历山自然保护区寿带鸟的生态观察

1996年－1998年5－8月,在山西省沁水县中村地区,对寿带鸟的繁殖生态进行了研究,研究内容含迁徙季节,栖息环境,种群密度,繁残习性,食物组成等,以期为环境监测和保护鸟类资源提供依据。     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)对鸟类的影响

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是高残留物质,进入生物体后会长期存留并产生危害。近年来,有关生物体中POPs的研究已成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文概述了持久性有机污染物(POPs)的主要类型、生态特征、来源和污染效应。介绍了POPs在鸟类体内富集的特点及其对鸟类的危害;分析了以鸟类作为环境监测指示生物时应注意的问题;对POPs的防治以及利用鹭类等水鸟监测环境污染的方法提出了建议。     

江西赣州鸟类物种多样性及监测现状分析

鸟类是生物多样性的重要组成部分和环境监测指示物种,区域性的鸟类监测有利于地方管理部门作出科学的鸟类多样性管理决策。赣州作为江西面积最大的行政区,但现有的鸟类数据报道较为零散,尚没有完整的鸟类名录,通过系统的文献检索与野外调查相结合,对现有的赣州鸟类名录进行汇总。江西赣州地区共有鸟类392种,隶属于20目75科,占全国鸟类总数的27.1%,占江西省鸟类总数的68.7%。新增加赣州鸟类新记录6种,其中黑叉尾海燕（Hydrobates monorhis）为江西省鸟类新记录。鸟类物种中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物有10种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物62种,中国脊椎动物红色名录受威胁物种18种,世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）受威胁物种11种。赣州市的食虫和树冠巢鸟类最多,分别占鸟类总数的38.0%和36.4%。本编目为江西赣州地区的鸟类研究和生物多样性保护提供了基础数据。赣州具有较为丰富的鸟类多样性,保护区监测空白分析表明,国家级自然保护区是鸟类监测的热点区域,而大部分非国家级保护区的鸟类监测报道较少,并不利于保护区管理和鸟类数据共享,亟待作出监测行动,以弥补监测空缺。     

中国两栖类种群生态研究概述

两栖类种群生态学研究从深度和广度上看,均无法与哺乳类和鸟类的相比。然而与哺乳类和鸟类一样,随着生态环境的恶化和生态空间的减少,两栖类各物种种群面临巨大的生存压力,甚至濒临灭绝;因此,广泛深入地开展两栖类种群生态学研究,探讨两栖类与外界环境之间的关系,对环境监测和对两栖类种群的保护与利用均有较大的现实意义和理论意义。为此,重点从两栖类的种群结构与动态规律,摄食行为与食性,怕分析与通讯联系,繁殖过程和繁殖习性,越冬准备和冬眠适应,以及两栖类种群数量下降等方面,对中国研究者的工作进行综述,试图阐述研究现状,存在问题,并分析了尚待加强研究的方面和今后的发展趋势。     

鸟类对城市化的适应

城市生态系统是以人为主导的复杂系统,当前的高速城市化进程对包括鸟类在内的城市区域动物施加了广泛的选择压力。从鸟类对城市环境的主动适应角度,归纳了国内外城市鸟类生态学研究中有关鸟类对城市化的适应研究,探讨了城市化进程中城市鸟类行为、生理指标以及种群基因结构的适应性变化。基于遗传的数量效应,研究认为某些鸟种对城市环境的适应已经上升到进化层次,同时还对城市化导致鸟类新物种形成的可能性进行了探讨。最后,对鸟类对城市化适应的研究前景提出了展望。     

鸟类栖息地片段化研究的现状

栖息地片段化的形成及其影响的研究是鸟类生态学的研究热点之一。对鸟类栖息地片段化的研究内容进行了分类,阐述了存在的问题,展望了今后鸟类栖息地片段化研究与问题。     

中国鸟类种数的最新统计

自1863年R.Swinhoe首次发表中国鸟类名录以后,国内外学者对我国鸟类进行了大量研究,并对其分类与分布作了系统总结.在国内,郑作新教授最早对我国鸟类的分类与分布进行全面综合性研究,在他的几本著作中,对我国鸟类的种数进行了分析和总结(Cheng,1987;郑作新,1976;1994,2000).     

鸟类羽毛鉴定技术和分类研究回顾及展望

鸟类羽毛鉴定技术及分类研究是使用传统分类学、显微学、数学方法以及分子生物学、化学分析等手段对现有的完整或者不完整的羽毛材料进行观察和研究,并结合已有材料及经验来达到鸟类物种分类鉴定的目的.本文介绍了国内外鸟类羽毛鉴定技术的研究现状及进展,对羽毛分类研究中存在的问题进行探讨,并在此基础上对鸟类羽毛分类鉴定的应用前景进行了展望.     

中国大陆鸟类栖息地选择研究十年

栖息地选择研究一直是鸟类生态学研究的重要内容之一。通过对2001年1月至2010年12月10年期间中国大陆鸟类学家在国内外期刊上发表的鸟类栖息地选择研究的论文进行分析,对我国鸟类栖息地选择研究提出展望。10年间,我国鸟类学家共发表有关鸟类栖息地选择或利用的论文170篇,共涉及到鸟类10目31科73种。在这10年里,中国大陆有关鸟类栖息地选择或利用的文章持续增长。然而,我国鸟类栖息地选择的研究也存在着如下问题:(1)存在栖息地选择和栖息地利用误用的现象,这种现象在10年内并无明显改善;(2)在选择研究方法时,很少考虑个体的可获得性、种群密度及抽样尺度对栖息地选择的影响;(3)大多数的栖息地选择的论文没有对鸟类的栖息地选择行为进行研究,也缺乏对其选择的适合度背景去进行研究。根据这些问题,对我国未来的鸟类栖息地选择研究提出了建议。     

内蒙古乌海市鸟类区系特征及群落结构

2009年4月至2010年3月对内蒙古乌海市的鸟类区系及群落结构进行了调查研究。共记录到鸟类132种,隶属于17目37科。其中留鸟26种,夏候鸟71种,旅鸟27种,冬候鸟8种。繁殖鸟有97种,其中古北界鸟类有83种,占繁殖鸟类种数的85.6%。研究发现不同季节、不同生境中的鸟类群落特征差异较大。春季的鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数均最高;湿地的鸟类多样性指数最高。本文基于研究结果提出了对乌海市鸟类及其生存环境的保护建议。     

科研与旅游

科研与旅游在一些方面是相似,乃至相通的。科研是在浩瀚知识海洋中的旅游。具体地说,均有准备、过程和总结三个阶段。最精彩的是其过程。科研与旅游的精髓是发现和享受。享受旅游,享受科研,享受生活,享受人生。     

军队医院科研创新存在的问题及对策分析

科学技术是第一生产力,科技的进步是医学不断发展的基础。随着我国医疗卫生体制改革的不断推进,医院科研管理的作 用越来越突出。近年来,军队医院的科研实力和水平面临着巨大的挑战。因此,建立完善的科研机制,实施科研创新战略是推动卫 生事业改革与发展的动力。科研创新是指在立项、论证、研究方法、数据处理等科研活动中所表现出的与前人不同的思维方式和 行为方式。科研活动本身是以现有的现象、认知和习惯为基础的活动,凭借知识和经验预测科研可能达到的科学目的。在不同层 次对人们熟悉的思维方式高度抽象或转换,是科研创新的主要特征。本研究分析现阶段军队医院科研管理存在的问题,探讨科研 创新的必要性,强调医院科研管理应贯彻系统化思想,建立多元化科研模式。     

BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?

There is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally‐sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. It proceeds from the premise that there are good grounds for thinking that, at least some, international research sponsors exploit trial participants because they do not provide the research population with a fair share of the benefits of research. This provides a prima facie argument for increasing the benefits for research participants. Concern over undue inducement is a legitimate moral concern; however, if this concern is to prevent research populations from receiving their fair share of benefits from research there must be sufficient evidence that these benefits will unduly influence patients’ decision‐making regarding trial participation. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants’ motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects’ behaviour and risk assessment. Admittedly, the available research in this field is limited, but the research that has been conducted suggests that financial rewards do not distort research subjects’ behaviour or blind them to the risks involved with research. Therefore, I conclude that research sponsors should prioritise the prevention of exploitation in international research by providing greater benefits to research participants.     

Justifying Community Benefit Requirements in International Research

It is widely agreed that foreign sponsors of research in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are morally required to ensure that their research benefits the broader host community. There is no agreement, however, about how much benefit or what type of benefit research sponsors must provide, nor is there agreement about what group of people is entitled to benefit. To settle these questions, it is necessary to examine why research sponsors have an obligation to benefit the broader host community, not only their subjects. Justifying this claim is not straightforward. There are three justifications for an obligation to benefit host communities that each apply to some research, but not to all. Each requires a different amount of benefit, and each requires benefit to be directed toward a different group. If research involves significant net risk to LMIC subjects, research must provide adequate benefit to people in LMICs to avoid an unjustified appeal to subjects’ altruism. If research places significant burdens on public resources, research must provide fair compensation to the community whose public resources are burdened. If research is for profit, research sponsors must contribute adequately to the upkeep of public goods from which they benefit in order to avoid the wrong of free‐riding, even if their use of these public goods is not burdensome.     

Social sciences for food and health research

Healthier eating is a global challenge for chronic disease control. Food and Health Research in Europe (FAHRE) surveyed research structures and programmes in 32 countries, and reviewed research needs and gaps across nine themes. Food processing and safety research, nutrition and molecular research, and disease-based clinical research are strong; but research is weak on determinants of disease and healthier eating through policies and changing behaviours. Biomedical and commercial research for patents contrast with social research for the public interest. More funding and capacity support should go to social research in the food and health sector.     

Importance of basic research in applied phycology

Utilization of algae has extended considerably from the middle of this century, with the consequence of more and more applied research in various directions and fields, the most important of which deals with phycocolloid production and algal cultivation to provide raw material and foodstuff. It is noteworthy that this research can not avoid the use of knowledge obtained by basic research; applied phycology is especially indebted to basic research in adopting biotechnologies which are typically coming from basic research. In counterpart, such a situation is beneficial to basic research. According to the dependence of applied phycology to basic research and the fact that restricted research programs only are nowadays financially supported, the fate of all research seems to be questionable.     

α-鹅膏毒肽与真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ相互作用研究进展

鹅膏毒肽是我国蘑菇中毒事件中致死率最高的蘑菇毒素。鹅膏毒肽引起机体中毒的主要机制为鹅膏毒肽与真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ (RNAP Ⅱ)特异性结合并抑制mRNA形成。本文系统整理了有关α-鹅膏毒肽与真核生物RNAP Ⅱ相互作用的国内外研究进展。由于同一时代各领域对该主题有不同研究角度,研究进展既有平行也有交叉,因此,本文将鹅膏毒肽与真核生物RNAP Ⅱ相互作用的110多年研究史(1907-至今)分为8个阶段,包括(1) 鹅膏毒肽的早期研究、(2) 化学结构解析、(3) 毒理学研究、(4) 构-效关系研究、(5) 生物化学研究、(6) 分子生物学研究、(7) 结构生物学研究和(8) 药物开发与评价。本文按以上顺序,分主题论述α-鹅膏毒肽与真核生物RNAP Ⅱ相互作用的研究历程和重要研究结果,以期给中毒和临床毒理学等领域带来新的思考。     

What research with stored samples teaches us about research with human subjects

There is widespread discussion concerning the safeguards appropriate for human research subjects. Less discussed is the fact that the safeguards one deems appropriate depend, in large part, on the model of research participation that one assumes. Therefore, to determine what safeguards are appropriate, it is necessary first to clarify the competing models of research participation. The ostensibly obscure debate over informed consent for research on stored biological samples is of particular interest in this regard because such research can involve varying subsets of the three central elements of research involvement. As a result, analysis of this debate provides an opportunity to identify the competing models of research participation. Based on this analysis, this paper describes a new model of research participation that is emerging, and considers its implications for clinical research.     

旅游生态学研究体系

旅游生态学是一门新兴的应用性交叉学科,学科建立的时间短,学科体系发展有待完善.从学科体系研究入手,从学科的概念、研究领域、研究内容和研究方法等方面来探讨如何构建和完善旅游生态学研究体系.提出了旅游生态系统是旅游生态学研究的核心;旅游生态系统的组成、结构、功能和管理等是旅游生态学学科研究的主要支撑,是旅游生态学的重要研究内容;旅游野外研究方法、空间分析方法、旅游生态评价和旅游生态管理等方法为学科的主要研究方法.     

共词分析国内外生物信息学领域研究态势

生物信息学作为自然科学领域中多学科交叉的新兴学科,其发展研究得到了众多学者的关注。为了解生物信息学在国内外的研究态势,以CNKI中文数据库和Web of science外文数据库中生物信息学领域期刊论文为研究对象,利用R语言编程工具,文献计量和共词分析归纳了国内外生物信息学领域的研究现状、热点及趋势。结果表明:国内外生物信息学研究均处于高速发展期,文献量呈逐年增长趋势,研究领域也在不断拓宽;国内外研究热点均聚焦在基因挖掘、蛋白质结构与功能预测、miRNA分析等,但国内偏向于理论研究,而国际更注重其在疾病治疗、药物设计等方面的应用研究。