长期缺素施肥及石灰石膏施用对江西鹰潭红壤反硝化微生物功能基因丰度的影响

反硝化功能基因丰度是决定温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放潜力的重要生物因素。反硝化功能基因主要包括产生N₂O的关键基因nirK和nirS,以及将N₂O还原成氮气的基因nosZ I和nosZ II。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR,研究了32年缺施氮(N)、磷(P)或钾(K)肥,以及施用石灰、石膏处理下江西鹰潭红壤反硝化功能基因的丰度,分析了其关键影响因素。结果表明: 与平衡施肥的NPK处理相比,缺施P肥显著降低了nirK、nirS、nosZ I和nosZ II基因丰度;缺施N肥显著降低了nirK、nosZ I和nosZ II丰度,对nirS丰度无显著影响;缺施K肥则对反硝化功能基因丰度无显著影响。逐步回归和随机森林分析表明,土壤pH值是影响旱地红壤nosZ I和nosZ II基因丰度的关键环境因子。施用石灰或石灰+石膏提高了土壤pH值,进而显著提高了nosZ II基因丰度和nosZ II/nosZ I比值,增幅分别为151%～233%和127%～155%。旱地红壤施用石灰或石灰+石膏更有利于nosZ II型N₂O还原菌生长,可能提高nosZ II在N₂O还原中的相对重要性。缺施P肥对红壤反硝化功能基因丰度的负面影响最大,而施用石灰或石灰+石膏可以提高nosZ II丰度和nosZ II/nosZ I比值,有利于降低红壤N₂O排放潜力。

Long-term effects of imbalanced fertilization with lime and gypsum additions on denitrifying functional genes of an Ultisol at Yingtan,Jiangxi, China

The abundance of denitrifying functional genes plays a key role in driving the soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission potential. Nitrite reductase genes (nirK and nirS) and nitrous oxide reductase genes (nosZ I and nosZ II) are the dominant denitrifying funtional genes. In this study, real-time quantitative PCR was conducted to evaluate the effects of 32-year imbalanced fertilization and lime and gypsum additions on the abundances of nirK, nirS, nosZ I and nosZ II genes in an Ultisol at Yingtan, Jiangxi Province. We further explored the underlying driving factors. The results showed that, compared with the balanced fertilization treatment, fertilization without phosphorus (P) signifi-cantly decreased the abundances of nirK, nirS, nosZ I and nosZ II genes. Fertilization without nitrogen (N) significantly reduced the abundances of nirK, nosZ I and nosZ II, but did not affect the abundance of nirS. Fertilization without potassium (K) did not affect the abundances of all denitri-fying functional genes. Results of stepwise regression analysis and random forest analysis showed that soil pH was a key environmental factor affecting the abundances of nosZ I and nosZ II. The application of lime or lime + gypsum significantly increased soil pH, which subsequently increased the abundances of nosZ II and nosZ II/nosZ I by 150%-231% and 127%-155%, respectively. Our results suggested that application of lime or lime + gypsum favored nosZ II more than nosZ I in upland Ultisols, which might enhance the relative importance of nosZ II in N₂O reduction. Overall, fertilization without P would reduce denitrifying gene abundances, while the application of lime or lime + gypsum enriched nosZ II and increased ratio of nosZ II/nosZ I, which might be beneficial for reducing N₂O emission potential in the Ultisols.