短期落干对水稻土反硝化微生物丰度和N2O释放的影响

为了探明水稻土落干过程对温室气体排放和反硝化微生物的影响,通过模拟水稻土淹水落干过程,系统监测了落干开始后24 h内N2O的释放和氧化还原电位(Eh)的变化,并利用实时PCR(qPCR)方法测定了反硝化功能基因narG和nosZ的丰度.结果表明：落干开始后4 h N₂O释放量就明显增加,在24 h时N₂O的释放量比淹水对照增加了5倍多;narG和nosZ基因丰度也随着落干过程的推移而快速增加;而且N₂O排放通量与narG基因呈极显著相关(P<0.01).表明水稻土短期淹水落干过程中,含narG基因反硝化微生物是驱动N₂O释放的主要功能微生物.     

短期落干对水稻土反硝化微生物丰度和N2O释放的影响

为了探明水稻土落干过程对温室气体排放和反硝化微生物的影响,通过模拟水稻土淹水落干过程,系统监测了落干开始后24 h内N2O的释放和氧化还原电位(Eh)的变化,并利用实时PCR(qPCR)方法测定了反硝化功能基因narG和nosZ的丰度.结果表明：落干开始后4 h N₂O释放量就明显增加,在24 h时N₂O的释放量比淹水对照增加了5倍多;narG和nosZ基因丰度也随着落干过程的推移而快速增加;而且N₂O排放通量与narG基因呈极显著相关(P<0.01).表明水稻土短期淹水落干过程中,含narG基因反硝化微生物是驱动N₂O释放的主要功能微生物.     

设施菜田与棚外粮田土壤菌群和反硝化气体产生的比较分析

【目的】对比设施菜田与棚外粮田土壤菌群以及N2O产生模式的差异。【方法】采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和反硝化功能基因(nirS,nosZ)方法分别比较两种土壤细菌群落以及功能基因类群丰度的差异,利用自动连续在线培养监测体系(Robot系统)测定两种土壤在好氧、厌氧阶段N2O等反硝化相关气态产物产生模式,分析N2O/(N2+N2O+NO)产物比。【结果】设施菜田与棚外粮田具有不同的土壤细菌群落结构,并且土壤细菌总量得到了显著的提升,然而两种反硝化功能基因(nirS,nosZ)丰度并没有显著变化。与设施菜田相比,棚外粮田有相对低的N2O积累量以及产物比,并且在厌氧初期气体产生模式有所不同。培养后铵态氮和亚硝态氮含量上升。【结论】设施菜田长期有别于棚外粮田的管理方式造成了土壤细菌群落的显著改变,增大了活跃微生物总量,造成土壤酸化,并导致N2O在气态产物中的比例升高。设施菜田土壤微生物进行了与棚外粮田不同的硝酸盐呼吸过程,异化硝酸盐还原成铵(DNRA)过程有可能贡献了两种土壤的部分厌氧N2O产生量。     

施肥制度对水稻土壤nosZ型反硝化细菌群落的影响

由含氧化亚氮还原酶(NOS)的反硝化细菌驱动的氧化亚氮(N2O)还原成氮气(N2)的过程是N2O排放的重要调控途径。为探明施肥对稻田土壤nosZ型反硝化细菌群落的影响,采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序等方法,研究了湖南省宁乡县长达30年的定位试验条件下4种施肥制度[不施肥(CK)、化肥(CF)、70%化肥+30%有机肥(CFM1)和40%化肥+60%有机肥(CFM2)]对水稻土壤nosZ型反硝化细菌数量和群落结构的影响。结果表明:不同施肥处理nosZ基因丰度为2.14×10~8～6.09×10~8copies·g~(-1)干土,施肥处理nosZ基因拷贝数比对照低47.3%～64.8%(P0.05),但不同有机肥配施比例处理间nosZ基因拷贝数差异不显著;变形菌门是优势门水平类群,占总序列的60.2%～77.5%; Bacteria_unclassified、Proteobacteria_unclassified、Betaproteobacteria_unclassified和根瘤菌目为优势目水平类群,占总序列的93.6%～95.9%。施肥显著降低了Proteobacteria_unclassified的相对丰度(P0.01),但显著提高了根瘤菌目、environmental_samples和红环菌目的相对丰度(P0.05);施肥显著改变nosZ型反硝化细菌的群落结构,但有机肥配施比例对其影响较弱;除碳氮比外,其他土壤理化性质均显著影响nosZ型反硝化细菌的数量和群落结构,其中,硝态氮和土壤p H是驱动nosZ型反硝化细菌群落变化的主要因子;施肥显著影响nosZ型反硝化细菌数量和群落结构,有机肥配施比例对nosZ型反硝化细菌群落的影响较弱,研究结果为进一步阐述施肥制度对土壤反硝化微生物的影响提供依据。     

长期缺素施肥及石灰石膏施用对江西鹰潭红壤反硝化微生物功能基因丰度的影响

反硝化功能基因丰度是决定温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放潜力的重要生物因素。反硝化功能基因主要包括产生N₂O的关键基因nirK和nirS,以及将N₂O还原成氮气的基因nosZ I和nosZ II。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR,研究了32年缺施氮(N)、磷(P)或钾(K)肥,以及施用石灰、石膏处理下江西鹰潭红壤反硝化功能基因的丰度,分析了其关键影响因素。结果表明: 与平衡施肥的NPK处理相比,缺施P肥显著降低了nirK、nirS、nosZ I和nosZ II基因丰度;缺施N肥显著降低了nirK、nosZ I和nosZ II丰度,对nirS丰度无显著影响;缺施K肥则对反硝化功能基因丰度无显著影响。逐步回归和随机森林分析表明,土壤pH值是影响旱地红壤nosZ I和nosZ II基因丰度的关键环境因子。施用石灰或石灰+石膏提高了土壤pH值,进而显著提高了nosZ II基因丰度和nosZ II/nosZ I比值,增幅分别为151%～233%和127%～155%。旱地红壤施用石灰或石灰+石膏更有利于nosZ II型N₂O还原菌生长,可能提高nosZ II在N₂O还原中的相对重要性。缺施P肥对红壤反硝化功能基因丰度的负面影响最大,而施用石灰或石灰+石膏可以提高nosZ II丰度和nosZ II/nosZ I比值,有利于降低红壤N₂O排放潜力。     

亚热带森林土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化微生物功能基因丰度对氮磷输入的响应

为探究亚热带森林土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化微生物对氮、磷输入的响应，2015年开始在钱江源国家森林公园设置氮磷模拟添加试验，包括对照(CK)、氮(N)添加、磷(P)添加和氮磷(NP)添加4种处理，于2021年4月(湿季)和11月(干季)采集土样，采用定量PCR的方法分析亚热带森林土壤氨氧化微生物(氨氧化古菌AOA、氨氧化细菌AOB和全程氨氧化菌comammox)amoA基因和反硝化微生物功能基因(nirS、nirK和nosZ基因)的丰度变化特征。结果表明：长期N输入显著降低土壤pH,但显著提高了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量，而长期P输入显著提高了土壤有效磷和总磷含量。氮的输入(N和NP处理)显著提高了干湿季土壤AOB-amoA基因丰度，且在N处理中最高，达8.30×10⁷ copies·g^-1。NP处理土壤AOA-amoA基因丰度显著高于CK,达1.17×10⁹ copies·g^-1。comammox-amoA基因丰度在不同季节间差异显著，其他基因丰度在不同季节间差异均不显著。双因素方差分析表明，N输入显著...     

氮磷添加对草甸草原土壤氮磷转化功能基因丰度的影响

氮添加是提高退化草地生产力的主要养分管理措施,而过量的氮输入会导致土壤酸化、增加硝酸盐淋溶损失和温室气体排放。旨在明确草原割草利用下土壤氮、磷转化功能基因丰度对氮磷添加的响应规律,为定向调控打草场土壤氮、磷转化过程,提高养分利用效率,减少温室气体N₂O排放提供科学依据。2018—2020年在呼伦贝尔草甸草原打草场设置了5个施氮水平(0、1.55、4.65、13.95、27.9 g N m^-2 a^-1)和3个磷水平(0、5.24、10.48 g P m^-2 a^-1),裂区试验设计,在植物不同生长时期测定土壤氨氧化(amoA-AOA和amoA-AOB)、反硝化(narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ)和磷转化(phoD)基因丰度。结果表明,土壤氮转化基因丰度受到氮、磷添加的调控,而氮、磷添加对土壤磷转化功能基因丰度无显著影响(P>0.05)。氮添加可提高amoA-AOB基因丰度,增加氨氧化细菌调控土壤总硝化速率的相对重要性,因此能增加硝酸盐淋溶损失潜势。高氮处理下添加磷可降低...     

不同土地利用方式土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化微生物时空分布特征

研究不同土地利用方式下氮循环相关微生物在不同土壤剖面的分布,可为认识和理解土壤氮转化过程提供科学依据。土壤氨氧化微生物和反硝化微生物在调节氮肥利用率、硝态氮淋溶和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放等方面有着重要作用。以北京郊区农田和林地两种土地利用方式为研究对象,分析土壤氨氧化潜势和亚硝酸盐氧化潜势在0—100 cm土壤剖面上的季节分布(春季和秋季),并通过实时荧光定量PCR方法表征土壤氨氧化和反硝化微生物的时空分布特征。结果表明,农田土壤氨氧化潜势、亚硝酸盐氧化潜势、氨氧化微生物和反硝化微生物丰度均显著高于林地土壤,且随土壤深度增加而显著降低。除氨氧化古菌amoA基因丰度在不同季节间无显著差异外,春季土壤氨氧化细菌(amoA基因)、反硝化微生物nirS、nirK和典型nosZ I基因的丰度均显著高于秋季。土壤有机质、总氮、NH~+₄-N、NO~-₃-N含量与氨氧化微生物和反硝化微生物的功能基因丰度显著相关。综上,不同土地利用方式下土壤氮循环相关微生物的丰度与土壤氮素的可利用性和转化过程紧密相关,研究结果对土壤氮素利用和养分管理提供...     

15N交叉标记有机与无机肥料氮的转化与残留

有机无机肥配施能够培肥土壤,改善土壤氮素供给,但目前有机无机肥配施主要集中在化肥氮的研究,忽略秸秆氮对化肥氮转化的影响。为了解秸秆还田对不同氮源转化和残留的影响,采用¹⁵N对尿素和水稻秸秆进行交叉标记,在两种不同肥力水稻土 (粘土矿物类型为1 ∶ 1型红黄泥和2 ∶ 1型紫潮泥) 进行水稻盆栽试验。设置对照(CK),单施尿素(¹⁵NU)、标记尿素与稻草配施(¹⁵NU-S) 和标记稻草与尿素配施(¹⁵NS-U)4个处理。结果表明,水稻吸收的氮素60%以上来自土壤氮,土壤氮素肥力相对较低的红黄泥较之紫潮泥对肥料氮的依赖更强;水稻生长期间微生物同化的尿素氮占标记底物的百分数红黄泥为1.8%-8.3%,紫潮泥为1.8%-19.2%;微生物同化的秸杆氮占标记底物的百分数红黄泥为1.7%-5.0%,紫潮泥为2.0%-6.2%。而粘土矿物固持的尿素氮占标记底物的百分数,红黄泥为0.3%-2.1%,紫潮泥为3.5%-18.7%;粘土矿物固持的秸杆氮红黄泥为0.2%-0.9%,紫潮泥为1.7%-5.0%。水稻成熟期尿素氮的残留率,红黄泥¹⁵NU处理、¹⁵NU+S分别为14.5%和17.0%,紫潮泥分别为16.9%和17.1%。秸秆氮的残留率分别为红黄泥38.8%、紫潮泥41.5%;有机无机肥配施提高了微生物同化化肥氮的能力,降低了粘土矿物晶格固持化肥氮的水平。有机无机配施提高了化肥氮利用率同时,提高了有机形态氮残留,降低了无机形态氮(矿质氮+固定态铵)的残留。     

水分状况与不同形态氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氮素净转化速率及N2O排放的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究40%、70%和110%土壤饱和持水量(WHC)下,不同形态氮(硝态氮和铵态氮)添加对亚热带森林红壤氮素转化的影响.结果表明:70%WHC下土壤净矿化和氨化速率最高,40%WHC下最低;与对照相比,70%WHC下添加硝态氮使土壤净矿化和氨化速率分别降低56.1%和43.0%,110%WHC下分别降低68.2%和19.0%,但提高了氨化速率占矿化速率的比例,表明添加硝态氮抑制了硝化.110%WHC下,添加硝态氮后,土壤净硝化速率最低,但氧化亚氮(N2O)浓度最高,最大值出现在第3~7天,表明N2O产生自反硝化途径,硝态氮也在同时段降低;而40%WHC和70%WHC下,N2O浓度在培养初期最大,即使在铵态氮和硝态氮添加处理下,试验后期N2O浓度也没有显著变化,表明自氧硝化是试验前期N2O产生的主要途径.40%WHC下,土壤可溶性有机碳含量增加最多,且在铵态氮添加处理下增加最多,可见添加铵态氮促进土壤有机质矿化,增加可溶性有机碳,但是土壤水分含量增多不利于有机质矿化.在40%WHC和110%WHC下,铵态氮添加处理土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)变化速率分别显著高于对照73.6%和176.6%,而在硝态氮添加处理下,只有40%WHC下显著高于对照78.7%,表明高水分条件和添加铵态氮有利于SON的形成.     

Chironomus plumosus larvae increase fluxes of denitrification products and diversity of nitrate-reducing bacteria in freshwater sediment

Benthic invertebrates affect microbial processes and communities in freshwater sediment by enhancing sediment-water solute fluxes and by grazing on bacteria. Using microcosms, the effects of larvae of the widespread midge Chironomus plumosus on the efflux of denitrification products (N₂O and N₂ + N₂O) and the diversity and abundance of nitrate- and nitrous-oxide-reducing bacteria were investigated. Additionally, the diversity of actively nitrate- and nitrous-oxide-reducing bacteria was analyzed in the larval gut. The presence of larvae increased the total effluxes of N₂O and N₂ + N₂O up to 8.6- and 4.2-fold, respectively, which was mostly due to stimulation of sedimentary denitrification; incomplete denitrification in the guts accounted for up to 20% of the N₂O efflux. Phylotype richness of the nitrate reductase gene narG was significantly higher in sediment with than without larvae. In the gut, 47 narG phylotypes were found expressed, which may contribute to higher phylotype richness in colonized sediment. In contrast, phylotype richness of the nitrous oxide reductase gene nosZ was unaffected by the presence of larvae and very few nosZ phylotypes were expressed in the gut. Gene abundance of neither narG, nor nosZ was different in sediments with and without larvae. Hence, C. plumosus increases activity and diversity, but not overall abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria, probably by providing additional ecological niches in its burrow and gut.     

Quantitative Detection of the nosZ Gene, Encoding Nitrous Oxide Reductase, and Comparison of the Abundances of 16S rRNA, narG, nirK, and nosZ Genes in Soils

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is an important greenhouse gas in the troposphere controlling ozone concentration in the stratosphere through nitric oxide production. In order to quantify bacteria capable of N₂O reduction, we developed a SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the nosZ gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the nitrous oxide reductase. Two independent sets of nosZ primers flanking the nosZ fragment previously used in diversity studies were designed and tested (K. Kloos, A. Mergel, C. Rösch, and H. Bothe, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28:991-998, 2001). The utility of these real-time PCR assays was demonstrated by quantifying the nosZ gene present in six different soils. Detection limits were between 10¹ and 10² target molecules per reaction for all assays. Sequence analysis of 128 cloned quantitative PCR products confirmed the specificity of the designed primers. The abundance of nosZ genes ranged from 10⁵ to 10⁷ target copies g⁻¹ of dry soil, whereas genes for 16S rRNA were found at 10⁸ to 10⁹ target copies g⁻¹ of dry soil. The abundance of narG and nirK genes was within the upper and lower limits of the 16S rRNA and nosZ gene copy numbers. The two sets of nosZ primers gave similar gene copy numbers for all tested soils. The maximum abundance of nosZ and nirK relative to 16S rRNA was 5 to 6%, confirming the low proportion of denitrifiers to total bacteria in soils.     

Contrasting denitrifier communities relate to contrasting N2O emission patterns from acidic peat soils in arctic tundra

Cryoturbated peat circles (that is, bare surface soil mixed by frost action; pH 3–4) in the Russian discontinuous permafrost tundra are nitrate-rich ‘hotspots'' of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions in arctic ecosystems, whereas adjacent unturbated peat areas are not. N₂O was produced and subsequently consumed at pH 4 in unsupplemented anoxic microcosms with cryoturbated but not in those with unturbated peat soil. Nitrate, nitrite and acetylene stimulated net N₂O production of both soils in anoxic microcosms, indicating denitrification as the source of N₂O. Up to 500 and 10 μ nitrate stimulated denitrification in cryoturbated and unturbated peat soils, respectively. Apparent maximal reaction velocities of nitrite-dependent denitrification were 28 and 18 nmol N₂O g_DW⁻¹ h⁻¹, for cryoturbated and unturbated peat soils, respectively. Barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing of narG, nirK/nirS and nosZ (encoding nitrate, nitrite and N₂O reductases, respectively) yielded ≈49 000 quality-filtered sequences with an average sequence length of 444 bp. Up to 19 species-level operational taxonomic units were detected per soil and gene, many of which were distantly related to cultured denitrifiers or environmental sequences. Denitrification-associated gene diversity in cryoturbated and in unturbated peat soils differed. Quantitative PCR (inhibition-corrected per DNA extract) revealed higher copy numbers of narG in cryoturbated than in unturbated peat soil. Copy numbers of nirS were up to 1000 × higher than those of nirK in both soils, and nirS nirK⁻¹ copy number ratios in cryoturbated and unturbated peat soils differed. The collective data indicate that the contrasting N₂O emission patterns of cryoturbated and unturbated peat soils are associated with contrasting denitrifier communities.     

Warming-induced enhancement of soil N2O efflux linked to distinct response times of genes driving N2O production and consumption

Temperature responses of denitrifying microbes likely play a governing role in the production and consumption of N₂O. We investigated temperature effects on denitrifier communities and their potential to produce N₂O and N₂ by incubating grassland soils collected in multiple seasons at four temperatures with ¹⁵N-enriched NO₃ ^? for ~24 h. We quantified [N₂O] concentration across time, estimated its production and reduction to N₂, and quantified relative abundance of genes responsible for N₂O production (cnorB) and reduction (nosZ). In all seasons, net N₂O production was positively linked to incubation temperature, with highest estimates of net and gross N₂O production in late spring soils. N₂O dynamics were tightly coupled to changes in denitrifier community structure, which occurred on both seasonal and incubation time scales. We observed increases in nosZ abundance with increasing incubation temperature after 24 h, and relatively larger increases in cnorB abundance from winter to late June. The difference between incubation and in situ temperature was a robust predictor of cnorB:nosZ. These data provide convincing evidence that short-term increases in temperature can induce remarkably rapid changes in community structure that increase the potential for reduction of N₂O to N₂, and that seasonal adaptation of denitrifying communities is linked to seasonal changes in potential N₂O production, with warmer seasons linked to large increases in N₂O production potential. This work helps explain observations of high spatial and temporal variation in N₂O effluxes, and highlights the importance of temperature as an influence on denitrification enzyme kinetics, denitrifier physiology and community adaptations, and associated N₂O efflux and reduction.     

Symbiotic relationships between soil fungi and plants reduce N2O emissions from soil

N₂O is a potent greenhouse gas involved in the destruction of the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere and contributing to global warming. The ecological processes regulating its emissions from soil are still poorly understood. Here, we show that the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a dominant group of soil fungi, which form symbiotic associations with the majority of land plants and which influence a range of important ecosystem functions, can induce a reduction in N₂O emissions from soil. To test for a functional relationship between AMF and N₂O emissions, we manipulated the abundance of AMF in two independent greenhouse experiments using two different approaches (sterilized and re-inoculated soil and non-mycorrhizal tomato mutants) and two different soils. N₂O emissions were increased by 42 and 33% in microcosms with reduced AMF abundance compared to microcosms with a well-established AMF community, suggesting that AMF regulate N₂O emissions. This could partly be explained by increased N immobilization into microbial or plant biomass, reduced concentrations of mineral soil N as a substrate for N₂O emission and altered water relations. Moreover, the abundance of key genes responsible for N₂O production (nirK) was negatively and for N₂O consumption (nosZ) positively correlated to AMF abundance, indicating that the regulation of N₂O emissions is transmitted by AMF-induced changes in the soil microbial community. Our results suggest that the disruption of the AMF symbiosis through intensification of agricultural practices may further contribute to increased N₂O emissions.     

采伐剩余物管理对杉木人工林土壤nosZ型反硝化细菌群落多样性的影响

反硝化细菌是土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的关键因子。以杉木人工林为研究对象,设置4种采伐剩余物处理方式(RF:对照;RB:火烧;MT:粉碎;NR:移除),采用高通量测序技术,以nosZ为标记基因,测定了自2018年9月—2020年9月,2年期间土壤nosZ型反硝化细菌群落的组成和丰度。研究结果显示,4种采伐剩余物处理中的土壤nosZ型反硝化细菌90%以上来自变形菌门,优势菌属包括固氮螺菌属、中慢生根瘤菌属、动胶菌属、伯克霍尔德菌属、嗜酸菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属、固氮弧菌属以及无色杆菌属;样本间差异物种的显著性分析表明,在处理完成半年时,火烧相较于对照于β-变形菌纲水平显著增加了nosZ基因丰度;在处理完成一年时,火烧分别于红螺菌目、红螺菌科、固氮螺菌属水平显著高于粉碎;粉碎相较于移除在处理完成一年时,于γ-变形菌纲和产碱菌科水平显著增加了nosZ基因丰度;在处理完成两年时,粉碎处理的nosZ基因丰度在变形菌门水平显著高于对照和火烧。α多样性数据显示,处理完成一年时,粉碎处理相较于对照和移除显著增加了Shannon和Simpson指数;处理完成两年时,粉碎和火烧...     

土壤溶解性有机物对CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

农田土壤是温室气体的重要排放源,溶解性有机物作为土壤微生物容易利用的基质,其含量变化与温室气体的产生和排放密切相关。基于室内培养试验,对溶解性有机物影响土壤CO2、N2O的排放过程进行了分析。设置空白(CK)、单施秸秆(S)、单施氮肥(N)、秸秆和氮肥(S+N)4个不同的处理,对添加不同物质条件下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)和CO2、N2O的排放动态进行了研究,对DOC和DON影响CO2、N2O的排放过程进行了探讨。结果表明:不同处理的温室气体排放通量和土壤DOC、DON含量差异显著;各处理的CO2排放通量和DOC动态随培养时间的延长呈现逐渐减小的趋势,S和S+N处理的N2O排放和DON动态呈现先增大后减小的趋势;S+N处理的CO2排放量最高,DON含量也显著高于其他处理,单施秸秆(S)处理的N2O排放量和DOC含量显著高于其它处理,单施氮肥(N)对土壤CO2的排放量和DOC含量的影响较小;土壤CO2和N2O的排放通量与土壤DOC和DON含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数(R2)达0.6以上,说明溶解性有机物的含量和动态对CO2、N2O的排放过程产生显著影响。     

氮素类型和剂量对寒温带针叶林土壤N2O排放的影响

大气氮沉降输入会增加森林生态系统氮素有效性,进而改变土壤N_2O产生与排放,然而有关不同氮素离子(氧化态NO_3~--N与还原态NH_4~+-N)沉降对土壤N_2O排放的影响知之甚少。以大兴安岭寒温带针叶林为研究对象,构建了3种类型(NH_4Cl、KNO_3、NH_4NO_3)和4个施氮水平(0、10、20、40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))的增氮控制试验,利用流动化学分析仪和静态箱-气相色谱法4次/月测定凋落物层和矿质层土壤无机氮含量、土壤-大气界面N_2O净交换通量以及相关环境因子,分析施氮类型和剂量对土壤氮素有效性、土壤N_2O通量的影响探讨氮素富集条件下土壤N_2O通量的环境驱动机制。结果表明:施氮类型和剂量均显著影响土壤无机氮含量,土壤NH_4~+-N的积累效应显著高于NO_3~--N。施氮一致增加寒温带针叶林土壤N_2O排放,NH_4NO_3促进效应最为明显,增幅为442%-677%,高于全球平均水平(134%)。土壤N_2O通量与土壤温度、凋落物层NH_4~+-N含量正相关,且随着施氮水平增加而增加。结果表明大气氮沉降短期内不会导致寒温带针叶林土壤NO_3~--N大量流失,但会显著促进土壤N_2O的排放。此外,外源性NH_4~+和NO_3~-输入对土壤N_2O排放的促进作用具有协同效应,在未来森林生态系统氮循环和氮平衡研究中应该区分对待。     

Effect of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from Central China Plain

Aims

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar on maize yield and greenhouse gases (GHGs) in a calcareous loamy soil poor in organic carbon from Henan, central great plain, China.

Methods

Biochar was applied at rates of 0, 20 and 40?t?ha^?1 with or without N fertilization. With N fertilization, urea was applied at 300?kg?N ha^?1, of which 60% was applied as basal fertilizer and 40% as supplementary fertilizer during crop growth. Soil emissions of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were monitored using closed chambers at 7?days intervals throughout the whole maize growing season (WMGS).

Results

Biochar amendments significantly increased maize production but decreased GHGs. Maize yield was increased by 15.8% and 7.3% without N fertilization, and by 8.8% and 12.1% with N fertilization under biochar amendment at 20?t?ha^?1 and 40?t?ha^?1, respectively. Total N₂O emission was decreased by 10.7% and by 41.8% under biochar amendment at 20?t?ha^?1 and 40?t?ha^?1 compared to no biochar amendment with N fertilization. The high rate of biochar (40?t?ha^?1) increased the total CO₂ emission by 12% without N fertilization. Overall, biochar amendments of 20?t?ha^?1 and 40?t?ha^?1 decreased the total global warming potential (GWP) of CH₄ and N₂O by 9.8% and by 41.5% without N fertilization, and by 23.8% and 47.6% with N fertilization, respectively. Biochar amendments also decreased soil bulk density and increased soil total N contents but had no effect on soil mineral N.

Conclusions

These results suggest that application of biochar to calcareous and infertile dry croplands poor in soil organic carbon will enhance crop productivity and reduce GHGs emissions.