红树植物水分关系研究进展

红树林生长于受潮汐影响的海滨特殊生境,具有重要的生态功能及应用价值。红树植物的水分利用特点一直是研究热点。由于受环境盐分影响,红树植物水势普遍较低;水分运输系统抗气穴化能力极强;水分利用保守,用水量处于同径级的热带陆生树木用水量的低值范围;表型可塑性大,可通过耐旱、耐盐和多样的水分管理策略适应潮间带环境;水分运输效率不低,能在环境条件适宜时进行高效的光合合成。本文通过大量的文献分析,综述了红树植物的水分关系特点、水分和盐分管理策略,对未来从多角度、结合新研究技术的红树植物水分关系研究进行了展望。     

红树植物盐分含量及其调节

本文分析了海南岛东北部15种红树植物不同叶龄叶片水分与盐分含量,探讨了红树植物的盐分调节方式。结果初步表明:红树植物是高度聚盐生植物,其叶内水溶性盐离子浓度多倍于海水;随着叶片衰老,硫酸盐均发生显著积累,但氯化物、钠盐和钾盐依种不同而呈现积累、稳定或减少;在衰老过程中,叶片多汁性通常保持稳定。红树植物主要调盐方式包括根系拒盐、盐腺泌盐、叶片中的盐分转移和富盐老叶脱落。     

东南沿海潮间带防护林主要树种的光合特性及水分利用策略

为了比较中国东南沿海防护林主要树种的光合特性及水分利用策略,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用仪和PAM-2100叶绿素荧光仪对福建沿海防护林5个主要树种的光合特性以及荧光特性进行测定,并采用稳定同位素技术量化这些植物的水分来源利用比例以及水分利用效率.4种红树植物的光合同化速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著高于木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia);外来红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)光合同化速率显著高于3个乡土红树植物.无瓣海桑叶片的最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmax)、半饱和光强(Ek)、Fv/Fm均显著大于乡土红树植物,表明无瓣海桑光合能力大于其他红树植物.植物茎木质部水稳定同位素的测定表明,外来种木麻黄和无瓣海桑主要利用地下水,而未利用海水和雨水;3种乡土红树植物主要利用地下水,但也利用海水和雨水的混合水.木麻黄的瞬时水分利用效率显著低于4种红树植物,但4种红树植物间的瞬时水分利用效率无显著差异.秋茄(Kandelia obovata)和无瓣海桑的长期水分利用效率无显著差异,但二者显著高于桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)及木麻黄,说明前二者对水分的利用优于后三者,更适应于水分成为植物生长与存活限制因子的高盐环境.     

红树植物抗重金属污染研究进展

综述了重金属污染对红树植物生长的影响,红树植物吸收重金属并在其体内分布以及在这种污染环境下红树植物可能存在的抗性机制。红树植物是通过根部吸收重金属的,进入其体内的重金属除少量分布在叶表面的各种腺体组织中外,主要富集在根部;对吸收到体内的重金属红树植物通过细胞壁沉淀,液泡的区域化等有效方式以降低其毒性;红树植物还可通过渗透作用把重金属排除到体外以减少对自身的毒害;另外,生长在此环境下的红树植物以增强自身抗氧化系统来加强其抗重金属的能力。对今后有关这方面的研究趋势提出了一些看法。     

中国南方生长于不同基质的天然林植物叶片元素含量特征比较

对比中国南方两个热带喀斯特森林、一个热带红树林和来自文献的一个亚热带常绿阔叶林植物叶片元素含量和计量特点。结果表明,受碳酸盐岩的影响,西双版纳和弄岗喀斯特森林植物叶片普遍富含Ca、Mg元素,因岩性差异,含有一定白云岩的弄岗地区的植物富集更多的Mg。西双版纳喀斯特森林存在K、Fe、Na、Zn元素的缺乏状况;由于白云岩矿物成分的特殊性和缓慢的风化速度,弄岗喀斯特植物有更高的叶片K、Zn、S含量。红树林植物富集P、Ca、Mg、Na、S元素,海水环境中大量的离子进入土壤被植物吸收利用,提高了红树的养分含量,并且在高盐环境下Na在叶片中大量富集。但是,红树植物表现缺乏Fe、Si、Zn。亚热带常绿阔叶林植物受酸性土影响大,Mn元素大量富集,P与Na的含量缺乏,并且相比其他生境,常绿阔叶林的N、P、Ca、Mg含量较低。西双版纳和弄岗的喀斯特森林植物叶片N/P比分别为14.27和18.26,说明前者受到N、P的共同限制,后者主要为P限制;红树植物N/P比为13.12,受N限制;常绿阔叶林植物本身严重缺P,N/P比为26.27,表现出明显的P限制。所研究的不同基质上的植物,叶片N与P元素之间均呈显著正相关,这种稳定的协同关系是植物适应环境的普遍规律。Ca与Mg两个二价阳离子元素在喀斯特森林和常绿阔叶林中为协同关系,而在红树林中则不存在相关性,分析表明Na盐胁迫下增加了Mg的吸收,改变了Ca、Mg的平衡关系。N与K元素在红树林和常绿阔叶林中为协同关系,而由于喀斯特环境中Ca、Mg协同影响了K的吸收,改变了N、K的协同关系。P与Zn在喀斯特森林和红树林中都表现出协同关系,这与两种元素在植物代谢过程中都参与了酶的合成有关。红树植物表现K和Mn的拮抗关系,而在喀斯特森林和常绿阔叶林中均未有相关性。S与P元素在弄岗喀斯特森林中表现出正相关,这种协同性可以帮助喀斯特植物缓解缺P的症状,而在高P的红树植物中没有相关性。研究结果对于森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环模拟和生态系统管理有重要参考意义。     

滨海盐生植物叶片δ13C与主要养分元素化学计量的关系

高盐环境与土壤贫瘠成为限制滨海湿地植被生长的主要因素,盐分稀释(salt-dilution)与盐分抵御(salt-exclusion)为盐生植物普遍的两种适生策略,这些策略影响植物水分与养分利用效率的权衡过程。以江苏盐城滨海湿地常见稀盐盐生植物、拒盐盐生植物为研究对象,通过探讨滨海湿地不同盐生植物叶片δ~(13)C(水分利用效率的直接反映参数),与主要养分元素(N、P、K)及化学计量特征的关系,以揭示不同盐生植物养分利用策略及养分利用效率与水分利用效率之间的权衡关系。研究结果表明:滨海湿地盐生植物叶片N/P为15.3,较全球陆生植物平均值低,表现出N、P共同限制特征。两种盐生植物叶片δ~(13)C与N、P含量显著正相关,表明盐生植物采取N、P光合相关型策略适应不良环境。拒盐盐生植物叶片δ~(13)C与K~+正相关,采取K~+渗透调节相关型策略,以减小细胞渗透势、增加水分吸收,减轻植物体内盐分毒害。两种不同耐盐型植物δ~(13)C与C/N成反比,表明植物采取扩大水分利用效率以代偿减小的N利用率策略。稀盐盐生植物δ~(13)C与C/P成反比,且叶片P含量较高,表明植物可以提高P利用率以增大低水分利用率环境下的C合成和生物量。研究可为滨海湿地生态系统恢复与重建提供理论依据。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落中多枝柽柳的光合特征及水分利用效率

干旱区植物的生长和生存主要受水分限制,采用滴灌方式对防护林植物进行水分补给是维持人工生态屏障稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过测定塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落多枝柽柳的气体交换参数和稳定性碳同位素值,研究不同水分来源多枝柽柳的光合特征和水分利用效率.结果表明: 滴灌群落多枝柽柳受灌溉和土壤盐分的影响水势普遍较低;自然群落多枝柽柳清晨和正午水势较其他植物低,表明其遭受到严重的水分胁迫;滴灌群落多枝柽柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和最大光合速率(P_{n max})均明显低于自然群落多枝柽柳,表明滴灌群落多枝柽柳光合能力弱于自然群落多枝柽柳;灌溉造成的盐分胁迫导致滴灌群落多枝柽柳比自然群落拥有较高的长期水分利用效率.总之,现行的灌溉模式虽能提供防护林植物生长所需水分,但技术的缺陷和土壤盐分的积累可能会影响防护林体系的长期稳定性.     

红树植物淹水胁迫响应研究进展

潮汐淹水是红树植物面临的主要环境胁迫之一,也是导致目前红树林造林成活率低的一个关键因子。由于长期适应于水淹生境,红树植物发育出一套适应于潮间带生长的抗淹水机制。综述了与红树植物相关的抗淹水胁迫响应机制,包括了形态结构、生长、水分和光合作用、膜脂过氧化系统和根系脱氢酶系统、内源激素和胁迫多胺等5个方面。提出应用人工潮汐系统研究红树植物的淹水抗性机理是确定不同种类红树植物的耐淹水能力的有效手段。并指出生长的研究是淹水胁迫响应研究的基础,而与分子手段相结合的激素水平的研究将在红树植物抗性胁迫研究中得到重视。     

红树植物耐盐机理研究进展

从形态、生理生化和分子水平综述了红树植物的耐盐机理。红树植物具有盐腺、叶片肉质化等形态特征,通过离子选择性积累、盐分区域化、泌盐和拒盐等机制降低体内的盐分浓度,积累或合成渗透调节物质（主要是松醇和甘露醇）来维持渗透平衡,增强抗氧化系统以清除活性氧。在分子水平上,红树植物的耐盐能力与参与合成渗透调节物质关键酶和抗氧化酶等基因的表达相关。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区盐生植物的水分利用效率

测定了艾比湖湿地自然保护区3类盐生植物叶片的δ13C及叶片中主要生理指标,结果表明:所调查的3类盐生植物全部属于C3植物;3类盐生植物的δ13C平均值和水分利用效率差异不显著;在3类盐生植物中,稀盐型植物的吸收水分和叶片储水能力最强,而泌盐型植物对盐分胁迫的抗逆能力最大;水分的亏缺导致3种盐生植物叶片的δ13C值、叶片蛋白质、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、硝态氮和硝酸还原酶等下降;盐分环境未对泌盐、拒盐类植物产生胁迫性影响,但对于稀盐型植物产生了影响。     

The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review

Mangroves are defined by the presence of trees that mainly occur in the intertidal zone, between land and sea, in the (sub) tropics. The intertidal zone is characterised by highly variable environmental factors, such as temperature, sedimentation and tidal currents. The aerial roots of mangroves partly stabilise this environment and provide a substratum on which many species of plants and animals live. Above the water, the mangrove trees and canopy provide important habitat for a wide range of species. These include birds, insects, mammals and reptiles. Below the water, the mangrove roots are overgrown by epibionts such as tunicates, sponges, algae, and bivalves. The soft substratum in the mangroves forms habitat for various infaunal and epifaunal species, while the space between roots provides shelter and food for motile fauna such as prawns, crabs and fishes. Mangrove litter is transformed into detritus, which partly supports the mangrove food web. Plankton, epiphytic algae and microphytobenthos also form an important basis for the mangrove food web. Due to the high abundance of food and shelter, and low predation pressure, mangroves form an ideal habitat for a variety of animal species, during part or all of their life cycles. As such, mangroves may function as nursery habitats for (commercially important) crab, prawn and fish species, and support offshore fish populations and fisheries. Evidence for linkages between mangroves and offshore habitats by animal migrations is still scarce, but highly needed for management and conservation purposes. Here, we firstly reviewed the habitat function of mangroves by common taxa of terrestrial and marine animals. Secondly, we reviewed the literature with regard to the degree of interlinkage between mangroves and adjacent habitats, a research area which has received increasing attention in the last decade. Finally, we reviewed current insights into the degree to which mangrove litter fuels the mangrove food web, since this has been the subject of long-standing debate.     

Biotic interactions mediate the expansion of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) into salt marshes under climate change

Many species are expanding their distributions to higher latitudes due to global warming. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these distribution shifts is critical for better understanding the impacts of climate changes. The climate envelope approach is widely used to model and predict species distribution shifts with changing climates. Biotic interactions between species, however, may also influence species distributions, and a better understanding of biotic interactions could improve predictions based solely on climate envelope models. Along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast, USA, subtropical black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) at the northern limit of its distribution grows sympatrically with temperate salt marsh plants in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. In recent decades, freeze‐free winters have led to an expansion of black mangrove into salt marshes. We examined how biotic interactions between black mangrove and salt marsh vegetation along the Texas coast varied across (i) a latitudinal gradient (associated with a winter‐temperature gradient); (ii) the elevational gradient within each marsh (which creates different marsh habitats); and (iii) different life history stages of black mangroves (seedlings vs. juvenile trees). Each of these variables affected the strength or nature of biotic interactions between black mangrove and salt marsh vegetation: (i) Salt marsh vegetation facilitated black mangrove seedlings at their high‐latitude distribution limit, but inhibited black mangrove seedlings at lower latitudes; (ii) mangroves performed well at intermediate elevations, but grew and survived poorly in high‐ and low‐marsh habitats; and (iii) the effect of salt marsh vegetation on black mangroves switched from negative to neutral as black mangroves grew from seedlings into juvenile trees. These results indicate that the expansion of black mangroves is mediated by complex biotic interactions. A better understanding of the impacts of climate change on ecological communities requires incorporating context‐dependent biotic interactions into species range models.     

Recognition of co-existence pattern of salt marshes and mangroves for littoral forest restoration

Climate-change driven sea level rise causes a increase in salinity in coastal wetlands accelerating the alteration of the species composition. It triggers the gradual extinction of species, particularly the mangrove population which is intolerant of excessive salinity. Thus despite being crucial to a wide range of ecosystem services, mangroves have been identified as a vulnerable coastal biome. Hence restoration strategy of mangroves is undergoing rigorous research and experiments in literature at an interdisciplinary level. From a data-driven perspective, analysis of mangrove occurrence data could be the key to comprehend and predict mangrove behavior along different environmental parameters, and it could be important in formulating management strategy for mangrove rehabilitation and restoration. As salt marshes are the natural salt-accumulating halophytes, mitigating excessive salinity could be achieved by incorporating salt-marshes in mangrove restoration activities. This study intends to find a novel restoration strategy by assessing the frequent co-existence status of salt marshes, with the mangroves, and mangrove associates in different zones of degraded mangrove patches for species-rich plantation. To achieve this, we primarily design a novel methodological framework for the practice of knowledge discovery concerning the coexistence pattern of salt marshes, mangroves, and mangrove associates along with environmental parameters using a data mining paradigm of association rule mining. The proposed approach has the capability to uncover underlying facts and forecast likely facts that could automate the study in the field of ecological research to comprehend the occurrence of inter-species relationships. Our findings are based on published data gathered on the Sundarban Mangrove Forest, one of the world’s most important littoral forests. The existing literature reinforces the findings that include all the sets of frequently co-occurring mangroves, their associates, and salt marshes along the salinity gradient of coastal Sundarbans. A detailed understanding of the occurrence patterns of all these, along with the environmental variables, would be able to promote decision-making strategy. This framework is effective for both academia and stakeholders, especially the foresters/ conservation planners, to regulate the spread of salt marshes and the restoration of mangroves as well.     

The impact of encroachment of mangroves into saltmarshes on saltwater mosquito habitats

Will mangrove encroachment into saltmarshes affect saltwater mosquito habitats? To address this, we synthesized information from two perspectives: 1) at a detailed level, the immature mosquito habitat within mangroves; 2) at a more general or regional level, changes due to mangrove expansion into saltmarshes. This is a synthesis of two research projects. One showed that mosquito larval habitats in mangroves are complex, related to the detailed interactions between topography and tidal patterns and that not all parts of a mangrove forest are suitable habitat. The other, based on remote sensing and analysis of rainfall data, showed that mangrove encroachment in eastern Australia is related to both climate and human land use over several decades (1972–2004). An important question emerged: when mangroves encroach into saltmarshes will they displace saltmarsh immature mosquito habitats or will they replace them with mangrove ones? There is no simple answer: it will vary with climate change and sea level scenario and how these affect the system. We conclude that mosquito management, which is locally implemented, needs to be integrated with land use planning systems, which often operate at a more general level.     

Mangrove Habitat Use by Juvenile Reef Fish: Meta-Analysis Reveals that Tidal Regime Matters More than Biogeographic Region

Identification of critical life-stage habitats is key to successful conservation efforts. Juveniles of some species show great flexibility in habitat use while other species rely heavily on a restricted number of juvenile habitats for protection and food. Considering the rapid degradation of coastal marine habitats worldwide, it is important to evaluate which species are more susceptible to loss of juvenile nursery habitats and how this differs across large biogeographic regions. Here we used a meta-analysis approach to investigate habitat use by juvenile reef fish species in tropical coastal ecosystems across the globe. Densities of juvenile fish species were compared among mangrove, seagrass and coral reef habitats. In the Caribbean, the majority of species showed significantly higher juvenile densities in mangroves as compared to seagrass beds and coral reefs, while for the Indo-Pacific region seagrass beds harbored the highest overall densities. Further analysis indicated that differences in tidal amplitude, irrespective of biogeographic region, appeared to be the major driver for this phenomenon. In addition, juvenile reef fish use of mangroves increased with increasing water salinity. In the Caribbean, species of specific families (e.g. Lutjanidae, Haemulidae) showed a higher reliance on mangroves or seagrass beds as juvenile habitats than other species, whereas in the Indo-Pacific family-specific trends of juvenile habitat utilization were less apparent. The findings of this study highlight the importance of incorporating region-specific tidal inundation regimes into marine spatial conservation planning and ecosystem based management. Furthermore, the significant role of water salinity and tidal access as drivers of mangrove fish habitat use implies that changes in seawater level and rainfall due to climate change may have important effects on how juvenile reef fish use nearshore seascapes in the future.     

海南红树林群系及分子生物技术在其研究中的应用

红树林是生长在热带亚热带海岸潮间带的木本植物群落。海南红树林是中国种类最多,分布和保存面积最大的区域之一,具有极为重要的研究价值。综述了海南红树林在种类、群落组成及红树林资源引种恢复以及分子生物技术等方面的研究,重点综述了分子生物技术在海南红树林植物研究中的应用,包括等位酶的应用、随机扩增多态DNA技术(RAPD)的应用和红树林植物耐盐性研究。     

红树林水生动物栖息地功能及其渔业价值

红树林生长于热带、亚热带海陆交界的生态敏感带,其根系为生活于潮间带高度异质环境下的生物提供了适宜生境:藻类、双壳类、甲壳类等大量附生于红树根部;红树的呼吸根、支柱根、树干、倒落的枝条和残骸等,与沉积物形成的松软基质为大量底栖动物提供栖息地,根部结构间的空隙成为虾类、蟹类和鱼类等游泳动物的优良避难所和索饵场。红树林凋落物以碎屑形式进入食物网,连同浮游植物、附生藻类和底栖微藻等,是红树林生态系统的碳循环重要组成部分,为红树林区水生动物提供了丰富的食物来源。可见,食物来源丰富、隐蔽性强、捕食压力低等特点使得红树林成为水生动物的理想栖息地,许多水生动物选择在其中度过部分或完整生活史。另外,红树林也是重要经济动物(鱼、虾、蟹类)的育苗场,为近岸鱼类种群的补充和渔业活动提供支持。为合理开发红树林区渔业和有效保护红树林湿地生态系统,从生境价值、凋落物在红树林生态系统食物网中的贡献等方面总结了红树林栖息地功能及其渔业价值,提出今后的研究方向应将红树林的栖息地功能从其它河口、近岸栖息地中分离出来,甄别不同栖息地间的动态关系及其对渔业的影响。     

Habitat Use by Fishes in Coral Reefs,Seagrass Beds and Mangrove Habitats in the Philippines

Understanding the interconnectivity of organisms among different habitats is a key requirement for generating effective management plans in coastal ecosystems, particularly when determining component habitat structures in marine protected areas. To elucidate the patterns of habitat use by fishes among coral, seagrass, and mangrove habitats, and between natural and transplanted mangroves, visual censuses were conducted semiannually at two sites in the Philippines during September and March 2010–2012. In total, 265 species and 15,930 individuals were recorded. Species richness and abundance of fishes were significantly higher in coral reefs (234 species, 12,306 individuals) than in seagrass (38 species, 1,198 individuals) and mangrove (47 species, 2,426 individuals) habitats. Similarity tests revealed a highly significant difference among the three habitats. Fishes exhibited two different strategies for habitat use, inhabiting either a single (85.6% of recorded species) or several habitats (14.4%). Some fish that utilized multiple habitats, such as Lutjanus monostigma and Parupeneus barberinus, showed possible ontogenetic habitat shifts from mangroves and/or seagrass habitats to coral reefs. Moreover, over 20% of commercial fish species used multiple habitats, highlighting the importance of including different habitat types within marine protected areas to achieve efficient and effective resource management. Neither species richness nor abundance of fishes significantly differed between natural and transplanted mangroves. In addition, 14 fish species were recorded in a 20-year-old transplanted mangrove area, and over 90% of these species used multiple habitats, further demonstrating the key role of transplanted mangroves as a reef fish habitat in this region.     

Developing management plans for the mangrove forest reserves of mainland Tanzania

The mangroves of Tanzania are currently not being managed although they are legally gazetted as forest reserves. The management of this overexploited and under estimated natural resource rests with the Forest and Beekeeping Division in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. It is the Division's intention to conserve the mangroves of Tanzania, therefore steps are being taken to reach that goal. So far the Division, through its established mangrove project, has done an inventory of all the mangroves of mainland Tanzania with the assistance of NORAD. Aerial photography and ground checks were used to assess the state of all the mangrove reserves in the country. Literature search and a socio-economic study was also undertaken.The inventory revealed that the area covered by mangrove vegetation is 115 901 ha while the previous records indicate about 80 000 ha. If the bare saline areas, water bodies, and salt pans which are part of the mangrove reserves are included, the area amounts to 172 879 ha for the Tanzania mainland. The mangrove reserves have already been mapped in 30 sheets. Some sheets are mapped using a scale of 1:25 000 while others are mapped in 1:50 000 scale. The maps show the vegetation types, the area of each vegetation type, and the stand density and height of each compartment.The paper therefore presents the current status of the mangroves of Tanzania in respect to area, distribution and vegetation types. Included are the strategies being used to develop the mangrove management plans for Tanzania.