肺泡上皮细胞钠-钾ATP酶与海水淹溺型肺水肿

钠-钾ATP酶(Na -K -ATPase)对于维持胞质渗透压和细胞容积的相对稳定以及细胞内pH的稳定具有重要的生理意义.肺泡上皮具有阻止液体进入肺泡腔内和主动清除肺泡腔内液体的作用,是抵抗肺泡性肺水肿形成的一道重要屏障.这一功能的完成有赖于Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞对钠离子的主动转运和分布于Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞的特殊水通道,而钠离子的主动转运依靠钠-钾ATP酶来完成.海水淹溺型肺水肿(PE-SWD)是以低氧血症及代谢性酸中毒为主要病理生理学特点的临床病症.PE-SWD发生时,Na -K -ATPase活性的改变直接影响到细胞膜外Na 、K 、等离子的浓度和分布,既是造成PE-SWD发生的多种因素所引起的直接恶果,又是促进PE-SWD不断发生的继发性原因.因此认识肺泡上皮细胞钠-钾ATP酶在PE-SWD发病中的作用对于PE-SWD的治疗具有重要意义.本文就钠-钾ATP酶的功能、结构、调节机制及钠-钾ATP酶在PE-SWD发病中的作用作一综述.     

烟碱对脑钾、钠和钙通道表达的调节作用

目的:利用基因表达芯片检测反复摄取烟碱对大鼠脑内钾、钠和钙通道基因表达的调节作用.方法:大鼠每天两次皮下注射烟碱(1.2 mg/kg),连续用药两周后取全脑,提取RNA,逆转录合成cDNA,转录合成生物素化RNA,并将其片断化后与芯片杂交,对荧光信号扫描分析.结合RT-PCR方法对芯片分析结果进行验证.结果:反复摄入烟碱,大鼠脑内钾、钠和钙通道的基因表达均发生变化:电压依赖性K 通道中外向整流K 通道和Ca2 激活的K 通道表达下调,而Kv2.3r等电压依赖性K 通道表达上调;电压依赖性Na 通道中β2亚基表达增加,而α和β1亚基基因表达减少;电压依赖性Ca2 通道的β3亚基基因表达增加.结论:反复摄取烟碱诱导脑N受体失敏时,可引起相关钾、钠和钙通道基因表达发生改变.     

吗啡后处理对大鼠心肌细胞ATP敏感性钾通道的影响

在氰化钠(NaCN)处理模拟细胞缺血的单个大鼠心肌细胞上,应用膜片钳电压钳制全细胞记录模式,研究吗啡后处理对缺血心肌细胞膜ATP敏感性钾通道的影响,并探讨吗啡后处理可能涉及的阿片受体类型．吗啡后处理可使ATP敏感性钾通道电流( I_KATP )增加(61.4 ± 13.6)%,促进K_ATP通道开放．特异阻断κ-阿片受体不能阻止I_KATP增加,而非特异性阻断阿片受体或特异阻断δ-阿片受体均可阻止I_KATP增加．结果表明, 吗啡后处理促进K_ATP通道开放与δ-阿片受体的激活有关．     

兔海水淹溺型肺水肿组织NKA活性与动脉血气的相关性分析

目的:观察兔海水淹溺型肺水肿组织钠-钾ATP酶(Na~ -K~ -ATPase)活性变化与动脉血气变化的关系,探讨钠-钾ATP酶在海水淹溺肺水肿形成中的重要作用,为临床治疗提供实验依据。方法:将30只新西兰兔随机分为对照组(5只)及淹溺组(25只),淹溺组根据观察时间段分为10′、30′、60′、90′、120′组(每组5只),采用气管切开插入塑料导管、向气管内灌海水3 mL/kg、双肺自主通气的方法进行兔海水淹溺肺水肿模型复制。于各观察时间点进行血气分析,并采集肺组织标本,对肺组织匀浆钠-钾ATP酶进行测定。结果:兔海水淹溺肺水肿各时间点钠-钾ATP酶活性降低,动脉血气显示低氧和酸中毒,钠-钾ATP酶活性变化与动脉血气主要指标变化具有线性回归关系(P<0.01)。结论:海水淹溺型肺水肿组织NKA活性与动脉血气的具有相关性,钠-钾ATP酶在海水淹溺肺水肿发生发展中具有重要作用。     

高钾饮食调节血压的肾脏机制

高血压是引起心血管疾病、脑卒中和肾功能衰竭最强风险因素之一。日常生活方式和饮食是调节血压的重要因素。高血压患者可通过增加体育锻炼、减少酒和钠的摄取以及戒烟等方式降低血压。除此之外,饮食中增加钾含量丰富的食物也有益于血压的控制。慢性肾脏疾病患者通常伴有高血压,说明肾脏是维持血压平衡的重要器官。在肾脏,高钾饮食降低血压的效应与肾小管对Na Cl的重吸收降低、尿钠排泄增加有关。在这个过程中,肾脏远端小管(distal convoluted tubule,DCT)细胞膜上的钠-氯同向转运体(sodium-chloride cotransporter,NCC)发挥至关重要作用。在DCT细胞,NCC的激活与对细胞内Cl~-敏感的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(with-no-lysine kinases,WNKs)及下游Ste20相关的富含脯氨酸-丙氨酸激酶(Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase,SPAK)和氧化应激反应激酶1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1,OSR1)相关,其中WNK4是WNKs家族决定NCC活性的...     

白介素-1 β通过JNK/p38信号-转导通路调控肾系膜细胞表达α-平滑肌肌动蛋白

为探讨细胞内丝裂素原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）家族各亚类信号转导通路在炎症性细胞因子白介素－1β（IL－1β）对大鼠肾系膜细胞（rMC)表型标志物α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α－SMA）表达及其分布中的调控作用,以IL－1β（10ng/ml)刺激体外培养的rMC,用电穿孔基因转染及免疫杂交法观察IL－1β对α－SMA基因启动子活性及蛋白表达的作用,并用共聚焦荧光显微镜及透射电镜观察IL－1β刺激前后细胞内α-SMA及微丝的分布变化。通过应用PD98059和SB203580特异阻断ERK和p38通路、共转染显性失活JNKK基因特异阻断JNK通路,观察阻断对IL－1β刺激所致α-SMA表达或启动子活性的影响。结果显示,IL－1β刺激6h可明显上调α－SMA启动子活性,在1－2d内显著促进其蛋白合成;IL－1β刺激24h后,细胞内α-SMA及微丝在细胞核周的分布增加。阻断ERK通路对IL－1β诱导的α-SMA表达无明显影响;阻断JNK及p38通路均可使IL－1β诱导的α－SMA表达明显受抑;阻断p38通路的作用比阻断JNK通路更强,而且对基础状态的α-SMA表达也有抑制作用。上述结果提示,IL－1β可刺激rMC发生表型转化,其表型标志物α－SMA可通过基因转录增强而增加蛋白表达,在细胞内的分布向核周转位积聚。JNK及p38通路是介导IL－1β刺激rMC α-SMA表达的主要信号转导途径,而ERK通路不影响IL－1β的这一作用。     

CHP调节NHE1活性影响细胞生长和死亡

钠氢离子交换蛋白(NHE)定位于细胞膜,它的重要功能是调节细胞内pH值。钙调磷酸酶B同源蛋白(CHP)是NHE必要的活性调节亚单位。研究了NHE1结合CHP与否对细胞生长和死亡的影响。结果显示,CHP结合于NHE1细胞质调节区域之中靠近细胞膜部位,二者以疏水键结合而形成蛋白IV级结构。在细胞内pH5.4的非生理条件下,表达没有CHP结合能力的突变体NHE1-4R细胞只有表达野生型NHE细胞7.6%的最大摄取钠活性;在细胞内pH7.2的生理条件下,这个比例降至1.2%的摄取钠活性。与野生型NHE1比较,有血清时表达突变体NHE1-4R的细胞生长速度减慢;在血清饥饿时这些细胞因自身的胞浆酸性化而死亡数增加。实验结果证明,CHP是NHE1生理活性的必要调节因子,它能影响细胞生长和死亡。     

高钾饮食激活肾远曲小管肾外髓钾通道

肾外髓钾通道(renal outer medullary potassium channel, ROMK)是肾脏重要的排钾通道,经ROMK通道分泌的K+是尿钾大部分或全部的来源。既往在肾小管离子转运机制调控研究中,学者多将ROMK通道的研究靶点集中于髓袢和集合管,对肾远曲小管末段(late distal convoluted tubule, DCT2) ROMK通道参与机体K+排泄的研究较少。本研究旨在应用单通道及全细胞膜片钳技术,在肾DCT2顶端膜记录ROMK通道电流并观察高钾饮食对该通道活性的影响。结果显示,在肾DCT2顶端膜可记录到一种电导为39 pS的小电导通道电流,且该电流可被ROMK通道特异性阻断药抑制。与正常钾饮食组相比,高钾饮食能够显著增加肾DCT2顶端膜ROMK通道电流出现的概率,增强该通道活性(P <0.01)。Western blot结果显示,高钾饮食能够显著上调肾脏ROMK通道及上皮钠通道(epithelial sodium channel, ENaC)的蛋白表达,下调肾脏钠-氯同向转运体(Na+-Clcotransporter, NCC)的蛋白表达,且高...     

低钾胁迫对番茄叶片活性氧及抗氧化酶系的影响

以2种不同低钾耐性大果番茄(钾敏感型番茄081018和耐低钾型番茄081034)为材料,比较低钾处理下2种番茄叶片中活性氧产生及抗氧化酶系活性和相关基因表达差异,明确植物叶片对低钾胁迫的响应机制.结果显示:(1)钾敏感型番茄在低钾胁迫时,叶片中各种保护酶(SOD及其同工酶、POD、CAT、APX)活性随处理时间延长呈下降趋势,同时活性氧(O2-、H2O2)和MDA含量急剧增加;耐低钾型番茄在低钾胁迫条件下,其各类保护酶活性均比对照水平有所升高,而且O2-、H2O2和MDA的含量增加也较少.(2)钾敏感型番茄在低钾胁迫时叶片内Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT和APX基因的相对表达量均有下降趋势,而同期耐低钾型番茄在低钾胁迫时Cu/Zn-SOD、CAT和APX的表达却明显增加,这与其对应的酶活性变化趋势同步.研究表明,低钾胁迫使耐低钾型番茄具有较高保护酶基因表达量,产生较高的保护酶活性,可降低活性氧的破坏作用,防止膜渗透性增加,使之对低钾的适应性较强,而钾敏感番茄品系则相反.     

人体能量来源机理及刺激传导的ATP酶新说与诺贝尔奖

神经传导的“钠学说”未能真正发现传导能量的来源机理,外界一点能量刺激到Na^ ,如无内能激发参与,不大可能产生细胞广泛除极。“钠钾泵”假说没有全面发现：⑴神经传导的ATP能量来源机理,⑵刺激是激活ATP酶,产生能量⑶离子以能量作载体通过细胞能道。“膜片钳”技术动摇和否定细胞通道钠、钾等离子的特异性,离子的进出通道决定于通道、离子及能量的大小等,钠钾等通道分类命名值得商确。1991年起作者正式发表不少论文^[4-9]认为：刺激是激活ATP酶,产生能量及除极复极和神经传导,ATP酶细胞各部分均有,特别是细胞膜系统。⑷人体能量系统与中医经络系统相似,由量多质好的细胞线粒体组成。主干14,分枝无数。植物能量系统由分生组织,形成层及传递细胞构成。     

Stimulation of Na,K-ATPase by Low Potassium Is Dependent on Transferrin

We took advantage of the fact that confluent MDCK cells can survive in a serum-free medium for several days to examine whether the upregulation of Na,K-ATPase by low K⁺ required serum. We found that serum was essential for low K⁺ to induce an increase in the cell surface Na,K-ATPase molecular number as quantified by ouabain binding assays. Further analyses identified that transferrin, not EGF or IGF-1, could simulate the effect of serum. Moreover, transferrin was also required for low-K⁺-induced increases in 1-subunit promoter activity, 1- and 1-subunit protein abundance of the Na,K-ATPase. In the presence of transferrin, low K⁺ enhanced cellular uptake of iron. Inhibition of intracellular iron activity by deferoxamine (40 µM) abrogated the effect of low K⁺ on the Na,K-ATPase. Like deferoxamine, catalase (100 U/ml) also ablated the effect of low K⁺. We conclude that stimulation of the Na,K-ATPase by low K⁺ is dependent on transferrin. The effect of transferrin is mediated by increased iron transport and reactive oxygen species activity.     

Effect of Fe3+ on Na,K-ATPase: Unexpected activation of ATP hydrolysis

Iron is a key element in cell function; however, its excess in iron overload conditions can be harmful through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell oxidative stress. Activity of Na,K-ATPase has been shown to be implicated in cellular iron uptake and iron modulates the Na,K-ATPase function from different tissues. In this study, we determined the effect of iron overload on Na,K-ATPase activity and established the role that isoforms and conformational states of this enzyme has on this effect. Total blood and membrane preparations from erythrocytes (ghost cells), as well as pig kidney and rat brain cortex, and enterocytes cells (Caco-2) were used. In E1-related subconformations, an enzyme activation effect by iron was observed, and in the E2-related subconformations enzyme inhibition was observed. The enzyme's kinetic parameters were significantly changed only in the Na⁺ curve in ghost cells. In contrast to Na,K-ATPase α2 and α3 isoforms, activation was not observed for the α1 isoform. In Caco-2 cells, which only contain Na,K-ATPase α1 isoform, the FeCl₃ increased the intracellular storage of iron, catalase activity, the production of H₂O₂ and the expression levels of the α1 isoform. In contrast, iron did not affect lipid peroxidation, GSH content, superoxide dismutase and Na,K-ATPase activities. These results suggest that iron itself modulates Na,K-ATPase and that one or more E1-related subconformations seems to be determinant for the sensitivity of iron modulation through a mechanism in which the involvement of the Na, K-ATPase α3 isoform needs to be further investigated.     

Kinetic analysis of Na,K-activated adenosine triphosphatase induced by low external K+ in a rat liver cell line

Exposure of ARL 15 cells to medium containing reduced concentrations of K+ (0.65 mM) elicited a 50-100% increase in Na,K-ATPase activity. The inhibition by ouabain of both the basal and the induced enzyme conformed to a single-site model (KI = 1 x 10(-4) M). The low K+-induced increment in Na,K-ATPase activity was accompanied by an equivalent increase in the abundance of Na,K-pump sites estimated by ouabain-stabilized ("back-door") phosphorylation, such that the calculated catalytic turnover number of approximately 8000/min was minimally changed. Comparison of the dependence of ouabain-inhibitable K+ uptake on intracellular Na+ and on extracellular K+ concentrations in control and low K+-treated cells revealed no change in the respective half-maximal stimulatory concentrations for these cations, whereas the maximal rate of active K+ uptake in cells exposed to low external K+ increased by nearly 100%. The derived Hill coefficients for active K+ transport rate were also unchanged by the low K+ treatment (i.e. approximately 1.4 for extracellular K+ and 2.6 for intracellular Na+). Na,K-ATPase activity of basal and low K+-induced cells calculated from the measured maximal Na,K transport rate closely approximated the Na,K-ATPase activity measured enzymatically in unfractionated cell lysates under Vmax conditions, suggesting that all or most of the Na,K-ATPase enzymatic units present in both basal and stimulated states are functionally active. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from control cells indicated the presence of the Na,K-ATPase alpha-I isoform of the enzyme which increased by nearly 200% following incubation of the cells in low-K+ medium. By contrast, the alpha-II and alpha-III mRNAs were undetectable in either the basal or low K+-stimulated state. These results indicate that the Na,K-ATPase induced by incubation of ARL 15 cells in low-K+ medium is kinetically and functionally indistinguishable from the basal enzyme, and that only the alpha-I isoform is expressed under control and low-K+ conditions.     

Identification of a potential receptor that couples ion transport to protein kinase activity

In our previous studies, we have demonstrated that the Src-coupled α1 Na/K-ATPase works as a receptor for cardiotonic steroids, such as ouabain, to regulate cellular protein kinase cascades. Here, we explore further the structural determinants of the interaction between the α1 Na/K-ATPase and Src and demonstrate that the Src-coupled α1 Na/K-ATPase allows the cell to decode the transmembrane transport activity of the Na/K-ATPase to turn on/off protein kinases. The α1 Na/K-ATPase undergoes E1/E2 conformational transition during an ion pumping cycle. The amount of E1 and E2 Na/K-ATPase is regulated by extracellular K(+) and intracellular Na(+). Using purified enzyme preparations we find that the E1 Na/K-ATPase can bind both the Src SH2 and kinase domains simultaneously and keep Src in an inactive state. Conversely, the E1 to E2 transition releases the kinase domain and activates the associated Src. Moreover, we demonstrate that changes in E1/E2 Na/K-ATPase by either Na(+) or K(+) are capable of regulating Src and Src effectors in live cells. Together, the data suggest that the Src-coupled α1 Na/K-ATPase may act as a Na(+)/K(+) receptor, allowing salt to regulate cellular function through Src and Src effectors.     

Regulation of alpha1 Na/K-ATPase expression by cholesterol

We have reported that α1 Na/K-ATPase regulates the trafficking of caveolin-1 and consequently alters cholesterol distribution in the plasma membrane. Here, we report the reciprocal regulation of α1 Na/K-ATPase by cholesterol. Acute exposure of LLC-PK1 cells to methyl β-cyclodextrin led to parallel decreases in cellular cholesterol and the expression of α1 Na/K-ATPase. Cholesterol repletion fully reversed the effect of methyl β-cyclodextrin. Moreover, inhibition of intracellular cholesterol trafficking to the plasma membrane by compound U18666A had the same effect on α1 Na/K-ATPase. Similarly, the expression of α1, but not α2 and α3, Na/K-ATPase was significantly reduced in the target organs of Niemann-Pick type C mice where the intracellular cholesterol trafficking is blocked. Mechanistically, decreases in the plasma membrane cholesterol activated Src kinase and stimulated the endocytosis and degradation of α1 Na/K-ATPase through Src- and ubiquitination-dependent pathways. Thus, the new findings, taken together with what we have already reported, revealed a previously unrecognized feed-forward mechanism by which cells can utilize the Src-dependent interplay among Na/K-ATPase, caveolin-1, and cholesterol to effectively alter the structure and function of the plasma membrane.     

Sodium, and potassium dependent adenosinetriphosphatase from Cavia cobaya kidney: interaction with very low cardiotonic steroid concentrations

We noticed that very low cardiotonic steroid concentrations activate the Na, K-ATPase in a variety of different preparations. In the present research the effect of three cardioactive steroids on the enzymatic activity was tested. The glycosides activated the Na,K-ATPase, while the aglycone strophantidine does not. Ouabain binding studies on various preparations showed the presence of two binding site classes with different affinities. Purification procedures shift the apparent Kd values, while K+ increase them. Accordingly, the activatory and inhibitory effects may be explained by the cardiotonic steroid binding on different sites of the Na,K-ATPase molecule.