经验放大法对肺炎链球菌规模化发酵工艺条件的研究

目的应用经验放大法探索肺炎链球菌规模化基本发酵工艺条件。方法复苏肺炎链球菌菌种,传代培养,最后接种于30 L发酵罐中,以细菌发酵的培养时间、收获液菌浓度A600 nm值、荚膜多糖产率为指标评价发酵工艺;以纯化多糖的功能基团含量、相对分子质量大小(色谱分配系数KD值)、生物活性为指标评价多糖质量。以4型、19F型肺炎链球菌为首选菌株,用于筛选高产菌株、优化传代方法、培养基及30 L发酵罐的通气条件,并应用经验放大法至270 L及1 200 L发酵罐,并将发酵条件推演到其他血清型肺炎链球菌。结果筛选出肺炎链球菌4型和19F高产菌株,利用市售复合培养基,经3代种子液体-液体传代法,0.03 VVM通气条件下,4型和19F菌株在3 0 L发酵罐中获得良好的培养结果;并采用经验放大法至1 200 L发酵罐,获得良好结果。采用此发酵工艺条件,其他20个血清型肺炎链球菌在1 200 L发酵罐中也获得较理想结果。结论应用经验放大法初步探索了肺炎链球菌在1 200 L发酵罐中的发酵工艺条件。     

黄芩等三味具有抑菌活性中药的最佳提取工艺研究

以浸膏得率、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)为指标,采用正交设计试验,对黄芩等三味中药有效物质提取工艺进行研究。优选出黄芩等三味中药的最佳提取工艺为:黄连粗粉80%乙醇浓度(8倍量),加热回流提取2次,每次1.5 h;黄芩粗粉55%乙醇浓度(10倍量),95℃加热回流提取3次,每次2 h;虎杖粗粉60%乙醇浓度(5倍量),95℃加热回流提取3次,每次2 h。在最佳提取工艺研究下,黄连、黄芩和虎杖三种提取物浸膏对无乳链球菌的MIC值分别为26.04、5.20、15.60 mg/m L,MBC值分别为26.04、6.50、31.25 mg/m L。此提取工艺操作简便,稳定可行,值得借鉴。     

5型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖无乙醇无苯酚纯化工艺的建立

目的建立一种无乙醇无苯酚的5型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺,并进行工艺验证。方法 5型肺炎球菌发酵培养液采用脱氧胆酸钠法去除蛋白质,再利用层析法去除核酸等杂质,并对去除蛋白质工艺、层析工艺分别进行优化。采用优化后的方法纯化3批5型肺炎球菌发酵培养液,并对新工艺进行验证。结果去除蛋白质工艺的最适参数为:脱氧胆酸钠体积分数为0.5%,pH 4.3;层析工艺的最佳条件为:氯化钠浓度200 mmol/L,pH 8.0,上样流速150 cm/h,多糖质量浓度0.50 mg/mL。在上述工艺条件下,纯化的荚膜多糖各项指标均符合《欧洲药典》9.0版标准。结论该工艺稳定、可靠,可用于大规模生产,相比于传统的乙醇苯酚纯化工艺具有先进性。     

黄酒中多糖的提取和分析

本文利用单因素和正交试验探究了黄酒中多糖提取工艺条件,并分析了黄酒多糖的化学组分。单因素实验结果表明,乙醇浓度在低于80%时,粗多糖的提取量随着乙醇浓度的增加而增加,高于80%时,粗多糖的量变化不大;醇沉时间到达第8 h时粗多糖的提取量基本达到稳定;在醇沉温度为10℃时粗多糖的量达到最大值。通过正交试验得到的黄酒多糖的最佳提取工艺为:乙醇浓度为80%,醇沉时间为6 h,醇沉温度为5℃。进一步分析纯化后多糖的化学组分为中性糖含量为89.6%、糖醛酸含量为0.48%、蛋白质含量为4%。     

7F型肺炎链球菌多糖竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

目的:建立检测7F型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的方法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA),检测发酵过程中多糖的浓度。方法:包被物为7F型肺炎链球菌多糖,竞争物为待测多糖,建立间接竞争ELISA方法,并验证其准确性和精密度。结果:最佳多糖包被质量浓度为2.5ug/ml,多糖抗体血清稀释度为1:8×104。在检测范围为2.5~30μg/m L时呈线性相关,7F的最低检测限为1.5μg/m L。回归方程为B/B0=-0.4075 Pn7F+0.7632,R2=0.9952.样品加标回收率为95.13%-105%。结论:本研究新建的ELISA方法准确性和精密度较好,能特异性地检测7F型肺炎球菌多糖。     

粗柄羊肚菌菌丝体多糖及胞外多糖的提取工艺

为了研究粗柄羊肚菌菌丝体多糖及胞外多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,采用超声波提取菌丝体多糖、菌丝体发酵液浓缩提取胞外多糖的方法。通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验设计,探讨二者的最佳提取工艺条件。研究结果表明菌丝体多糖的最佳提取工艺条件:料液比1∶20(g∶m L),超声波处理温度70℃,超声时间20 min,超声提取次数2次;胞外多糖的最佳提取工艺条件:浓缩倍数1∶5,浓缩温度50℃,醇沉浓度95%,p H为6。该项工艺研究得到菌丝体粗多糖平均含量56.761 2 mg/g,胞外多糖平均含量1.275 4 mg/m L,多糖产量稳定,且此试验方法稳定可行。     

B群链球菌的培养及优化研究

为了研究B群链球菌的生长和荚膜多糖的合成规律,采用摇瓶试验,探讨不同的液体培养基、培养基的pH值、葡萄糖的含量、生长因子、种子菌的接种量和溶氧等因素对B群链球菌生长的影响,优化发酵参数。并放大到10 L发酵罐中培养,菌浓度最高可达到20亿/mL;荚膜多糖的含量在培养的5 h达到652μg/mL。经过多次试验,建立了稳定的GBS发酵工艺。     

药用植物三七和金银花多糖提取工艺优化与比较

以野生植物三七、金银花为材料,采用热水浸提、乙醇沉淀、Sevag法除蛋白制备多糖,探讨最佳提取工艺。结果表明,浸提温度和醇沉浓度对金银花多糖提取结果影响较大,其最佳工艺为100℃浸提3 h,氯仿萃取2次,70%乙醇沉淀;影响三七多糖提取的因素顺序为醇沉浓度提取时间提取次数料水比,最佳提取工艺组合为1∶20的料水比提3 h,提取3次,醇沉浓度为80%。根据正交试验结果,金银花粗多糖最高提取率为3.05%,三七粗多糖最高提取率为15.96%,云南文山三七与河南巩义产金银花相比含有较多的多糖。     

硫酸-咔唑微孔板法检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中糖醛酸含量

目的利用微孔板检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中糖醛酸含量,并对该方法进行验证及初步应用。方法以微孔板为反应容器,对常规硫酸-咔唑法的咔唑质量浓度和加热时间进行优化;并对建立的方法进行线性范围、精密度以及准确度的验证及初步应用。结果最佳的咔唑质量浓度为0.10 mg/m L,加热时间为20 min。标准品D-葡萄糖醛酸在4~40μg/m L范围内,其质量浓度与校正后吸光值呈良好的线性关系,r2>0.99;批内及批间CV值分别为1.54%~3.02%及4.53%~7.75%;加入5μg/m L、10μg/m L、20μg/m LD-葡萄糖醛酸的8-160502、9V-160102、22F-160103荚膜多糖,D-葡萄糖醛酸的回收率为92.21%~110.47%。微孔板法校正前与常规方法在测定肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中糖醛酸含量时差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与校正后结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。微孔板法测定分子质量分布与常规方法有较好的一致性。结论硫酸-咔唑微孔板法可有效检测肺炎球菌荚膜多糖中糖醛酸含量,操作简便快捷,精密度和准确度良好,可用于肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖疫苗的质量控制。     

木薯粉与甘蔗汁混合发酵生产高浓度乙醇

对木薯粉和甘蔗汁混合原料进行高温高浓度乙醇发酵的条件进行了优化,在单因素实验的基础上,先应用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出影响发酵的重要参数,再利用正交试验设计确定重要因素的最佳水平,即:木薯粉与甘蔗汁的比例为1∶5(W/V),发酵初始pH为4.0～4.5,尿素添加量为0.25%(W/W),硫酸镁添加量为0.04%(W/W)。最后在发酵过程中采用梯度温度控制,可显著提高发酵效率。在技术集成的基础上,进行了2L发酵罐放大实验,经过48h发酵,发酵成熟醪乙醇浓度可达17.84%(V/V),发酵效率达91.82%。     

Introduction of air in the anaerobic culture of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F induces the release of capsular polysaccharide from bacterial surface into the cultivation medium

AIM: An approach to increase Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in the culture medium during fed-batch cultivation in bioreactor. METHODS AND RESULTS: Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F was cultivated in a 5-l bioreactor with nitrogen-sparging and followed by addition of air in the stationary phase. The amount of CPS released in the supernatant progressively increased under air sparging. The profile of cellular viability and optical density was similar in both cultures. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the amount of tightly cell-bound CPS was higher in bacteria cultivated under nitrogen than under air. CONCLUSIONS: The stress caused by the addition of air at the stationary phase promoted a large increase of free CPS into the medium, as a consequence of the morphologic change in the capsule. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The use of air in the stationary phase of the culture would greatly simplify the subsequent downstream process, allowing CPS purification from the supernatant. The direct consequence of this process improvement is the reduction of vaccine production costs.     

Extracellular polysaccharide production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and its relationship to virulence

Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype 1 and serotype 2 and their capsular variants were examined for production of cell-associated capsular polysaccharides and extracellular capsular polysaccharides. The virulence of these organisms in experimental animals was examined via intraperitoneal injection in mice and transtracheal inoculation into the lungs of rats. It was found that the production of either polysaccharide component correlated with the observed virulence. The extracellular polysaccharides were purified by ethanol precipitation, electrodialysis, extraction with quaternary ammonium salts, and gel filtration. These purification steps allowed for the separation and purification of both the extracellular lipopolysaccharide and the extracellular capsular polysaccharide. Purified extracellular capsular polysaccharide and extracellular lipopolysaccharide were co-injected with K. pneumoniae intraperitoneally into mice to determine if either of these substances would produce an effect on the natural course of infection in these animals. These studies showed that only purified extracellular lipopolysaccharide enhanced the virulence of K. pneumoniae when co-injected into mice, and this virulence enhancement correlated with the content of extracellular lipopolysaccharide, but not extracellular capsular polysaccharide in mixtures of these polysaccharides. Saponification of K. pneumoniae serotype 1 extracellular polysaccharides significantly decreased their virulence-enhancing capabilities in mice, further suggesting that extracellular lipopolysaccharide may play a role in these infections.     

14型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺中两种去除蛋白方法的比较

目的苯酚抽提法和脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法去除14型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中蛋白质的效果比较。方法将3批次14型肺炎链球菌发酵培养液经超滤、乙醇沉淀等方法初步纯化后,平分成两份,分别采用苯酚抽提法和脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法去除蛋白,通过比较多糖收获量、多糖组分检定结果、多糖分子质量、多糖抗原活性、多糖核磁共振图谱,以此评价这两种蛋白去除方法的效果。结果与苯酚抽提法相比,脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法制备的14型肺炎链球菌纯化荚膜多糖除收获量较高,蛋白和核酸杂质含量较低外,氨基己糖含量、多糖分子质量、抗原活性和多糖核磁共振图谱的检定分析结果无显著性差异(P>0.1)。结论作为14型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺中的除蛋白方法,脱氧胆酸钠沉淀法优于苯酚抽提法。     

Tamarin model of pneumococcal bacteremia

Tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) were utilized to study host defenses against pneumococcal bacteremia. Tamarins had a poor antibody response to immunization with varying doses of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PCP) vaccine (2 of 15 positive) or to infection with serotype 7F Streptococcus pneumoniae (2 of 14 positive). Tamarins were protected against challenge with a lethal dose of serotype 7F S. pneumoniae if the bacteria were preopsonized with human immune globulin intravenous or if the tamarins were injected with the immune globulin 30 min before challenge. There was minimal protection utilizing a mouse monoclonal anti-type 7F PCP antibody.     

肺炎球菌1型荚膜多糖多克隆抗体制备与夹心ELISA法建立及其在多糖浓度测定中的应用

目的：利用肺炎球菌1型全菌体制备多克隆抗体,并且利用该抗体建立肺炎1型荚膜多糖夹心酶联免疫吸附分析法（ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ,ELISA）,用于检测发酵和纯化过程中的多糖浓度。方法用灭活的1型肺炎链球菌免疫家兔6周,获得高滴度的抗多糖血清,经过亲和层析纯化,获得高纯度的兔抗肺炎1型多糖抗体IgG。以纯化IgG作为包被抗体,加入多糖样品,再以生物素化的抗体作为检测抗体,建立夹心ELISA法检测肺炎1型多糖浓度。确定标准曲线的最佳线性范围,并对该方法进行特异性、准确性和精密度验证。结果兔免疫血清经过双向免疫扩散检测抗体滴度可达1∶32;该方法的线性检测范围为1．56～50 ng/mL;最低检测限为3．13 ng/mL。在标准品中混入其他型别多糖或培养基,回收率分别为102％和108％;该方法批内精密度和批间精密度分别为6．08％和7．01％。结论建立的夹心ELISA方法,其特异性、准确性和精密度均良好,可以特异地检测肺炎球菌1型多糖浓度。     

Antibody and splenocyte proliferation response to whole inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1, 3 and 6B in mice

Animal models of infection and protection on the topic of the Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) have encountered many difficulties generated by low immunogenicity, a characteristic of polysaccharide capsular bacteria and difference of virulence between serotypes and strains. We have explored the immune response after immunization with heat inactivated S. pneumoniae serotype 1, 3 and 6B in C57BL/6 mice by IgM and IgG detection, and by splenocyte in vitro 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation after antigen specific stimulation, as a proposed method of cellular immune response evaluation. Antibody titer persistence after immunization was not lengthy while antigen specific proliferation response detected by EdU assay was remnant. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge with serotype 6B S. pneumoniae proved that antibody titers and the detected specific cellular immune response do not cover seroprotective necessity and do not confer improved immunologic memory in comparison to non-immunized mice, which show natural resistance.     

Construction of otherwise isogenic serotype 6B, 7F, 14, and 19F capsular variants of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain TIGR4

The polysaccharide capsule is the primary virulence factor in Streptococcus pneumoniae. There are at least 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae, identified based on the immunogenicity of different capsular sugars. The aim of this study was to construct pneumococcal strains that are isogenic except for capsular type. Serotype 4 strain TIGR4 was rendered unencapsulated by recombinational replacement of the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) locus with the bicistronic Janus cassette (C. K. Sung, J. P. Claverys, and D. A. Morrison, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5190-5196, 2001). In subsequent transformation with chromosomal DNA, the cassette was replaced by the cps locus derived from a strain of a different serotype, either 6B, 7F, 14, or 19F. To minimize the risk of uncontrolled recombinational replacements in loci other than cps, the TIGRcps::Janus strain was "backcross" transformed three times with chromosomal DNA of subsequently constructed capsular type transformants. Capsular serotypes were confirmed in all new capsule variants by the Quellung reaction. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the cps locus confirmed the integrity of the cps region transformed into the TIGR strain, and RFLP of the flanking regions confirmed their identities with the corresponding regions of the recipient. Transformants had in vitro growth rates greater than or equal to that of TIGR4. All four strains were able to colonize C57BL/6 mice (female, 6 weeks old) for at least 7 days when mice were intranasally inoculated with 6 x 10(6) to 8 x 10(6) CFU. The constructed capsular variants of TIGR4 are suitable for use in studies on the role of S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide in immunity, colonization, and pathogenesis.     

Molecular characterization of cap3A, a gene from the operon required for the synthesis of the capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3: sequencing of mutations responsible for the unencapsulated phenotype and localization of the capsular cluster on the pneumococcal chromosome.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the cap3A gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is directly responsible for the transformation of some unencapsulated, serotype 3 mutants to the encapsulated phenotype, has been determined. This gene encodes a protein of 394 amino acids with a predicted M(r) of 44,646. Twelve independent cap3A mutations have been mapped by genetic transformation, and three of them have been sequenced. Sequence comparisons revealed that cap3A was very similar (74.4%) to the hasB gene of Streptococcus pyogenes, which encodes a UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDP-GlcDH) that catalyzes the conversion of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronic acid, the donor substances in the pneumococcal type 3 capsular polysaccharide. Furthermore, a PCR-generated cap3A+ gene restored encapsulation in our cap3A mutants as well as in a mutant previously characterized as deficient in UDP-GlcDH (R. Austrian, H. P. Bernheimer, E.E.B. Smith, and G.T. Mills, J. Exp. Med. 110:585-602, 1959). These results support the conclusion that cap3A codes for UDP-GlcDH. We have also identified a region upstream of cap3A that should contain common genes necessary for the production of capsule of any type. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting showed that the capsular genes specific for serotype 3 are located near the genes encoding PBP 2X and PBP 1A in the S. pneumoniae chromosome, whereas copies of the common genes (or part of them) appear to be present in different locations in the genome.     

Genetic relatedness of the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular biosynthetic loci

Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) produces 1 of 91 capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that define the serotype. The cps loci of 88 pneumococcal serotypes whose CPS is synthesized by the Wzy-dependent pathway were compared with each other and with additional streptococcal polysaccharide biosynthetic loci and were clustered according to the proportion of shared homology groups (HGs), weighted for the sequence similarities between the genes encoding the shared HGs. The cps loci of the 88 pneumococcal serotypes were distributed into eight major clusters and 21 subclusters. All serotypes within the same serogroup fell into the same major cluster, but in six cases, serotypes within the same serogroup were in different subclusters and, conversely, nine subclusters included completely different serotypes. The closely related cps loci within a subcluster were compared to the known CPS structures to relate gene content to structure. The Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis polysaccharide biosynthetic loci clustered within the pneumococcal cps loci and were in a subcluster that also included the cps locus of pneumococcal serotype 21, whereas the Streptococcus agalactiae cps loci formed a single cluster that was not closely related to any of the pneumococcal cps clusters.     

Structure of the specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23F (American type 23)

The specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 23F (American type 23) is composed of a repeating tetrasaccharide unit containing D-glucose (one part), D-galactose (one part), L-rhamnose (two parts), glycerol (one part), and phosphate (one part). By composition analysis, optical rotation, partial hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, methylation, and high-resolution 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies, the elucidated unambiguous structure was in agreement with our earlier proposal but is at variance with structures proposed later by other authors. The structure of the type 23F pneumococcal polysaccharide is (formula; see text).