湖北光感核不育水稻的发现、鉴定及其利用途径

1973年在湖北发现了一株不育水稻,它在长日照条件下不育,在短日照下则可育。经鉴定,它的不育性是受一对对光照长度敏感的隐性雄性不育主基因控制,是在植物界首次被发现,是生理遗传的典型例子;用于理论研究有很大的科学价值,作为杂种优势利用,可以在短日照下自交繁殖,在长日照下杂交制种,一般粳稻品种都可以作为父本使用,杂种一代在任何生长季节下都能发挥其增产作用。这株水稻被命名为“湖北光感核不育水稻”,这个对光照长度敏感的隐性雄性不育基因被命名为msh。     

不同光长诱导HPGMR过氧化物酶活性及同工酶的比较研究(简报)

湖北光敏感核不育水稻(Hubei Photo-period-Sensitive Genic Male-sterile Rice,简称HPGMR)经研究为光周期敏感的隐性雄性核不育遗传。短日照处理后用10 min红光或白光暗中断处理均起到长日不育的作用。这些特性不仅存生产上具有广泛利用的价值,而且在遗传学研究方面也具有重要的理论意义。为了探讨HPGMR的光诱导不育的机理,本文以HPGMR农垦58和正常可育农垦58(O.sativa,Japonica)为材料,对不同发育时期的幼穗和花药过氧化物酶活性及同工酶谱进行研究,试分析不同光长诱导下HPGMR过氧化物酶活性及同工酶谱的特征,结果简报如下:     

湖北光敏感核不育水稻不育性的遗传规律

本文选用5个常规粳稻品种和3小光敏感核不育系与湖北光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S杂交,用花粉育性、套袋自交结实率、自然结实率和大田目测4种育性指标同时鉴定同一植株育性,观察分析杂种后代在长日下植株育性的表现。结果表明：光敏核不育水稻不育性的遗传行为表现为受1对隐性主基因控制,不同的遗传背景对不育性的遗传行为表现有不同程度的影响。     

水稻光温敏不育基因研究概况

光温敏雄性核不育水稻的花粉育性受日照长度或温度的调控,在长日、高温条件下表现不育,短日、低温条件下表现可育.水稻这一特性的发现使得人们可以利用其进行‘两系法'杂交稻育种来补充传统的‘三系法'杂交育种体系.水稻光温敏核不育基因的研究对于'两系法'杂交稻育种的利用研究至关重要.主要对光温敏核不育基因的遗传规律分析、基因的定位研究进展以及DAN分子标记在基因定位中的应用等方面进行了综述.     

新版教材中问题解答3则

1　什么叫两系法杂交水稻我国是世界上第 1个将杂交优势应用于水稻生产的国家。袁隆平于 196 4年开始水稻杂交优势的应用研究 ,于 1973年实现籼型三系 (不育系、保持系和恢复系 )配套 ,而两系法杂交水稻中的不育系则是一种光敏型核雄性不育类型。所谓光敏型核雄性不育是指雄蕊育性对光照敏感 ,在夏季长日照下表现为雄性不育 ,在秋季短日照下雄性又可育。有研究表明 ,在短日照下光感核不育基因不表达 ,但在穗分化期的任何阶段给予长日照 ,该基因即可表达 ,只有从第 2次枝梗原始体分化期开始 ,持续给予长日照花粉才彻底败育 ,由此可见从第 2次…     

水稻光(温)敏核不育系与核质互作不育系的遗传关系剖析

1991─1992年,分析了7个光(温)敏核不育系与15 个核质互作不育系杂交F1及部分F2植株在长日照和短日照条件下的育性表现,结果清楚地表明,有些光敏核不育系能够保持核质互作不育系的雄性不育性,有些光(温)敏核不育系则能够恢复或部分恢复; 有些光敏核不育系对某一核质互作不育系具有保持能力,对另一核质互作不育系则具有恢复能力; 并初步推测光(温)敏核不育基因与核质互作不育基因是独立发生的,当核质互作不育系中细胞质和细胞核的隐性不育基因一起作用时,能够掩盖光(温)敏不育基因及其育性恢复基因的表达。     

光敏核不育水稻育性转换期放射性同位素标记化合物的运转(简报)

光敏核不育水稻育性转换期饲喂放射性同位素,长日照或短日照处理条件下幼穗中~(32)P的含量分别为 1.66％和 4.48％,~(14)C的含量分别为20.80％和35.02％;在对照品种的幼穗中,长、短日照处理之间~(33)p,~(14)C的含量无明显差异。     

光敏核不育水稻开花和育性转变不同的光反应

从光敏核不育水稻"农垦585"幼穗分化至二次枝梗期开始,在每天的短日照光期（10h日光）结束、暗期开始时（EOD）进行15d的远红光（FR）照射实验,以比较开花、育性转变过程对短暂的远红光（FR）或红光（R）的反应。EODFR明显抑制水稻植株开花（穗分化）,导致"农垦585"和原种"农垦58"的抽穗期均比短日照下推退7d,表现为长日照效应,而"农垦58S"的结实率与原种相比却无显著变化。这暗示诱导农垦58S开花、育性转变过程的光反应可能有差异,前者不仅与光周期有关,且受EODFR的剧烈影响,而育性主要受光周期（临界暗期）控制,基本上不受EODFR的调控。     

光周期诱导的光敏核不育水稻农垦58S叶蛋白变化及其效应研究

本文用同位素标记和双向电泳方法,分析了光敏核不育水稻农垦58S敏感期的叶蛋白变化,共得到200个左右的蛋白质(肽)点,分布在PI4.1—7.2,MW10—95KD之间。其中,有4个蛋白质点(点1—4)的浓度明显受光周期影响而发生量的变化,而点5—8则是在长日照诱导下出现的新蛋白点。另外,在短日条件下稳定存在的点9,在长日照下却完全检测不到。光敏核不育水稻的育性转换,可能与这些蛋白质的变化有关。     

水稻光敏核不育系的选育

湖北光敏感核不育水稻的发现,为两系杂交稻奠定了基础。农垦58S为晚梗型,经济性状不理想,直接利用于生产较困难,必须将光敏核不育特性转育到优良的籼、粳品种中,选育出符合生产要求的光敏核不育系,才有生产利用价值。光周期诱导水稻雄性育性转换特性是由1—2对主效基因控制的,可以通过杂交转育。自八十年代以来,湖北和全国的水稻遗传育种学家开展了水稻光敏核不育系的选育,到1991年止,由农垦58S为源的通过省级以上鉴定的水稻光(温)敏核不育系18个,其中籼稻10个粳稻8个,由光、温敏核不育系配制的两系杂交稻组合开始用于生产。     

Energy and Activated Oxygen Metabolisms in Anthers of Hubei Photoperiod-Sensitive Genic Male-Sterile Rice

The energy and activated oxygen metabolisms in male-sterile and fertile anthers of Hubei photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice (HPGMR)have been comparatively studied. Among the male-sterile anthers, lower total activities of cytochrome oxidase(COD), ATPase, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in six anthers of a spikelet were seen, which were equivalent to about 2–64%, 20–76%, 26–60%, 6–77%, 29–55%, respectively, of those of their fertile counterparts during different development stages of pollens. The sterile anthers lacked 1–5, 1, 1–2 isozyme bands of COD, POD and SOD, respectively, and also displayed lower content of ATP, higher contents of H202 and malondiald ehyde (MDA) and higher efficiency of O2- which were equivalent to about 14–77%, 152–424%, 153–238%, 230–340%, respectively, of those of their corresponding fertile ones. It is concluded that the physiological features of male-sterile anthers, viz. lower efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, higher efficiency of O2 and H202 generation, weaker activity of scavenger system of activated oxygen and higher level of lipid peroxidation, are indicative of some relationship between abnormal energy, activated oxygen metabolisms in male-sterile anthers and male-sterility in HPGMR.     

Morphological and physiological responses to sediment type and light availability in roots of the submerged plant Myriophyllum spicatum

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Both sediment and light are essential factors regulating the growth of submerged macrophytes, but the role of these two factors in regulating root morphology and physiology is far from clear. The responses of root morphology and physiology to sediment type and light availability in the submerged plant Myriophyllum spicatum were studied and the hypothesis was tested that a trade-off exists in root growth strategy between internal aeration and nutrient acquisition. METHODS: Plants were grown on two types of sediment (fertile mud and an infertile mixture of mud and sandy loam) and under three levels of light availability (600, 80 and 20 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) in a greenhouse. KEY RESULTS: The significantly higher alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in root tissues indicated that oxygen deficiency existed in the plants growing in fertile mud and low (or high) light environments. Significantly, low plant N and P concentrations indicated that nutrient deficiency existed in the mixed sediment and high light environment. As a response to anoxia, plants did not change the porosity of the main roots. The effect of sediment type on root morphology was insignificant under higher light environments, whereas root diameter generally decreased but specific root length (SRL) increased with decreasing light availability. Both low light and fertile mud jointly led to lack of second-order laterals. More biomass was allocated to lateral roots in infertile environments, whereas mass fractions of laterals were lower in low light and mud environments. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that this plant can achieve the trade-off between internal aeration and nutrient acquisition by adjusting the structure of the root system and the pattern of biomass allocation to different root orders rather than root morphology and root porosity.     

The Mechanism of a Brooding Effect Associated with Segregation Distortion in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The fecundities of 55 genotypes of the form SD(i)/SD(j) generated by 11 different SD chromosomes have been examined. Five of the genotypes are lethal The fecundities of the rest fall into a pattern of fertility and sterility that is highly suggestive of intracistronic complementation. The complementation leading to male fertility is only partial complementation: the fecundity of most fertile genotypes is less than half that of controls. The three components of the SD system, the Sd locus, the Ac locus, and the modifiers in 2R, were examined separately, and it appears that the complementation is a phenomenon associated with the Sd locus. A hypothesis of the molecular events involved in segregation distortion is formulated in the light of these observations. The model is based on the assumption that the Sd locus produces a multimeric molecule that regulates the activity of the Ac(=Rsp) locus during spermatogenesis.     

Effect of End-of-day far-red light exposures on fertility alteration and flowering in photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile rice

The rice photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile mutant (PGMR) is sterile under long days, but fertile in short days. Phytochrome is involved in the photoperiod-induced male-sterile process. To investigate the mechanisms, of phytochrome action in PGMR, end-of-day (EOD) experiments were carried out. Flowering in PGMR was delayed considerably by EOD far-red light exposures following a short day of 10 hr, whereas its fertility decreased to the same extent as the original line. This result suggests that photoperiod response mediating fertility alteration in PGMR somewhat differed from that in flowering,i.e., fertility alteration and flowering might be under the separate phytochrome signaling control.     

香蕉种植密度对蕉园光能利用与产量的影响

本试验研究了福建沿海地区蕉园种植密度与光能利用效率和产量之间的关系。结果表明,适当提高种植密度,可增加香蕉单位空间的光能利用,充分利用地力,改善蕉园生态条件,显著地提高香蕉亩产量。亩植160～180株是沿海地区达到高产稳产的有效措施。     

Morphological abnormalities in the spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men

The morphological analysis of the spermatozoa from fertile and infertile men was performed using light and electron microscopy to clarify the relationship between sperm morphology and fertility. Semen samples obtained from 22 partners of pregnant women were prepared according to the protocol standardized in an international collaborative study. Semen samples from 17 patients with asthenozoospermia or varicocele were collected in a hospital. Abnormalities in the spermatozoa were classified into three types for the tails, two for the midpieces, and six for the heads according to the criteria adapted from WHO guidelines (World Health Organization, 1999: WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and semen-cervical mucus interaction (4th edition)). Approximately 14% of the spermatozoa from the fertile men had abnormal tails at the light microscopic level while approximately 44% had abnormal heads. Most types of abnormalities found in the spermatozoa from the asthenozoospermic and varicocele patients were encountered in those from the fertile men, although the semen from the fertile men contained a higher percentage of normal spermatozoa than that from the patients. These results were also confirmed at the ultrastructural level. Most abnormal cell types are encountered in semen from fertile men, although the incidence of abnormalities is low.     

Phenotypic expression of ADH regulatory genes inDrosophila melanogaster: a comparative study between a paleartic and a tropical population

In vitro ADH activity was studied inD. melanogaster males from two sets of third chromosome substitution lines, one from a paleartic population (Gigean, France), the other from a tropical population (Brazzaville, Congo). As a linear model with raw ADH activity dependent on fresh weight was significant in both sets of lines, the raw activity was adjusted by regression on weight. Two main results were found: (a) the well-known substantial intrapopulation variability; and (b) third chromosome geographical origin did not affect the mean ADH activity. Unlike the structuralAdh gene polymorphism which allows the two populations to be distinguished, the polymorphism of the third chromosome ADH regulatory genes (or more exactly their phenotypic expression) does not allow to discriminate between them. These results are discussed in the context of the adaptation ofD. melanogaster to the alcoholic substrates in light of a model proposed by Hedrick and McDonald (1980) in order to interpret variations in both structural and regulatory gene polymorphisms.     

A fertile revertant from petaloid cytoplasmic male-sterile carrot has a rearranged mitochondrial genome

 A spontaneously derived fertile plant was recovered from a petaloid cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) carrot inbred line. Genetic analysis indicated a single nuclear gene was responsible for the restoration to fertility. Within a family segregating for the nuclear restorer in combination with the sterility-inducing cytoplasm, fertile plants were recovered that could not restore fertility when crossed to sterile genotypes. Genetic analysis indicated cytoplasmic reversion for fertility, and Southern analysis, comparing mtDNA organization of the fertile revertant and its CMS progenitor, identified mitochondrial genome rearrangements. Hybridization of cosmids representing a 108-kb subgenomic circle of the sterile line to DNA of a fertile maintainer and fertile revertant lines indicated a similar mtDNA organization for these genotypes that was distinct from that of the sterile line. Six restriction fragments totalling 43.2 kb were common to the fertile maintainer and revertant and absent in the sterile; other restriction fragments totalling 38.2 kb were present only for the sterile line. Unique fragments of low stoichiometry, two for the fertile maintainer and three for the revertant, distinguished these lines. The reversion to fertility in the sterile line could have resulted from the amplification of a mitochondrial submolar genome highly homologous to that found in the fertile maintainer line. Received: 4 October 1997/Accepted: 12 December 1997     

Advanced fertility diagnosis in stallion semen using transmission electron microscopy

Routine semen analysis of stallions is based on light microscopy (LM). However, there are still a number of animals that are subfertile or even infertile not being identified with conventional semen analysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for advanced fertility diagnosis in stallion. We examined ejaculates of 46 stallions with known fertility. Animals were divided into three different groups: group 1, fertile stallions (pregnant mares> or =70%, n=29); group 2, subfertile stallions (pregnant mares 10-69%, n=14); group 3, infertile stallions (pregnant mares<10%, n=3). Ejaculates were collected in spring 2002. Conventional semen analysis (volume, sperm concentration, motility, live:dead ratio and percentage of morphologically normal sperm) was immediately performed after semen collection. Ultrastructural analysis included the evaluation of 200 acrosomes, heads, midpieces and cross-sections of tails as well as 100 longitudinal sections of tails from every ejaculate. Using LM, we found a significant increase of morphological deviations from 24.5% (x ) in group 1 to 34.5% in group 2 and 73.5% in group 3. Using TEM, we found a significant increase of detached acrosomes from 6.1% in group 1 to 7.6% in group 2 and 21.4% in group 3. Deviations in tubule pattern were also increased (but not significant) from 2.7% in fertile and 2.8% in subfertile to 11.4% in infertile stallions as well as multiple tails from 1.9% in fertile to 2.0% in subfertile and 8.9% in infertile. Our data indicate that TEM is suitable for advanced fertility diagnostic in stallions, giving a connection between fertility and morphology. It suggests that the most likely reason for sub- and infertility in stallion in case of increased LM pathomorphology of semen are acrosomal alterations, especially detached acrosomes.