黄素依赖型卤化酶及其应用研究进展

卤化物是农业、制药业和化学工业的重要原料,主要以化学法合成,该法具有环境不友好和合成条件苛刻等劣势。天然卤化物生物合成途径的关键酶为卤化酶,包括卤过氧化物酶(haloperoxidase,HPO)、α-酮戊二酸依赖型卤化酶(α-ketoglutarate dependent halogenase,KG-Hal)、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸依赖型卤化酶(S-adenosylmethionine-dependenthalogenase)和黄素依赖型卤化酶(flavin-dependent halogenase,FDH)。其中,黄素依赖型卤化酶因其分布广泛、具有底物特异性和卤化位点选择性,是最具开发潜力的卤化酶。因此,本文对黄素依赖型卤化酶的结构、类型、催化机制及其应用研究进展进行综述,对利用基因分析和基因筛选方法寻找新型黄素依赖型卤化酶进行了展望。本综述有助于拓展黄素依赖型卤化酶的类型及其催化机制的知识,推动黄素依赖型卤化酶及其酶工程的研究,为新型卤化物的合成提供技术思路。     

色氨酸卤化酶研究进展

能催化卤代反应的卤化酶,因其具有高效、选择性好、反应条件温和的特点受到广泛关注。其中色氨酸卤化酶是研究最多的一类酶,它的特点是可以有选择性地卤化色氨酸,主要包括氯化和溴化。而卤代化合物具有多种生物活性,在医药、化工等领域有着广泛的应用。本文主要介绍了色氨酸卤化酶的来源和种类,酶学性质及其异源表达的研究现状;重点阐述了其结构和功能之间的相互关系及催化机理;并对色氨酸卤化酶的应用以及未来发展方向进行了展望,以期为色氨酸卤化酶的开发应用提供参考。     

不同生境放线菌的卤化酶基因分析及其对卤代产物筛选的意义

摘要：【目的】在基因水平上分析并比较陆地来源与海洋来源的放线菌产生卤化代谢产物的潜力。【方法】基于依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的卤化酶基因筛选,从经过表型去重复的70株陆地来源和71株海洋来源的放线菌中,通过PCR筛选获得卤化酶基因片段,并进行测序鉴定;通过卤化酶氨基酸序列的系统发育分析,比较不同来源放线菌的卤化酶序列,以及海洋链霉菌和小单孢菌的卤化酶序列。另外,对卤化酶阳性菌株进行了聚酮合酶和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因的检测。【结果】本研究中36.6%的海洋放线菌具有卤化酶基因,其阳性率远高于本研究所涉及的陆地放     

北极海洋链霉菌604F的卤化酶基因克隆及特征

【目的】本研究旨在克隆来自北极海洋、具有合成卤化物潜力的链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)604F中的一个卤化酶基因,为后续克隆卤化物合成基因簇、分离鉴定卤化物提供指导。【方法】利用琼脂块法初步测试抗菌活性,借助液相色谱-飞行时间串联质谱技术(LC-Tof MS)初步寻找Streptomyces sp.604F发酵粗提液中的卤化物,并以简并PCR扩增合成次级代谢产物的指示基因(I型、II型聚酮合酶及非核糖体多肽合成酶编码基因);根据依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的卤化酶基因保守区设计的简并引物,扩增基因片段并测序分析;采用高效热不对称交错PCR(hiTAIL-PCR)技术扩增卤化酶基因全长。【结果】Streptomyces sp.604F具有较强的抗白色念珠菌活性,其基因组同时含有编码I型聚酮合酶、II型聚酮合酶和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因,以及卤化酶基因;通过染色体步移克隆该卤化酶基因全长,共1443 bp,编码一个新的非色氨酸卤化酶,在合成已知卤化物的卤化酶数据库中,与其同源关系最近的为一类参与合成糖肽类次级代谢产物的卤化酶。【结论】Streptomyces sp.604F具有新的非色氨酸卤化酶,且推测参与糖肽类化合物的卤化修饰,为后续寻找目的卤化物提供了指导,也为研究该合成基因簇奠定基础。     

w-转氨酶分子改造研究进展

ω-转氨酶能催化羰基化合物发生不对称还原胺化反应,在制备手性胺类化合物方面具有较好的应用前景。由于底物结合区域特殊的空间结构,野生型ω-转氨酶在合成大位阻手性胺方面的应用受到了限制。此外,在立体选择性和稳定性方面这一类酶也存在一些不足,目前满足工业应用需求的ω-转氨酶仍较为有限。文中首先介绍了ω-转氨酶的结构特征和催化机制,并探讨S型和R型酶在结构特征方面的主要差异。然后对ω-转氨酶的分子改造研究进行了综述,重点阐述了基于结构特征和催化机制进行的分子改造研究,包括底物特异性改造、立体选择性改造和稳定性改造三方面。最后,对ω-转氨酶分子改造研究进展进行总结和展望。     

蜚蠊肠道放线菌的卤化酶基因检测及初步分析

[目的]对159株蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌的卤化酶等相关基因进行检测和初步分析。[方法]活化蜚蠊肠道内生放线菌,制备各菌株基因组DNA,根据依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FADH2的卤化酶基因保守区设计简并引物,通过PCR扩增卤化酶基因片段,TA克隆后进行测序鉴定。在此基础上,对卤化酶阳性菌株进行聚酮合酶PKSⅠ和非核糖体多肽合成酶NRPS等2个次级代谢产物生物合成主要基因进行检测。[结果]159株蜚蠊肠道放线菌有84株含有卤化酶基因,占比52.83%;卤化酶基因阳性放线菌中71株含有PKSⅠ基因,70株含有NRPS,占比分别为84.52%、83.33%。[结论]蜚蠊肠道含有较丰富的卤化酶基因阳性放线菌,可作为未来分离卤化活性物质的微生物资源。     

ω-转氨酶分子改造研究进展

ω-转氨酶能催化羰基化合物发生不对称还原胺化反应,在制备手性胺类化合物方面具有较好的应用前景。由于底物结合区域特殊的空间结构,野生型ω-转氨酶在合成大位阻手性胺方面的应用受到了限制。此外,在立体选择性和稳定性方面这一类酶也存在一些不足,目前满足工业应用需求的ω-转氨酶仍较为有限。文中首先介绍了ω-转氨酶的结构特征和催化机制,并探讨S型和R型酶在结构特征方面的主要差异。然后对ω-转氨酶的分子改造研究进行了综述,重点阐述了基于结构特征和催化机制进行的分子改造研究,包括底物特异性改造、立体选择性改造和稳定性改造三方面。最后,对ω-转氨酶分子改造研究进展进行总结和展望。     

腈类物降解菌多样性和产腈水合酶研究进展

腈水合酶催化反应在有机合成领域已有广泛的应用。作为一类重要的催化剂,腈水合酶可以将腈类物质转化为相应的酰胺。由于这种酶具有固有的立体和区域选择性,在精细化工领域已成为绿色、温和、对同分异构体具有选择性的催化剂。同时腈水合酶在生物修复和环境保护中也起着重要作用。综述了目前国内外腈水合酶的研究进展,包括降解腈类的微生物多样性、腈水合酶的催化特性、产腈水合酶菌株的改造以及腈水合酶相关基因的克隆与研究。对固定化酶和腈水合酶的应用也进行了叙述。     

生物催化剂立体选择性的基因工程改造

野生型生物催化剂对于其天然底物通常具有较好的反应活性和选择性,但生物催化剂在有机合成中应用时多数情况下是非天然底物,这就要求对野生型生物催化剂进行改造,以提高其对非天然底物的反应活性、稳定性和选择性(包括区域选择性和立体选择性)。以下根据酶催化剂的类型总结了近几年来通过基因工程改变生物催化剂的立体选择性的最新进展,盼望起到抛砖引玉的作用,以此促进我国在这一领域的快速发展。     

半理性改造提升细菌漆酶Lac15的催化活性

[目的]漆酶可氧化各种底物,在多个工业领域有很好的潜在应用价值.Lac15是一种微生物漆酶,已表现出可观的应用潜能,可望通过蛋白质工程改造提升和拓展其应用.[方法]通过基于结构分析的半理性改造策略,选取推测与电子/质子转移或底物结合直接或间接相关的位点进行定点突变,并测定突变酶对各种底物的活性及酶学性质.[结果]部分突...     

Flavin-dependent halogenases involved in secondary metabolism in bacteria

The understanding of biological halogenation has increased during the last few years. While haloperoxidases were the only halogenating enzymes known until 1997, it is now clear that haloperoxidases are hardly, if at all, involved in biosynthesis of more complex halogenated compounds in microorganisms. A novel type of halogenating enzymes, flavin-dependent halogenases, has been identified as a major player in the introduction of chloride and bromide into activated organic molecules. Flavin-dependent halogenases require the activity of a flavin reductase for the production of reduced flavin, required by the actual halogenase. A number of flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases have been investigated in some detail, and the first three-dimensional structure of a member of this enzyme subfamily, tryptophan 7-halogenase, has been elucidated. This structure suggests a mechanism involving the formation of hypohalous acid, which is used inside the enzyme for regioselective halogenation of the respective substrate. The introduction of halogen atoms into non-activated alkyl groups is catalysed by non-heme Fe^II α-ketoglutarate- and O₂-dependent halogenases. Examples for the use of flavin-dependent halogenases for the formation of novel halogenated compounds in in vitro and in vivo reactions promise a bright future for the application of biological halogenation reactions.     

Halogenase engineering and its utility in medicinal chemistry

Halogenation is commonly used in medicinal chemistry to improve the potency of pharmaceutical leads. While synthetic methods for halogenation present selectivity and reactivity challenges, halogenases have evolved over time to perform selective reactions under benign conditions. The optimization of halogenation biocatalysts has utilized enzyme evolution and structure-based engineering alongside biotransformation in a variety of systems to generate stable site-selective variants. The recent improvements in halogenase-catalyzed reactions has demonstrated the utility of these biocatalysts for industrial purposes, and their ability to achieve a broad substrate scope implies a synthetic tractability with increasing relevance in medicinal chemistry.     

A Fivefold Parallelized Biosynthetic Process Secures Chlorination of Armillaria mellea (Honey Mushroom) Toxins

The basidiomycetous tree pathogen Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom) produces a large variety of structurally related antibiotically active and phytotoxic natural products, referred to as the melleolides. During their biosynthesis, some members of the melleolide family of compounds undergo monochlorination of the aromatic moiety, whose biochemical and genetic basis was not known previously. This first study on basidiomycete halogenases presents the biochemical in vitro characterization of five flavin-dependent A. mellea enzymes (ArmH1 to ArmH5) that were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that all five enzymes transfer a single chlorine atom to the melleolide backbone. A 5-fold, secured biosynthetic step during natural product assembly is unprecedented. Typically, flavin-dependent halogenases are categorized into enzymes acting on free compounds as opposed to those requiring a carrier-protein-bound acceptor substrate. The enzymes characterized in this study clearly turned over free substrates. Phylogenetic clades of halogenases suggest that all fungal enzymes share an ancestor and reflect a clear divergence between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.     

Structural Insights into Regioselectivity in the Enzymatic Chlorination of Tryptophan

The regioselectively controlled introduction of chlorine into organic molecules is an important biological and chemical process. This importance derives from the observation that many pharmaceutically active natural products contain a chlorine atom. Flavin-dependent halogenases are one of the principal enzyme families responsible for regioselective halogenation of natural products. Structural studies of two flavin-dependent tryptophan 7-halogenases (PrnA and RebH) have generated important insights into the chemical mechanism of halogenation by this enzyme family. These proteins comprise two modules: a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding module and a tryptophan-binding module. Although the 7-halogenase studies advance a hypothesis for regioselectivity, this has never been experimentally demonstrated. PyrH is a tryptophan 5-halogenase that catalyzes halogenation on tryptophan C5 position. We report the crystal structure of a tryptophan 5-halogenase (PyrH) bound to tryptophan and FAD. The FAD-binding module is essentially unchanged relative to PrnA (and RebH), and PyrH would appear to generate the same reactive species from Cl⁻, O₂, and 1,5-dihydroflavin adenine dinucleotide. We report additional mutagenesis data that extend our mechanistic understanding of this process, in particular highlighting a strap region that regulates FAD binding, and may allow communication between the two modules. PyrH has a significantly different tryptophan-binding module. The data show that PyrH binds tryptophan and presents the C5 atom to the reactive chlorinating species, shielding other potential reactive sites. We have mutated residues identified by structural analysis as recognizing the tryptophan in order to confirm their role. This work establishes the method by which flavin-dependent tryptophan halogenases regioselectively control chlorine addition to tryptophan. This method would seem to be general across the superfamily.     

微生物脂肪酶蛋白质工程*

微生物脂肪酶催化的化学反应具有严格的立体选择性、位点选择性等专一性,催化活性高而副反应少,催化反应不需要辅助因子等特点,因此广泛应用于工农业生产中的诸多领域。利用蛋白质工程技术,提高微生物脂肪酶的特异性、活性和稳定性,对提高微生物脂肪酶制剂产品的市场竞争能力,扩大微生物脂肪酶的应用领域,具有重要的意义。综述了蛋白质工程技术在微生物脂肪酶改性方面的应用现状、存在问题及前景。     

The role of metabolic engineering in the improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: utilization of industrial media

Metabolic engineering has become a very important approach to strain improvement in parallel with classical strain development. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been domesticated for ethanol and bread production, there are still some fundamental problems associated with its industrial use. The industrially used carbon sources often consist of a sugar mixture, and due to glucose repression these sugars are utilized sequentially, resulting in prolonged production time. In this article we discuss the application of metabolic engineering for construction of glucose-derepressed strains and specify advantages as well as difficulties associated with this approach.     

工业属性普鲁兰酶的开发及其催化性能改善的研究进展

摘要：普鲁兰酶是能够水解支链淀粉α-1,6-糖苷键的脱支酶,主要应用于食品加工工业,但目前能够满足工业过程要求的普鲁兰酶仍较为有限。利用现代生物技术的新型普鲁兰酶产生菌种的选育、普鲁兰酶的异源表达、基于蛋白结构特征的酶分子改造为具有工业属性普鲁兰酶的开发提供了新的手段。此外,通过底物修饰和固定化也能在一定程度上改善普鲁兰酶的催化特性与功能。主要综述了普鲁兰酶的发现、表达与改造及性能改善方法等方面的研究进展。     

Directed evolution for enzyme development in biocatalysis

As an important sector of the chemical industry, biocatalysis requires the continuous development of enzymes with tailor-made activity, selectivity, stability, or tolerance to unnatural environments. This is now routinely achieved by directed evolution based on iterative cycles of genetic diversification and activity screening. Here, we highlight its recent developments. First, the design of “smarter” libraries by focused mutagenesis may be a crucial start-up for a fast and successful outcome. Then library assembly and expression are also key steps that benefits from modern molecular biology progresses. Finally, various strategies may be considered for library screening depending on the final objective: while low-throughput direct assays have been very successful in generating enzymes for important biocatalytic processes, even in bringing completely new chemistries to the enzyme world, ultrahigh-throughput screening methods are emerging as powerful approaches for engineering the next generation of industrial enzymes.     

Molecular mechanisms of enzyme-catalysed halogenation

Since their discovery, halogenated metabolites have been somewhat of a biological peculiarity and it is only now that we are beginning to realize the full extent of their medicinal value. With the exception of the well characterized haloperoxidases, most of the biosynthetic enzymes and mechanisms responsible for the halogenations have remained elusive. The crystal structures of two functionally diverse halogenases have been recently solved, providing us with new and exciting mechanistic detail. This new insight has the potential to be used both in the development of biomimetic halogenation catalysts and in engineering halogenases, and related enzymes, to halogenate new substrates. Interestingly, these new structures also illustrate how the evolution of these enzymes mirrors that of the monooxygenases, where the cofactor is selected for its ability to generate a powerful oxygenating species. In this highlight article we will examine the proposed catalytic mechanisms of the halogenases and how these relate to their structures. In addition, we will consider how this chemistry might be harnessed and developed to produce novel enzymatic activity.     

代谢工程中基因修饰与基因表达的工具

代谢工程利用重组DNA技术导入定向改造的基因 ,以改进微生物细胞的某些代谢特性 ,已经发展成为一个工业微生物育种和优化发酵过程的强有力工具。基因的修饰与表达是代谢工程的重要组成部分。本文介绍了近年来代谢工程中基因修饰与表达所用的工具方面的进展。