长江上游网箱养殖圆口铜鱼杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种的分离与鉴定

研究首次报道了圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)疥疮病, 从患病圆口铜鱼的肝脏中分离到优势菌株YTL1, 并运用形态学观察、生理生化检测、16S rRNA和6个管家基因的系统发育分析等对分离菌株进行鉴定。基于以上实验结果, YTL1被最终鉴定为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida)。通过标准Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验, 筛选治疗该暴发病的有效药物, 结果显示YTL1对氟苯尼考, 诺氟沙星和氨苄青霉素等13种抗生素敏感, 对6种抗生素如杆菌肽, 链霉素和卡那霉素有耐药性, 对红霉素具有中等敏感性。因此, 氟苯尼考被建议用来伴饵投喂, 并取得了较好的疾病控制效果。草鱼幼鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的人工感染试验结果显示, 经腹腔注射7.6×106—7.6×108 CFU/mL的YTL1菌液后, 感染鱼的症状与患病圆口铜鱼症状相似。研究证明基于6个管家基因的多序列位点分型是鉴定杀鲑气单胞菌至亚种水平的一种有效方法, 杀鲑气单胞菌是圆口铜鱼人工养殖的最大威胁之一, 并发现鲤科鱼类, 如草鱼和斑马鱼均是杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种的易感宿主。     

长江上游网箱养殖圆口铜鱼杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种的分离与鉴定（英文）

研究首次报道了圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)疥疮病,从患病圆口铜鱼的肝脏中分离到优势菌株YTL1,并运用形态学观察、生理生化检测、16S rRNA和6个管家基因的系统发育分析等对分离菌株进行鉴定。基于以上实验结果, YTL1被最终鉴定为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida)。通过标准Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,筛选治疗该暴发病的有效药物,结果显示YTL1对氟苯尼考,诺氟沙星和氨苄青霉素等13种抗生素敏感,对6种抗生素如杆菌肽,链霉素和卡那霉素有耐药性,对红霉素具有中等敏感性。因此,氟苯尼考被建议用来伴饵投喂,并取得了较好的疾病控制效果。草鱼幼鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的人工感染试验结果显示,经腹腔注射7.6×10~6—7.6×10~8 CFU/mL的YTL1菌液后,感染鱼的症状与患病圆口铜鱼症状相似。研究证明基于6个管家基因的多序列位点分型是鉴定杀鲑气单胞菌至亚种水平的一种有效方法,杀鲑气单胞菌是圆口铜鱼人工养殖的最大威胁之一,并发现鲤科鱼类,如草鱼和斑马鱼均是杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种的易感宿主。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

斑点叉尾鲖源杀鲑气单胞菌无色亚种分离鉴定及药敏特性

研究从患溃疡症斑点叉尾鲙中分离到一株致病性菌株ry01, 生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA基因序列分析表明ry01株为鲑气单胞菌无色亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes)。人工感染该菌后发病鱼表现为与自然发病类似症状, 且从组织中再分离的细菌特性与原感染菌相同。腹腔注射后该菌株对斑点叉尾鲙的半数致死量为4.17×106 CFU/mL。菌株ry01对强力霉素及左氧氟沙星等高度敏感, 为斑点叉尾鲙该病防控提供了理论依据。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

长江江豚杀鲑气单胞菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本文通过细菌的分离培养,首次从临床症状表现为溃疡、腐烂的患病江豚表皮分离到一株杀鲑气单胞菌XJ-JT株。通过细菌理化性质鉴定、遗传进化分析、药敏试验、致病性试验对其生物学特性进行分析,结果表明：菌株XJ-JT为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,两端钝圆,无芽孢;细菌分离鉴定的结果显示分离菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌;系统进化分析揭示其基因序列与银鲫源性杀鲑气单胞菌分离株高度同源;20种抗生素的药敏试验结果表明分离菌株对阿米卡星、克拉霉素、克林霉素等8种药物敏感,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、卡那霉素中介,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、四环素等9种药物耐药;人工感染试验,结果显示分离菌对鲫鱼有较强的致病性。     

1株杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种对甲酸乙酯的降解研究

甲酸乙酯广泛存在于化工行业的废水中,对生物体及环境都具有很大的危害。微生物降解是处理甲酸乙酯的重要方法之一。采用富集培养法和平板划线法从活性污泥中筛选出一株能降解甲酸乙酯的菌株ETH-3。经形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA鉴定,确定该菌株为杀鲑气单胞菌杀鲑亚种(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp.salmonicida)。通过摇瓶实验测定菌株ETH-3的最佳生长环境条件以及其对甲酸乙酯的降解能力,结果表明,该菌株最佳生长温度为25-30℃、最佳生长pH为8左右。该菌株具有较强降解甲酸乙酯能力,在30℃时,36 h内对0-10 500 mg/L的甲酸乙酯可达完全降解。经GC-MS对代谢产物的分析发现,甲酸乙酯会先被微生物代谢为甲酸和乙醇,后甲酸和乙醇会被微生物进一步降解为CO_2和H_2O。     

鳜源致病性维氏气单胞菌的鉴定及药敏试验

【目的】通过对从患病的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)肝脏中分离得到的一株优势菌WJ2014-1进行鉴定,旨在确定病因并筛选出敏感药物,为今后鳜维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)的防治提供参考。【方法】从患病鳜肝脏分离致病菌,通过对其生理生化特征与16S r RNA基因序列分析进行鉴定,并通过纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。【结果】用菌株WJ2014-1进行人工回归感染试验后,鳜发病症状与自然发病症状相似。根据该菌株的形态特征、生化特性、16S r RNA基因序列分析结果鉴定为维氏气单胞菌。该菌株对复方新诺明、强力霉素、罗红霉素、头孢噻肟、哌拉西林等21种抗生素敏感,对氯霉素、诺氟沙星、萘啶酸等9种抗生素耐药。【结论】分离得到的菌株WJ2014-1对鳜有致病性,生产中可选用复方新诺明、强力霉素、罗红霉素等药物进行防治。     

一种新的异育银鲫病原———腐败希瓦氏菌

【目的】江苏盐城一家养殖场的异育银鲫暴发疾病,通过对病原进行研究,旨在为该病的防治提供理论依据和参考。【方法】从病鱼体表病灶和内脏中分离出优势菌株,经人工感染试验证实为病原菌。采用传统的形态、生理生化表型鉴定与16S rDNA序列分析相结合的方法确定菌株的分类地位。运用K-B琼脂法对病原菌株进行药物敏感性测定。【结果】综合菌株形态、生理生化表型以及16S rDNA序列分析的结果,确定该分离株为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)。回接感染试验证实腐败希瓦氏菌即是导致此次异育银鲫发病死亡的致病原,其半数致死量(LD50)为2.1×103cfu/g。该株腐败希瓦氏菌对吡哌酸、萘啶酸、氟哌酸、氟啶酸、氟苯尼考、利福平、美满霉素、氟罗沙星、恩诺沙星、复达欣、菌必治、先锋Ⅳ、罗红霉素和左氟沙星等抗生素敏感。【结论】首次报道了异育银鲫一种新的病原,说明腐败希瓦氏菌作为一种潜在的新病原也可能会对异育银鲫的养殖造成威胁。     

江苏盐城地区异育银鲫大红鳃疾病病原学研究及病理学观察

为鉴定近期江苏盐城地区养殖异育银鲫大红鳃疾病病原,研究从患病濒死鱼中分离到两株致病菌并对其理化特性、分子生物学、感染病理学进行了研究,同时开展了鉴别诊断和回归试验以及药敏检测。结果显示,两分离株理化特性与温和气单胞菌（A.sobria）特征相符,与GenBank中A.sobria的gyrB基因同源性达99%以上,在系统发育树上均与A.sobria聚为一族。同时与鲤科疱疹病毒2型（CyHV-2）鉴别诊断结果表明,患病鱼组织中CyHV-2检测为阴性。组织学上,鳃和肾组织具有典型病理变化。人工感染两株A.sobria后,鱼体出现与自然发病相似的大红鳃症状,并能从发病鱼组织中再分离到相同病原菌;而人工感染CyHV-2组织匀浆后的鲫虽然出现死亡,但无大红鳃症状出现。综上,确认此次大红鳃疾病的病原为A.sobria。药敏实验表明,分离菌株对诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、氯霉素三种药物敏感。研究为临床上更好的预防异育银鲫大红鳃疾病奠定了基础。     

Pulsed-field gel electrophoriesis analyis of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida

A total of 133 strains of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida, isolated from a wide variety of sources, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Sixteen profiles were demonstrated, with one profile being predominant in samples from all the countries and species of fish. Our results suggest a clonal distribution of this subspecies, with a predominant clone being responsible for most of the outbreaks worldwide.     

Structural studies of the core region of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida lipopolysaccharide

The core oligosaccharide structure of the in vivo derived rough phenotype of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida was investigated by a combination of compositional, methylation, CE-MS and one- and two-dimensional NMR analyses and established as the following: [carbohydrate: see text] where R=alpha-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1--> or alpha-D-Galp-(1--> (approx. ratio 4:3). Comparative CE-MS analysis of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida core oligosaccharides from strains A449, 80204-1 and an in vivo rough isolate confirmed that the structure of the core oligosaccharide was conserved among different isolates of A. salmonicida.     

Cross resistance between oxytetracycline and oxolinic acid in Aeromonas salmonicida associated with alterations in outer membrane proteins

Oxytetracycline resistant mutants of Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from mutation frequency experiments showed decreased susceptibility to oxolinic acid. Outer membrane preparations of these resistant mutant strains revealed a major protein, with a molecular mass of approximately 37 kDa, which was not present in significant quantities in the parent strain.     

Simultaneous detection of Aeromonas salmonicida,Flavobacterium psychrophilum,and Yersinia ruckeri,three major fish pathogens,by multiplex PCR

A multiplex PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA genes was developed for the simultaneous detection of three major fish pathogens, Aeromonas salmonicida, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, and Yersinia ruckeri. The assay proved to be specific and as sensitive as each single PCR assay, with detection limits in the range of 6, 0.6, and 27 CFU for A. salmonicida, F. psychrophilum, and Y. ruckeri, respectively. The assay was useful for the detection of the bacteria in artificially infected fish as well as in fish farm outbreaks. Results revealed that this multiplex PCR system permits a specific, sensitive, reproducible, and rapid method for the routine laboratory diagnosis of infections produced by these three bacteria.     

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based typing analysis of atypical isolates of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida.

Two hundred and five isolates of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, recovered from a wide range of hosts and countries were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting four genes. The chosen genes were those encoding the extracellular A-layer protein (AP), the serine protease (Sprot), the glycerophospholipid:cholestrol acetyltransferase protein (GCAT), and the 16S rRNA (16S rDNA). All the atypical A. salmonicida isolates could be assigned to 4 PCR groups. Group 1 comprised 45 strains which tested positive for PCR amplification, using the 16S rDNA, GCAT2, Sprot2, and AP primer-sets. Group 2 comprised 88 strains with produced PCR products using the 16S rDNA, GCAT2 and AP primer-sets. Group 3 comprised 21 strains which produced PCR products using 16S rDNA, GCAT2 and Sprot2 primer-sets, and group 4 comprised 51 strains which produced PCR products using the 16S rDNA and GCAT2 primer-sets only. A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates tested, belonged to group 1. The PCR primer-sets separated A. salmonicida from other reference strains of Aeromonas species and related bacteria with the exception of Aeromonas hydrophila. The results indicated that PCR typing is a useful framework for characterization of the increasing number of isolations of atypical A. salmonicida.     

Small subunit rRNA gene sequences of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. smithia and Haemophilus piscium reveal pronounced similarities with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida

The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) encoding genes from reference strains of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. smithia and Haemophilus piscium were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and cloned into Escherichia coli cells. Almost the entire SSU rRNA gene sequence (1505 nucleotides) from both organisms was determined. These DNA sequences were compared with those previously described from A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, subsp. achromogenes and subsp. masoucida. This genetic analysis revealed that A. salmonicida subsp. smithia and H. piscium showed 99.4 and 99.6% SSU rRNA gene sequence identity, respectively, with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.     

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for nonlethal detection of Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonid mucus and its potential for other bacterial fish pathogens

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA was used to nonlethally detect Aeromonas salmonicida and other bacteria in salmonid skin mucus. Mucus samples from wild spawning coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with endemic A. salmonicida and from cultured lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were tested by PCR-DGGE and were compared with mucus culture on Coomassie brilliant blue agar and internal organ culture. PCR-DGGE gave a highly reproducible 4-band pattern for 9 strains of typical A. salmonicida, which was different from other Aeromonas spp. Aeromonas salmonicida presence in mucus was evident as a band that comigrated with the bottom band of the A. salmonicida 4-band pattern and was verified by sequencing. PCR-DGGE found 36 of 52 coho salmon positive for A. salmonicida, compared with 31 positive by mucus culture and 16 by organ culture. Numerous other bacteria were detected in salmonid mucus, including Pseudomonas spp., Shewanella putrefaciens, Aeromonas hydrophila and other aeromonads. However, Yersinia ruckeri was not detected in mucus from 27 lake trout, but 1 fish had a sorbitol-positive Y. ruckeri isolated from organ culture. Yersinia ruckeri seeded into a mucus sample suggested that PCR-DGGE detection of this bacterium from mucus was possible. PCR-DGGE allows nonlethal detection of A. salmonicida in mucus and differentiation of some Aeromonas spp. and has the potential to allow simultaneous detection of other pathogens present in fish mucus.     

Survival of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida in seawater

Survival of Aeromonas salmonicida in natural (non-sterile) seawater, as determined from colony counts on marine agar, was found to be influenced by the presence of potentially inhibitory organisms, i.e., Acinetobacter, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chromobacterium, Escherichia coli, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas, and their metabolites. Yet, samples, thought to be devoid of culturable A. salmonicida, were found to contain cells, which were filterable through 0.22 and 0.45 microns Millipore Millex porosity filters, and were recoverable on a specialised medium for L-forms, i.e. L-F medium.