研究胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗是研究糖尿病的重要环节。为明确SOCS-3在胰岛素抵抗中的作用, 分别用100 nmol/L的胰岛素, 300 nmol/L的地塞米松处理原代培养的猪脂肪细胞诱导胰岛素抵抗; 利用半定量RT-PCR技术分别检测SOCS-3、OB、GLUT4和PPARg 基因表达变化。结果发现, 胰岛素增加了GLUT4、SOCS-3和PPARg 基因的表达, 对OB基因表达变化没有显著性影响; 地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗状态下OB和SOCS-3基因表达水平升高, 而GLUT4和PPARγ基因表达水平显著下调。研究结果表明, GLUT4基因表达量水平的升高可能是由于PPARg的高表达引起, SOCS-3基因的不同表达水平对胰岛素信号的抑制效果不同。地塞米松诱导的胰岛素抵抗不仅表现在对葡萄糖转运的抑制, 也反映在抑制了胰岛素信号; 而SOCS-3基因可能是消除胰岛素抵抗的一个有效靶基因。     

GPR81激动剂对非酒精性脂肪肝病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的: 探讨NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)信号通路对非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响及乳酸受体G蛋白偶联受体81(GPR81)激动剂的干预作用。方法: 选择清洁级SD雄性大鼠30只,随机分为3组,对照组、NAFLD组、GPR81激动剂组,每组10只。用高脂饮食建立大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝模型;GPR81激动剂组:在非酒精性脂肪肝模型基础上腹腔注射GPR81特异性乳酸激动剂(50 nmol/L),每周1次,其余两组注射等量的生理盐水,共12周。测定肝生化指标、空腹血糖及胰岛素和肝匀浆中炎症因子的含量,观察各组肝组织病理学形态;Western blot检测肝组织中NLRP3、含CARD结构域的凋亡相关斑点蛋白(ASC)、天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(caspase-1)、胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)、胰岛素受体底物酪氨酸磷酸化(Tyr⁴⁶⁵-IRS-1)、胰岛素受体底物丝氨酸磷酸化(Ser⁶³⁶-IRS-1)、葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)的蛋白表达;qRT-PCR法检测肝组织NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1、IRS-1、GLUT4 mRNA表达水平。结果: 与对照组相比,NAFLD组大鼠血清肝生化指标甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)值均显著升高(P＜0.05);肝组织病理学形态结果表明,NAFLD组大鼠肝组织可见明显的肝脂肪变性,肝细胞有脂肪滴,存在明显的炎性细胞浸润,且NAFLD组肝组织NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1的mRNA和蛋白表达及Ser⁶³⁶-IRS-1的蛋白表达均显著升高,且肝组织及血清中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素-18(IL-18)的含量升高;而IRS-1、GLUT4 的mRNA和蛋白表达Tyr⁴⁶⁵-IRS-1的蛋白表达显著降低(P＜0.05);与NAFLD组相比,GPR81激动剂组上述指标均得到明显改善。结论: NLRP3信号通路活化介导炎症因子产生促进了NAFLD的发生发展,GPR81激动剂可能成为NAFLD潜在的治疗手段。     

从干预SIRT1表达探究急性应激影响糖尿病小鼠葡萄糖代谢和脂肪代谢的机制

摘要 目的：从干预组蛋白去乙酰化酶（Sirtuin1, SIRT1）表达探究急性应激影响糖尿病小鼠葡萄糖代谢和脂肪代谢的机制。方法：以30只C57BL/6小鼠为研究对象,通过高脂饮食和链脲佐菌素腹腔注射诱导的T2DM 模型小鼠,然后随机分为对照组（正常小鼠+柠檬酸盐缓冲液灌胃）、糖尿病组（糖尿病小鼠+柠檬酸盐缓冲液注射）和SIRT1干预组（糖尿病小鼠+SRT1720的载体缓冲液灌胃）。通过血糖仪和胰岛素ELISA试剂盒分别检测小鼠空腹血糖、胰岛素水平。使用血液化学自动分析仪检测小鼠血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）-胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白（HDL）-胆固醇水平。收集小鼠白色脂肪组织冲洗并称重比较。通过RT-PCR分析脂肪生成转录因子PPARγ和SREBP-1c、脂肪酸合成因子Fas和Ap2、脂肪酸分解因子Hsl的mRNA表达。通过蛋白印迹分析AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1通路蛋白的表达。结果：糖尿病组较对照组空腹血糖、胰岛素水平升高（P<0.05）,SIRT1干预组较糖尿病组空腹血糖、胰岛素水平降低（P<0.05）。糖尿病组较对照组血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、HDL-胆固醇和LDL-胆固醇升高（P<0.05）。糖尿病组较对照组附睾、腹膜后、肠系膜和腹股沟脂肪的重量升高（P<0.05）,SIRT1干预组较糖尿病组的白色脂肪重量降低（P<0.05）。SIRT1干预组较糖尿病组降低（P<0.05）。糖尿病组较对照组的血糖水平在30、60和120分钟时升高（P<0.05）,SIRT1干预组较糖尿病组各时间点血糖水平降低（P<0.05）。糖尿病组较对照组PPARγ、SREBP-1c、Fas、Ap2的mRNA表达升高（P<0.05）,HslmRNA降低（P<0.05）,SIRT1干预组较糖尿病PPARγ、SREBP-1c、Fas、Ap2的mRNA表达升高,HslmRNA降低（P<0.05）。糖尿病组较对照磷酸化AMPK、SIRT1和PGC-1的表达降低（P<0.05）,SIRT1干预组较糖尿病组磷酸化AMPK、SIRT1和PGC-1的表达升高（P<0.05）。结论：调控SIRT1高表达可激活糖尿病小鼠AMPK/PGC-1α 信号通路,同时促进脂肪分解和抑制脂肪合成而表现出抗肥胖作用。     

妊娠糖尿病对仔鼠肺成熟的影响及吡格列酮的干预作用

摘要 目的：探究妊娠糖尿病（GDM）对仔鼠肺成熟的影响及吡格列酮对肺发育的干预作用。方法：将30只SD孕鼠分为对照组、GDM组和GDM+吡格列酮组（GDM+P组）,每组10只。GDM组和GDM+P组孕鼠通过腹腔注射链脲霉素（STZ,45 mg/kg）和高脂饮食饲养构建GDM孕鼠模型,GDM+P组大鼠建模后灌胃10 mg/kg的吡格列酮,对照组和GDM组孕鼠每天灌胃等体积生理盐水。分娩后,检测各组仔鼠的血糖和血浆胰岛素水平以及胎肺组织中的总磷脂量。通过苏木精伊红（HE）染色、油红O染色和透射电镜观察胎肺组织结构和形态变化。通过RT-PCR和Western blot检测胎肺组织中SP-A、SP-B、SIRT1和PPARγ的表达。结果：GDM组仔鼠的血糖水平与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）,胰岛素水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,GDM组仔鼠胎肺组织中的总磷脂含量降低（P<0.05）;胎肺组织中肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(AECⅡ)数量和脂滴明显减少。与对照组相比,GDM组仔鼠胎肺组织中的SP-A、SP-B、SIRT1和PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平均降低（P<0.05）。吡格列酮干预显著逆转了GDM对仔鼠胰岛素、胎肺组织结构和形态变化的影响;GDM+P组仔鼠胎肺组织中的SP-A、SP-B、SIRT1和PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平相较GDM组均升高（P<0.05）。结论：GDM母鼠所生仔鼠存在肺发育延迟,吡格列酮干预可有效促进仔鼠的肺成熟。     

替米沙坦对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝组织PPARs及脂联素受体2表达的影响

目的探讨替米沙坦对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝组织PPARs及脂联素受体2表达的影响。方法 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC,n=15)、高脂对照组(FC,n=15)、高脂+替米沙坦干预组(FT,n=10)。NC组给予普通饲料,FC和FT组予高脂饲料喂养。12周末时随机取NC组和FC组各5只做正葡萄糖高胰岛素嵌夹实验和肝组织HE染色,确定造模成功后,FT组给予替米沙坦5 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,NC和FC组以等容量生理盐水灌胃,共4周。16周时应用高胰岛素正葡萄糖嵌夹实验技术稳态葡萄糖输注速率测定胰岛素敏感性,检测血清转氨酶、血脂及空腹血糖水平;应用逆转录聚合酶链反应法测定肝组织中过氧化物本酶体增殖活化受体(PPARs)、脂联素受体2(AdipoR2)和血管紧张素II 1型受体(AT1R)的表达。结果与NC组相比,FC组肝组织PPARα、PPARγ、AdipoR2 mRNA表达显著下降(P0.01),AT1R mRNA表达较NC组升高(P0.01);FT组PPARα、PPARγ、AdipoR2 mRNA表达较FC组升高(P0.01);FT组血清转氨酶、血脂及空腹血糖水平较FC组改善。结论替米沙坦能降低NASH大鼠的体重和肝指数,调节糖脂代谢并改善胰岛素抵抗状态,对NASH大鼠肝脏具有保护作用。     

Protein-rich extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musca domestica</Emphasis> larvae alleviated metabolic disorder in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rat model via hepatoprotective and pancreatic β-cell protective activities

The study was designed to explore the beneficial effect of Musca domestica larvae extract (MDLE) on a metabolic disorder using a diabetic rat model. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with or without MDLE. Blood glucose, insulin levels, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress markers were measured. The morphological changes in the pancreas and liver were determined, as well as insulin expression. The expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), phospho-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK)/total AMPK, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) were detected. Compared with untreated diabetic rats, MDLE-treated rats had decreased urine volume, food intake, and water intake, along with significantly lower levels of blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), plasma triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol. MDLE-treated rats also had higher levels of SOD activity, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and insulin. MDLE treatment partially restored the β-cell population, improved the liver necrosis and islet cell damage, reversed the decreased expression of GLUT4, phospho-AMPK, SOD1, and CAT in the liver, skeletal muscle and pancreatic tissue, and also increased the expression of PPARγ in the liver and adipose tissue in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that MDLE could possibly be used pharmacologically as an adjuvant for the treatment of diabetes.     

Insulin sensitization via partial agonism of PPARγ and glucose uptake through translocation and activation of GLUT4 in PI3K/p-Akt signaling pathway by embelin in type 2 diabetic rats

Background

The present study was aimed at isolating an antidiabetic molecule from a herbal source and assessing its mechanism of action.

Methods

Embelin, isolated from Embelia ribes Burm. (Myrsinaceae) fruit, was evaluated for its potential to regulate insulin resistance, alter β-cell dysfunction and modulate key markers involved in insulin sensitivity and glucose transport using high-fat diet (HFD) fed-streptozotocin (STZ) (40 mg/kg)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular-dockings were performed to investigate the binding modes of embelin into PPARγ, PI3K, p-Akt and GLUT4 active sites.

Results

Embelin (50 mg/kg b wt.) reduced body weight gain, blood glucose and plasma insulin in treated diabetic rats. It further modulated the altered lipid profiles and antioxidant enzymes with cytoprotective action on β-cell. Embelin significantly increased the PPARγ expression in epididymal adipose tissue compared to diabetic control group; it also inhibited adipogenic activity; it mildly activated PPARγ levels in the liver and skeletal muscle. It also regulated insulin mediated glucose uptake in epididymal adipose tissue through translocation and activation of GLUT4 in PI3K/p-Akt signaling cascade. Embelin bound to PPARγ; it disclosed stable binding affinities to the active sites of PI3K, p-Akt and GLUT4.

Conclusions

These findings show that embelin could improve adipose tissue insulin sensitivity without increasing weight gain, enhance glycemic control, protect β-cell from damage and maintain glucose homeostasis in adipose tissue.

General significance

Embelin can be used in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus caused due to obesity.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ decouples fatty acid uptake from lipid inhibition of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed at low levels in skeletal muscle, where it protects against adiposity and insulin resistance via unclear mechanisms. To test the hypothesis that PPARγ directly modulates skeletal muscle metabolism, we created two models that isolate direct PPARγ actions on skeletal myocytes. PPARγ was overexpressed in murine myotubes by adenotransfection and in mouse skeletal muscle by plasmid electroporation. In cultured myotubes, PPARγ action increased fatty acid uptake and incorporation into myocellular lipids, dependent upon a 154 ± 20-fold up-regulation of CD36 expression. PPARγ overexpression more than doubled insulin-stimulated thymoma viral proto-oncogene (AKT) phosphorylation during low lipid availability. Furthermore, in myotubes exposed to palmitate levels that inhibit insulin signaling, PPARγ overexpression increased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis over 3-fold despite simultaneously increasing myocellular palmitate uptake. The insulin signaling enhancement was associated with an increase in activating phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 and a normalized expression of palmitate-induced genes that antagonize AKT phosphorylation. In vivo, PPARγ overexpression more than doubled insulin-dependent AKT phosphorylation in lipid-treated mice but did not augment insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. We conclude that direct PPARγ action promotes myocellular storage of energy by increasing fatty acid uptake and esterification while simultaneously enhancing insulin signaling and glycogen formation. However, direct PPARγ action in skeletal muscle is not sufficient to account for the hypoglycemic actions of PPARγ agonists during lipotoxicity.     

Insulin administration abrogates perturbation of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism in streptozotocin-treated type 1 diabetic rats

Modifications in methyl group and homocysteine metabolism are associated with a number of pathologies, including vascular disease, cancer, and neural tube defects. A diabetic state is known to alter both methyl group and homocysteine metabolism, and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) is a major regulatory protein that controls the supply and utilization of methyl groups. We have shown previously that diabetes induces GNMT expression and reduces plasma homocysteine pools by stimulating both its catabolism and folate-independent remethylation. This study was conducted to determine whether insulin plays a role in the control of homocysteine concentrations and GNMT as well as other key regulatory proteins. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (60 mg/kg body wt), and insulin-treated diabetic (1.0 U bid). After 5 days, rats were anesthetized (ketamine-xylazine) for procurement of blood and tissues. A 1.5-fold elevation in hepatic GNMT activity and hypohomocysteinemia in diabetic rats was completely prevented by insulin treatment. Additionally, diabetes-mediated alterations in methionine synthase, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and DNA methylation were also prevented by insulin. We hypothesize that the concentration of blood glucose may represent a regulatory signal to modify GNMT and homocysteine. In support of this, blood glucose concentrations were negatively correlated with total plasma homocysteine (r = -0.75, P < 0.001) and positively correlated with GNMT activity (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). Future research will focus on further elucidating the role of glucose or insulin as a signal for regulating homocysteine and methyl group metabolism.     

The mechanism of lipopolysaccharide administration-induced cognitive function impairment caused by glucose metabolism disorder in adult rats

ObjectiveThis essay aims to make investigation on the mechanism of glucose metabolism disorder and Lipopolysaccharide administration-induced cognitive function impairment in adult rats with surgery. Methods: Divide the objects, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats at the age of 9 months, into 4 groups. Provide unilateral nephrectomy surgery and/or lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneal injection. Postoperative cognitive function evaluation would be tested by the Morris water maze. Rats with Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) were scanned to analyze the brain glucose metabolism by means of 18F-FDG PET/CT. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K), Protein Kinase β (AKT), Insulin Substrates Receptor-2 (IRS-2) and Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) were detected as well. Data will be captured through gene expression in POCD rats via Quantitative Real-Time PCR (QRT-PCR). On the other side, Western Blot was used to measure the expression levels of IRS-2, p-IRS-2, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-AKT, AKT, GLUT4, and p-GLUT4. Results: During the Morris water maze test, the staging time (latency) of rats in each group was becoming short gradually as the training progressed. The incubation time of Day 5 of each group was shorter than that of Day 1 (P < 0.05). On the Day 3 after the surgery, the average target quadrant residence time of Group S+L (100 μg/Kg) was shorter, compared with Group C, L and S. Of which, the average number of perforation was reduced greater than that of Group C (P < 0.05). The average swimming speed of the groups is of no distinct difference (P > 0.05). After the operation, there was no great difference shown among the subjects (P > 0.05) in the average residence time of the target quadrant, the mean number of passages, and the mean swimming speed. On Day 3, the average latency of Group S+L (100 μg/Kg) was longer than Group C (P < 0.05) in the working memory test after the operation. The average latency of rats in Group L and S was showed longer than that in Group C, with tiny difference (P > 0.05). In the 7-Day working memory test, the average latency of the rats in Group L, S and S+L (100 μg/Kg) was obviously longer than that in Group C. Comparing to preoperative rats, POCD rats of Group S+L (100 μg/Kg) were scanned by 18F-FDG PET/CT three days later after the operation. Its SUVmax of the frontal and temporal lobe areas were decreased significantly (P < 0.05). However, difference degree was not significantly shown in the SUVmax between Group C and the preoperative rats (P > 0.05). In comparison with the gene expression of of Group C, the PI3K, IRS-2, AKT and GLUT4 mRNA genes are the key genes in the insulin signaling pathways of the hippocampus of the POCD rats. The expression level was reduced. The expression level of all protein of PI3K, IRS-2, GLUT4 and AKT in the POCD rats was of no great contrast with that in Group C. But for IRS-2 protein, the phosphorylation level has increased, and meanwhile decreased for AKT, PI3K and GLUT4 proteins (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Adult SD rats cognitive dysfunction model treated with unilateral nephrectomy combined and 100 μg/kg LPS intraperitoneal injection were led to abnormal both brain glucose metabolism and insulin expression. The proved phenomenal results signal pathway-related proteins PI3K, IRS-2, AKT and GLUT4. It reached the conclusion that surgical trauma, rather than anesthesia, leads to impaired cognitive function. PI3K, IRS-2, AKT, and GLUT4pathway of brain can be partial explanations of the pathogenesis of POCD.     

降糖3号方对肥胖小鼠糖脂代谢及PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响

目的:观察降糖3号方对肥胖模型小鼠的体重、血糖、血清胰岛素含量、糖耐量、血脂等指标的影响,并探讨其对骨骼肌PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响。方法:8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠采用高脂喂养12周的方式诱导肥胖模型,将成模小鼠随机分为模型对照组,二甲双胍组,降糖3号方组,同时以正常饲料喂养的小鼠作为正常对照,进行为期8周的药物干预。每2周测量小鼠的体重、空腹血糖;第7周末进行口服葡萄糖耐量实验。实验结束后进行取材,检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素(Insulin)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,免疫印迹法检测骨骼肌组织PI3K、AKT、GLUT4等蛋白的表达。结果:降糖3号方能明显减轻肥胖小鼠的体重(P 0.05);能明显降低肥胖小鼠空腹血糖,使之恢复正常水平(P0.05);降糖3号方组小鼠糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素(INS)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)等指标显著低于模型组(P 0.05),且能有效改善实验动物的糖耐量(P 0.05)。蛋白印迹法检测结果表明,与模型组相比,降糖3号方可上调PI3K、AKT、GLUT4等蛋白表达水平(P 0.05)。结论:降糖3号方能够有效减轻肥胖小鼠体重,改善糖脂代谢,降低胰岛素水平,其作用可能是通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路来实现。     

A low-protein diet during pregnancy alters glucose metabolism and insulin secretion

In pancreatic islets, glucose metabolism is a key process for insulin secretion, and pregnancy requires an increase in insulin secretion to compensate for the typical insulin resistance at the end of this period. Because a low-protein diet decreases insulin secretion, this type of diet could impair glucose homeostasis, leading to gestational diabetes. In pancreatic islets, we investigated GLUT2, glucokinase and hexokinase expression patterns as well as glucose uptake, utilization and oxidation rates. Adult control non-pregnant (CNP) and control pregnant (CP) rats were fed a normal protein diet (17%), whereas low-protein non-pregnant (LPNP) and low-protein pregnant (LPP) rats were fed a low-protein diet (6%) from days 1 to 15 of pregnancy. The insulin secretion in 2.8 mmol l(-1) of glucose was higher in islets from LPP rats than that in islets from CP, CNP and LPNP rats. Maximal insulin release was obtained at 8.3 and 16.7 mmol l(-1) of glucose in LPP and CP groups, respectively. The glucose dose-response curve from LPNP group was shifted to the right in relation to the CNP group. In the CP group, the concentration-response curve to glucose was shifted to the left compared with the CNP group. The LPP groups exhibited an "inverted U-shape" dose-response curve. The alterations in the GLUT2, glucokinase and hexokinase expression patterns neither impaired glucose metabolism nor correlated with glucose islet sensitivity, suggesting that β-cell sensitivity to glucose requires secondary events other than the observed metabolic/molecular events.