福建省市售蔓荆子质量评价

通过对福建省16份市售蔓荆子商品进行质量分析与评价,为蔓荆子药材质量标准制定提供参考依据。汇总各县市市售蔓荆子来源与商品性状,测定总灰分、热浸物、总黄酮、蔓荆子黄素含量。结果表明,不同产地、不同批次市售蔓荆子药材有效成分存在明显差异,炒制明显提高蔓荆子药材黄酮类成分浸出率。在蔓荆子药材市场流通过程中,应制定严格的质量评价与控制体系以保证药材的有效利用。     

福建野生单叶蔓荆子总黄酮与蔓荆子黄素含量分析

对福建省不同地区野生单叶蔓荆子总黄酮和蔓荆子黄素含量进行测定,不同地区含量差异进行比较分析,确定福建野生单叶蔓荆子的质量水平,为进一步开发福建野生单叶蔓荆子提供基础研究数据。回流提取总黄酮,紫外分光光度法(UV法)测定总黄酮含量,高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定蔓荆子黄素含量。结果表明不同产地野生单叶蔓荆子总黄酮含量范围为7.081%～10.792%,平均含量9.040%;蔓荆子黄素含量范围为0.06170%～0.12578%,平均含量0.08878%。福建省不同地区野生单叶蔓荆子质量(以蔓荆子黄素含量为指标)均符合药典规定,可进一步开发利用。     

蔓荆子野生品及不同采收期栽培品氨基酸成分分析

目的比较蔓荆子野生品及不同采收期栽培品中氨基酸成分及含量。方法色谱柱3μm×4.6 mm×60 mm,缓冲液流量0.4 m1.min-1,茚三酮流量0.3 m1.min-1,分析时间30 min。结果蔓荆子生药材中检出17种氨基酸,野生与栽培蔓荆子中氨基酸总量分别为32.5 g.kg-1和46.5 g.kg-1,8月下旬、10月中旬、12月中旬3个采收期栽培蔓荆子中氨基酸总量分别为44.7 g.kg-1、47.5 g.kg-1和47.2 g.kg-1。结论蔓荆子中氨基酸总量与其生长环境及方式有关,栽培品质量优于野生品;不同采收期蔓荆子中氨基酸总量无明显差异。     

单叶蔓荆子化学成分研究初报

对产于福建（莆田平海）海滨沙地的单叶蔓荆子的一般化学成分进行了分析,为开发利用福建沿海沙滩单叶蔓荆资源提供科学依据.结果表明：福建产单叶蔓荆子的水分、脂肪、粗蛋白及灰分含量分别为10.8%、4.05%、5.9%和3.36%,符合2005年版《中国药典》要求.其重金属元素含量Pb＜0.01 μg/g、As＜0.1 μg/g、Hg＜0.01 μg/g、Cd为0.02 μg/g、Cu为6 μg/ g,达到《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》（WM2-2001）中重金属元素限量要求.蔓荆子生药材17种氨基酸总量为3.51%（mg/100 mg）,此外还检出微量γ-氨基丁酸（GABA,2.203 mg/100 g）.蔓荆子生药材中含有10种脂肪酸,以不饱和脂肪酸（69.6%）为主,主要成分包括棕榈酸（6.6%）、硬脂酸（5.4%）、油酸（22.0%）、亚油酸（46.0）及少量亚麻酸（0.8%）.     

三叶蔓荆子提取物对小菜蛾的拒食活性

室内测定了三叶蔓荆子(Vitex trifolia(L.))叶片提取物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)3龄幼虫的拒食活性。非选择性试验结果表明,三叶蔓荆子的不同溶剂(乙酸乙酯、石油醚、氯仿和乙醇)提取物对小菜蛾均有一定的拒食作用。4种提取物对小菜蛾的毒力顺序为:乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物>氯仿提取物>乙醇提取物。选择性试验表明,乙酸乙酯提取物对小菜蛾24、48h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为2 520、3240mg.L-1。室内盆栽试验结果表明,施用乙酸乙酯提取物(10000mg.L-1)3d后甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.capitata)植株上3龄小菜蛾的虫口减退率可达72.76%。     

藏药婆婆纳药材薄层鉴别方法学研究

本文建立了藏药婆婆纳药材的薄层鉴别方法。采用单因素试验方法,对影响婆婆纳对照药材的薄层色谱因素进行系统考察,筛选出最佳的薄层色谱条件。该薄层鉴别条件吸附剂:硅胶G薄层板;展开剂:环己烷-丙酮(6∶4);显色剂:10%硫酸乙醇溶液;显色条件:110℃烘箱中加热至斑点显色清晰,日光下检视,所得的薄层色谱,斑点清晰,分离度好。该方法分离度高,重现性好,简便,可用于婆婆纳的质量控制。     

三安胶囊质量标准的研究

采用薄层色谱法对样品的金线莲进行了薄层鉴别，并对车前草中的熊果酸进行薄层扫描定量。方法简单，准确，本质量标准可有效控制该产品的质量。     

藏药翼首草薄层鉴别方法研究

本文对藏药翼首草薄层鉴别方法进行系统考察。试验以熊果酸为对照品,采用单因素试验方法,对影响翼首草薄层色谱的因素进行了考察,筛选最佳薄层鉴别方法。结果采用硅胶G板,薄层板置展开缸中饱和10min,以10%硫酸乙醇溶液为显色剂,105℃加热至斑点清晰,置日光和紫外光灯(365 nm)下检视,所得的薄层色谱分离效果较好。研究结果表明本法分离效果好、重复性好,可用于藏药翼首草的质量控制。     

白芍中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苯甲酸的反相薄层色谱分析

建立了对白芍中丹皮酚、芍药苷和苯甲酸同时进行反相薄层色谱分析的新方法。以RP－C18F254S高效反相薄层板,选择了合适的溶剂体系：四氢呋喃／水46／54（0.1%的四丁基溴化铵）,展距仅4.5cm,薄层扫描分析三者。结果准确,重现性好。     

棒孢菌属四个新种

本文报道了棒孢菌属四个新种,即女贞棒孢(Corynespora ligustri Guo,sp.nov.),茉栾藤棒孢(C.merremiae Guo,sp.nov.)鸡血藤棒孢(C.millettiae Guo sp.nov.)和蔓荆子棒孢(C.viticis Guo,sp.nov.)。文中对各个新种作了汉文描述和附图,并有拉丁文描述和特征简介。模式标本收藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

ALLOCATION OF REPRODUCTIVE RESOURCES WITHIN AND AMONG INFLORESCENCES OF LAVANDULA STOECHAS (LAMIACEAE)

Patterns of fruit set were studied in Lavandula stoechas, a Mediterranean shrub commonly occurring in southern Spain. The small, hermaphroditic flowers of this shrub are aggregated into dense, headlike inflorescences and exhibit extensive variations in fecundity. It was shown that as the number of developing fruits in the inflorescence increased, the probability of a flower setting fruit, the size of seeds, and their germinability decreased, most likely because of strong within-inflorescence resource limitation. An experiment was designed to ascertain whether increased fertility in late-opening flowers could be induced through reallocation of reproductive resources between different inflorescences. The experiment consisted of removing half of the inflorescence buds from a set of plants and comparing their fecundity with that of intact individuals. Thinning did not increase the proportion of flowers setting fruit which, in fact, was slightly lower than that of intact individuals (probably due to some reduction of floral display brought about by thinning). Although treated plants produced heavier seeds than controls, results suggest that inflorescences of L. stoechas behave as autonomous modules among which resources cannot be reallocated. Predispersal seed predation by insects accounted on average for a 31% reduction in fruit set. Predation was found to be nonrandomly distributed within inflorescences, with most damage concentrated on late fruits (i.e., those with smaller and less germinable seeds).     

SEX RATIO,COMPONENTS OF REPRODUCTION,AND POLLEN DEPOSITION IN LINDERA BENZOIN (LAURACEAE)

Sex ratio; flower, pollen, ovule, and fruit production; pollen deposition; and pollinator abundance were measured in populations of the dioecious shrub Lindera benzoin occurring in sun and shade habitats. Sex ratio was 1:1 in both the sun and shade. Flower production was greater in the sun than in the shade, and greater for male plants than for females in both habitat types. The population level ratio of pollen to ovules (P/O) was greater in the shade than in the sun, but pollinator abundance was a more important determinant of pollen deposition than P/O. Although 30%–70% of stigmas received no pollen, an even larger proportion of flowers did not set fruit, and fruit set was greater in the sun than in the shade. Increased illumination due to periodic gap formation may play an important role in the reproductive ecology of this understory shrub by affecting patterns of allocation toward reproduction in male and female plants.     

西藏及其东南地区被子植物与其不同生活型的果实类型分析

统计了分布在西藏自治区的被子植物及各生活型果实的类型及比例,并与藏东南地区做了比较。结果如下,西藏自治区果实以蒴果为主(占37.74%),其次为瘦果、坚果、浆果等;干果的比例远远大于肉果;不同生活型的果实类型谱差异较大,乔木中核果的比例最高,藤本中浆果比例最高,灌木中瘦果比例最高,草本中蒴果占优势;4个生活型中,肉果的比例乔木为最高,其次为藤本、灌木、草本。藏东南地区植物的果实类型也以蒴果为主,其次为瘦果、浆果、核果等;藏东南乔木中核果比例最高,藤本中浆果比例最高,灌木和草本植物以蒴果占优势;乔木肉果的比例最高,其次为藤本、灌木、草本。藏东南肉果比例大于全藏区,而干果比例则相反。果实类型的这些性状特征与各自的环境相适应,是植物长期适应自然环境的进化结果,该研究对于理解植物果实对生态环境的长期适应进化具有一定的意义。     

FACTORS LIMITING FRUIT AND SEED PRODUCTION OF A TEMPERATE SHRUB,STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA L. (STAPHYLEACEAE)

Staphylea trifolia L., the bladdernut, is a self-incompatible temperate woodland shrub that flowers in May in Illinois. Factors limiting reproduction were studied at four levels: 1) Seeds/fruit. Seed production in open-pollinated fruit was frequently limited by too few fertilized ovules. Seed production in hand-cross-pollinated fruit was limited by resources or dispersal constraints: seed abortion rates were higher in hand-cross-pollinated fruits than in open-pollinated fruits. 2) Fruits/flower and 3) fruits/inflorescence. The number of fruits set and matured per flower and per infloresence in the open-pollinated treatment was limited by the number of flowers naturally cross-pollinated. In hand-cross-pollinated inflorescences, fruit set was not limited by resources even though fruit set was ten times greater than in the open-pollinated treatment. Evidence that resources limited fruit maturation in the hand-cross-pollinated inflorescences was equivocal. In hand-cross-pollinated flowers, fruit set was lowest when cold nights followed pollination, suggesting that cool temperatures limited postpollination physiological processes. 4) Fruits/individual. Early-flowering individuals matured fewer fruits than later-flowering individuals. Within the latter group, fruit production increased with plant size, although a relatively small individual matured the maximum number of fruits. Flowering phenologies and size of individuals varied among patches, resulting in differential reproductive success of patches.     

扰动环境中不同刈割方式柠条营养生长补偿的影响

 柠条（Caragana korshinskii）在地上组织破坏后进行补偿性生长,这是重复利用柠条资源的基础,但对 柠条不同刈割方式下营养生长补偿的模式有待探讨。该文通过5种刈割方式：去除主枝长的30%（30%RSL） 、去除主枝长的60%（60%RSL）、去除分枝数的25%（25%RSN）、去除分枝数的50%（50%RSN）和去除分枝 数的100%（100%RSN）来研究柠条的营养生长补偿。结果表明：刈割处理的柠条生物量当年发生了超补偿 ,当年生枝数/枝、当年生枝长、当年生枝生物量/枝、当年生枝生物量/株比对照高。对照、30%RSL和 60%RSL 处理未长出基梢。 100%RSN处理的基梢数/刈割枝、基梢长、单个基梢平均生物量显著高于25%RSN 和50%RSN处理,基梢生物量/株随刈割去除生物量的增加而增加。100%RSN 处理未结果,其它处理果实产量 表现出超补偿或精确补偿。对照处理营养生长和生殖生长均低,其它处理当年生枝生物量与果实产量成显 著负相关。从整个生长季节来看,营养生长主要集中在果实成熟之前。我们认为,100%RSN处理是柠条地上 组织破坏后尽快恢复的合理方式,其当年生生物量远高于其它处理。顶端优势的破坏促使休眠芽的萌发, 根冠比的改变使地上组织获得较多养分和水分,根系储存的碳水化合物的供应是促使刈割柠条营养生长超 补偿的的可能机制,而减少生殖生长对资源的消耗,是100%RSN处理地上生物量尽快恢复的另一重要因素 。     

Plant-disperser mutualisms in a semi-arid habitat invaded by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lantana camara</Emphasis> L.

Dispersal is an important ecological process that affects plant population structure and community composition. Invasive plants with fleshy fruits rapidly form associations with native and invasive dispersers, and may affect existing native plant-disperser associations. We asked whether frugivore visitation rate and fruit removal was associated with plant characteristics in a community of fleshy-fruited plants and whether an invasive plant receives more visitation and greater fruit removal than native plants in a semi-arid habitat of Andhra Pradesh, India. Tree-watches were undertaken at individuals of nine native and one invasive shrub species to assess the identity, number and fruit removal by avian frugivores. Network analyses and generalised linear mixed-effects models were used to understand species and community-level patterns. All plants received most number of visits from abundant, generalist avian frugivores. Number of frugivore visits and time spent by frugivores at individual plants was positively associated with fruit crop size, while fruit removal was positively associated with number of frugivore visits and their mean foraging time at individual plants. The invasive shrub, Lantana camara L. (Lantana), had lower average frugivore visit rate than the community of fleshy-fruited plants and received similar average frugivore visits but greater average per-hour fruit removal than two other concurrently fruiting native species. Based on the results of our study, we infer that there is little evidence of competition between native plants and Lantana for the dispersal services of native frugivores and that more data are required to assess the nature of these interactions over the long term. We speculate that plant associations with generalist frugivores may increase the functional redundancy of this frugivory network, buffering it against loss of participating species.     

Alterations in allocation and composition of lipid classes in Euonymus fruits and seeds

Protoplasma - The spindle tree (Euonymus europaeus L.) is a much-branched deciduous shrub or small tree. Its fruit capsules contain seeds with remarkably high content of oil interesting for...     

昆嵛山老杨坟阳坡与阴坡半天然植被植物群落生态学特性的初步研究

本文对昆嵛山老杨坟阳坡与阴坡半天然植被植物群落的上层（乔木层）和下层（灌木层）的物种优势度、多样性指数、群落的均匀度、相似性指数以及群落的最小面积进行了分析。昆嵛山老杨坟半天然植物群落上层的最小面积应为３００ｍ２,下层应为２２５ｍ２。阳坡与阴坡植物群落的上层和下层优势种的分布格局存在一定差异;乔木层的物种多样性指数,阴坡大于阳坡,灌木层阳坡大于阴坡,但二者的差异水平不显著;两群落乔木层的均匀度指数存在显著差异。阳坡与阴坡植物群落乔木层的相似性指数低于灌木层,并且以相对盖度和相对优势度（相对重要值）为基础统计所得到的群落相似性指数更好地反映了群落间乔木层在结构和功能上的差异。     

THE SEASONAL CAMBIUM ACTIVITY OF CHILEAN AND CALIFORNIAN SHRUBS

The sclerophyllous evergreen shrub vegetation of southern California and central Chile is characterized by several examples of morphologically similar species. For each one out of a group of four Californian shrub species, four morphologically analogous sclerophyllous evergreens from Chile were chosen. In monthly intervals two-year branchlets from these eight species were collected and their cambium activity was evaluated by means of a histological analysis. Similar shrub species from Chile and California show a surprisingly strong coincidence in their seasonal fluctuations of cambium activity regardless of their systematic position. This observation is interpreted to mean that convergence has taken place.     

准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征

 为了研究沙漠稀有植物准噶尔无叶豆(Eremosparton songoricum)的开花物候特征及其对生殖成功的影响, 2005和2006年连续两年对其自然种群的开花物候和开花过程中的花部表型变化进行了观察, 并运用相对开花振幅、开花强度和开花同步性等开花物候指数研究了开花物候特征。结果表明: 准噶尔无叶豆在5月下旬至6月中下旬开花, 其种群、个体、花序和单花的花期分别历时26~29 d、8~10 d、5~7 d和2~3 d。单花开花进程依其形态和散粉特征可分为散粉前期、散粉初期、散粉盛期和凋谢期4个时期。其个体水平的开花物候进程(开花振幅曲线)呈渐进式单峰曲线, 具有很高的开花同步指数, 表现出一种集中开花的模式。开花物候指数与座果数之间的相关分析结果表明, 始花日期与花期持续时间存在负相关关系, 而与开花数和座果数存在正相关关系; 花期持续时间与开花数和座果数存在显著正相关关系。准噶尔无叶豆个体开花物候在很大程度上是由其遗传因子决定的, 而开花物候在年度间的变异, 可能是由于荒漠气候的差异(主要是水分和温度的差异)所引起的。作为沙漠窄域分布特有种, 准噶尔无叶豆在环境和人为干扰的双重选择压力下, 为了吸引更多的传粉者访问而达到生殖成功, 形成了大量集中开花的模式。