促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)对人绒毛膜上皮癌细胞系JEG-3侵润性的调节

促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone,GnRH)是生殖过程中起重要调节作用的激素．近年来的研究发现,Ⅰ型GnRH(GnRHⅠ)和Ⅱ型GnRH(GnRHⅡ)在胎盘和胎盘来源的滋养层细胞中发挥生理功能．利用人滋养层细胞模型人绒毛膜上皮癌细胞系(JEG-3)细胞,探讨GnRHⅠ和GnRHⅡ对人滋养层细胞侵润的调节作用．荧光实时定量PCR证实,GnRHⅠ和GnRHⅡ可调节JEG-3细胞中经典GnRH受体(GnRHRⅠ)的表达．RNA干扰实验显示,特异性针对GnRHRⅠ的siRNA可显著阻断GnRHⅠ对JEG-3细胞的促侵润作用,但不能影响GnRHⅡ的促细胞侵润功能,提示GnRHⅡ可能通过经典GnRH受体以外的其他受体介导,以发挥促进滋养层细胞侵润的功能．对信号通路的进一步研究表明,GnRHⅠ和GnRHⅡ通过ERK和JNK激酶级联促进基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)的表达,以调节细胞的侵润．     

MMP-26 在人正常胎盘滋养层细胞中的表达及激活素 A 对其表达的调节

胚胎植入和胎盘形成涉及细胞外基质的降解和重建,以及细胞的增殖、凋亡、迁移和分化,基质金属蛋白酶 (MMPs) 是参与这些事件的主要蛋白水解酶系统 . MMP-26 是近年来发现的 MMPs 家族的新成员,但其功能所知甚少 . 通过半定量 RT-PCR 、免疫组织化学、荧光免疫细胞化学等手段,发现人胎盘中 MMP-26 主要定位于绒毛滋养层细胞,在绒毛间质细胞中也有少量表达 . 妊娠早期,胎盘中 MMP-26 表达水平较高,至妊娠中期降至最低,但在足月胎盘中其表达又有显著提高,提示 MMP-26 可能参与妊娠早期滋养层细胞的侵润和分娩时的胎盘剥离 . 体外培养的妊娠早期人细胞滋养层细胞能产生一定水平的 MMP-26 ,而其表达受到激活素 A 的剂量依赖性刺激,表明滋养层细胞中存在 MMP-26 表达的自分泌 / 旁分泌调节 .     

ADAM19在人胎盘组织中的表达及其对滋养层细胞侵润、黏附的影响

去整合素基质金属蛋白酶19（a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 19,ADAM19）是新近发现的ADAMs（a disintegrin and metalloproteinase）家族新成员,在人胎盘组织中有较高水平的表达,但其在胎盘发生过程中母胎界面的时空表达及功能还鲜有报道.本研究首次就ADAM19在正常胎盘中的时空表达进行了研究,并以人绒毛膜癌细胞系JEG-3细胞为体外研究模型分析了ADAM19对滋养层细胞侵润和黏附的影响及其机理.研究结果显示,从空间上看,ADAM19在多种滋养层细胞中有广泛的分布,包括细胞滋养层细胞（vctb）、合体滋养层细胞（stb）和滋养层细胞柱（ct）,绒毛内毛细血管的内皮细胞等.RT-PCR和Western印迹分析显示在孕早期8,9周龄绒毛中ADAM19的表达量较高,但在26周和足月胎盘中其mRNA和蛋白水平均明显下调.在JEG-3细胞中瞬时转染ADAM19可以降低其侵润能力同时增强细胞间的黏附.研究结果提示,ADAM19可能是胎盘发生过程中非常重要的滋养层细胞功能的调节分子.     

去整合素基质金属蛋白酶19抑制人正常胎盘来源滋养层细胞的侵润能力

去整合素基质金属蛋白酶19(ADAM-19)是新近发现的ADAMs家族成员,在胎盘组织中有较高水平的表达,但其在胎盘发生过程和滋养层细胞侵润中的功能还是未知的.我们以人正常胎盘来源的细胞滋养层细胞(NPC)为体外模型,利用基因转染、RT-PCR、蛋白质印迹、免疫组织化学及细胞侵润分析等手段,证实ADAM-19在人胎盘组织中有特异表达,存在于多种滋养层细胞中;转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)可以显著上调NPC细胞中ADAM-19的表达,呈现剂量依赖性;过表达hADAM-19可使NPC细胞中MMP-9的mRNA和蛋白质表达下调,并降低细胞的侵润能力.研究结果表明,人滋养层细胞中存在ADAM-19表达的旁分泌调节机制,而ADAM-19在调节滋养层细胞侵润中发挥一定作用.这一结果为阐明ADAM-19在胎盘发生中的功能提供了新的科学资料.     

MMP—26及其抑制剂—4在正常人细胞滋养层细胞与绒癌细胞系JEG—3中的表达

基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs)及其组织抑制（TIMPs)的平衡对于维持正常生理过程（如胚胎植入）是至关重要的。MMPs和TIMPs之间平衡机制调节的缺失将会导致肿瘤的转移和发展,近年来,MMP－26和TIMP－4相继被克隆鉴定,但是它们的功能,尤其是在正常胎盘建成和绒癌的功能仍属空白,本应用免疫细胞化学,免疫印迹,酶谱分析,RTPCR和Northen blot等方法检测了二在人早孕细胞滋养层细胞（Cyto)和绒癌细胞系JEG－3中的表达,免疫细胞化学和免疫印迹研究显示,MMP－26在JEG－3中的表达显高于在Cyto中的表达,TIMP－4在JEG－3中的表达显高于在Cyto中的表达（P＜0．05）;酶谱分析表明：Cyto中MMP－26水解明胶的活性明显低于JEG－3中MMP－26和TIMP－4的mRNA表达,并且MMP－26 mRNA在JEG－3中的表达显高于在Cyto中的表达（P＜0．05）,以上结果表明,MMP－26和TIMP－4在与正常妊娠和肿瘤转移浸润等有关组织重建过程中起着一定的作用。     

可溶性endoglin减弱人早孕细胞滋养细胞的浸润功能

本研究旨在探讨可溶性endoglin(soluble endoglin,sEng)对人早孕细胞滋养细胞活力和浸润功能的影响。采用胰蛋白酶-DNase消化法培养人早孕期(孕6～8周)细胞滋养细胞,传代后待细胞长满至70%～80%,分别加入没有添加(对照组)和添加sEng(10μg/L)的细胞培养液培养24h;Transwell技术检测细胞滋养细胞的浸润功能;RT-PCR法检测细胞滋养细胞基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)mRNA的表达;Western blot方法分别检测细胞滋养细胞MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白的表达。结果显示,sEng组细胞滋养细胞浸润能力低于对照组。与对照组比较,sEng组细胞滋养细胞MMP-2和MMP-9 mRNA及蛋白的表达明显下降(P<0.05)。以上结果提示,sEng可能通过调节人早孕细胞滋养细胞中MMP-2、MMP-9的表达而影响细胞的浸润能力,从而参与子痫前期的发生。     

ERK1/2信号通路参与人滋养层细胞中转化生长因子-β1对MMP-9表达的抑制作用(英文)

正常滋养层细胞的侵润受转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的调控。该文研究了人正常细胞滋养层细胞(CTB)中TGF-β1对MMP-2和-9表达的调控。结果表明,TGF-β1抑制CTB细胞中MMP-9mRNA的表达和酶原MMP-9的分泌,但不影响MMP-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达。IL-1β和TGF-β1均能抑制MMP-9 mRNA的表达和酶原MMP-9的分泌,但二者的效应互相拮抗。抑制ERK1/2信号通路导致TGF-β1对MMP-9 mRNA和酶原MMP-9的抑制作用受阻。以上结果表明ERK1/2信号通路参与TGF-β31对人滋养层细胞MMP-9表达的抑制作用。     

基质金属蛋白酶与中枢神经系统感染

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一组合锌的能降解细胞外基质的中性蛋白酶家族.目前认为MMPs尤其是明胶酶(MMP-2,MMP-9)与中枢神经系统感染关系密切.通常它们以酶原的形式存在,一旦活化,则迅速攻击血脑屏障,降解基底膜的一些基质蛋白,破坏内皮细胞的紧密连接蛋白,促进脑水肿的形成和炎细胞的浸润.近年来研究发现,中枢神经系统感染后MMPs表达增加.导致血脑屏障损害及血管源性脑水肿,并参与中枢神经系统免疫反应,促进感染的病理生理过程.     

硒对氧化应激诱导的胎盘滋养层细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

摘要 目的：检测硒（NaSe）对CoCl₂氧化应激诱导人胎盘滋养层细胞(JEG-3) 增殖与凋亡的影响及其可能机制。方法：体外培养JEG-3 细胞,在加入CoCl₂（500 μM）氧化应激诱导前先加入NaSe(100nM) 预处理24小时,MTT 实验检测硒对氧化应激JEG-3的增殖促进作用; 利用细胞流式术（FCM）检测硒对氧化应激JEG-3细胞凋亡的影响;用Western blot检测硒影响氧化应激JEG-3细胞增殖与凋亡的可能分子生物学机制。结果：MTT 提示硒能够增加氧化应激诱导的JEG-3细胞的增殖活性(P＜0.05) ,降低氧化应激JEG-3细胞凋亡率(P＜0.01) ,同时硒蛋白Gpx1表达上调(P＜0.05) ,脂质过氧化物MDA表达下降（P＜0.05）。结论：硒通过上调硒蛋白Gpx1 表达,降低脂质过氧化物MDA表达,进而降低氧化应激JEG-3细胞凋亡率而发挥其促进增殖活性,提示硒的补充对子痫前期的预防和治疗具有重要的意义。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9 与脑出血的关系

基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一族锌离子依赖性内肽酶,具有降解细胞外基质的作用,而后者是构成血管基底膜的主要成分。MMPs参与了伤口愈合、动脉硬化发生、肿瘤细胞扩散等过程。MMP-9是MMPs中的重要成员,与脑血管病关系密切,在脑出血的发生、发展过程中起到了重要的作用。因此,监测MMP-9表达水平的变化可能对脑出血的发生、发展及预后产生重要影响;而降低MMP-9表达水平,则可能成为治疗脑出血的新途径。     

Oxygen-mediated regulation of gelatinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 expression by invasive cells.

The relative expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) is an important determinant in trophoblast invasion of the uterus and tumor invasion and metastasis. Our previous studies have shown that low oxygen levels increase the in vitro invasiveness of trophoblast and tumor cells. The present study examined whether changes in oxygen levels affect TIMP and MMP expression by cultured trophoblast and breast cancer cells. Reverse zymographic analysis demonstrated reduced TIMP-1 protein secretion by HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells as well as MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells cultured in 1% vs 20% oxygen for 24 h. While gelatin zymography revealed no changes in the levels of MMP-9 secreted by HTR-8/SVneo trophoblasts cultured under various oxygen concentrations for 24 h, human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells displayed increased MMP-9 secretion and human MCF-7 breast cancer cells exhibited reduced secretion of this enzyme when cultured under similar conditions. In contrast, MMP-2 levels remained unchanged in all cultures incubated under similar conditions. Western blot analysis of MMP-9 protein in cell extracts confirmed the results of zymography. To assess the contribution of enhanced MMP activity to hypoxia-induced invasion, the effect of an MMP inhibitor (llomastat) on the ability of MDA-MB-231 cells to penetrate reconstituted extracellular matrix (Matrigel) was examined. Results showed that MMP inhibition significantly decreased the hypoxic upregulation of invasion by these cells. These findings indicate that the increased cellular invasiveness observed under reduced oxygen conditions may be due in part to a shift in the balance between MMPs and their inhibitors favoring increased MMP activity.     

Prostasin inhibits cell invasion in human choriocarcinomal JEG-3 cells

Controlled invasion of the uterine wall by the trophoblast cells is pivotal for the successful pregnancy, and various kinds of protease are involved in this process. Serine protease prostasin has been shown to participate in the proteolytic activation of epithelial sodium channel as well as cleavage of epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain in human epithelial cells. Its physiological significance in human placentation has been suggested but not validated. In the present study, we found that prostasin was expressed at a relatively high level in human placenta trophoblasts in early pregnant weeks. In the in vitro cultured human choriocarcinomal JEG-3 cells, treatment with functional antibody against prostasin led to promotion in cell invasion capability, as well as increase in the production of MMP-2, MMP-26, TIMP-1, and TIMP-4. Our data indicated that this serine protease may function as an invasion suppressor in human trophoblast, participating in the invasion-restrictive regulation of trophoblasts to avoid their over-penetration into the uterine wall.     

Inhibition of cytotrophoblastic (JEG-3) cell invasion by interleukin 12 involves an interferon gamma-mediated pathway

Trophoblast invasion, like tumor invasion, shares common biochemical mechanisms. However, in contrast to tumor invasion of a host tissue, trophoblastic invasion during implantation is strictly regulated, temporospatially. Factors responsible for these important regulatory processes are presently unknown; however, studies indicate that cytokines and growth factors represent in the peri-implantation uterine milieu as the possible candidates. In this study we investigated the role of interleukin (IL) 12 in regulating trophoblast invasion and the expression of trophoblast proteases (matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activators) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease (TIMP) 1, TIMP-2, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1) using an in vitro tissue culture system of human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3. Our major findings show an anti-invasive role of IL-12, associated with an inhibitory effect on the proteases but with an opposite up-regulating influence on the protease inhibitor, TIMP-1, whereas TIMP-2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 remained unaltered. Stimulation of JEG-3 cells with IL-12 also induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production, which when neutralized using a monoclonal anti-IFN-gamma antibody, F12, abrogates its ability to down-regulate the MMPs. IL-12 also mediates an IFN-gamma-dependent up-regulation of E-cadherin, thereby implying that alteration in cell-cell adhesion besides regulating the proteases and the inhibitors possibly contributes to the observed anti-invasive role of this cytokine. TIMP-1, although stimulated by IL-12, was found to be unaltered by antibody F12, thereby implying a possibility of an IL-12-dependent-IFN-gamma independent regulation. These findings thereby suggest an important role of IL-12 in modulation of trophoblast proteases and their inhibitors besides regulating cell-cell interactions and invasion during implantation, with far reaching possibilities for understanding the mechanism(s) and regulations of invasion and metastasis.     

Overexpression of Calreticulin in Pre-eclamptic Placentas: Effect on Apoptosis, Cell Invasion and Severity of Pre-eclampsia

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been identified as an important process involved in the pathology of pre-eclampsia (PE). Calreticulin (CRT) is an important ER resident protein which participates in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, cell adhesion, and cell apoptosis. In order to clarify the role of this protein in normal human pregnancy and in PE, this study has examined the expression of CRT in pre-eclamptic placenta compared with control placenta. The expression of CRT mRNA and protein was elevated in the pre-eclamptic placentas in comparison with control placentas. Furthermore, the expression level was related to the severity of symptoms experienced by PE patients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the biological characteristics of the CRT gene in trophoblast cells. A CRT-expressing vector was transfected into the JEG-3 human choriocarcinoma cell line. Investigations showed that both proliferation and invasion were inhibited and apoptosis was promoted by CRT expression in JEG-3 cells. These data suggest that augmentation of CRT in the placenta may induce cell apoptosis and impair the invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells, thus leading to shallow placentation in PE.     

Silencing of Paternally Expressed Gene 10 Inhibits Trophoblast Proliferation and Invasion

Paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10) is an imprinted and monoallelic expressed gene. Previous study using a knockout mouse model revealed a crucial role of PEG10 in placental development, yet the exact function of PEG10 during placentation remains to be elucidated. In this study, denuded chorionic villi were prepared from first trimester human placentas, and transduced with PEG10 small interference RNA (siRNA) or non-targeting control sequence by lentiviral infection. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that silencing of PEG10 in the chorionic villous explants resulted in reduced immune-reactivity to CK7, Ki67 and integrin α5, implying that silencing of PEG10 impaired the proliferation of villous trophoblasts and may interfere with the activity of extravillous trophoblasts. We further investigated the role of PEG10 in the proliferation, migration and invasion of JEG-3 trophoblast cell line and the primary chorionic villous cells. PEG10-silenced JEG-3 cells and primary chorionic villous cells displayed a reduced proliferation rate and impaired invasiveness in vitro. Silencing of PEG10 in trophoblast cells led to upregulated expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) as well as downregulated expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, knockdown of TIMP-1 reversed the suppressed invasiveness of PEG10 siRNA-transduced JEG-3 cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PEG10 plays an important role in trophoblast proliferation and promotes trophoblast invasion through TIMP-1.     

Dynamic change of Adamalysin 19 (ADAM19) in human placentas and its effects on cell invasion and adhesion in human trophoblastic cells

Human ADAM19 is a recently identified member of the ADAM family. It is highly expressed in human placentas, but its dynamic change and function at the human feto-maternal interface during placenta-tion remain to be elucidated. In this present study, the spatial and temporal expression and cellular localization of ADAM19 in normal human placentas were first demonstrated, and the effects of ADAM19 on trophoblast cell adhesion and invasion were further investigated by using a human choriocarcinoma cell line (JEG-3) as an in vitro model. The data demonstrated that ADAM19 was widely distributed in villous cytotrophoblast cells, syncytiotrophoblast cells, column trophoblasts, and villous capillary endothelial cells during early pregnancy. The mRNA and protein level of ADAM19 in placentas was high at gestational weeks 8—9, but diminished significantly at mid- and term pregnancy. In JEG-3 cells, the overexpression of ADAM19 led to diminished cell invasion, as well as increases in cell adhesiveness and the expression of E-cadherin, with no changes in b-catenin expression observed. These data in-dicate that ADAM19 may participate in the coordinated regulation of human trophoblast cell behaviors during the process of placentation.     

hCG对绒癌细胞系MMP-2和MMP-8表达的影响

为了探讨人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG)对绒并且吕细胞侵袭性相关基因表达的影响作用。采用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测方法,观察了不同浓度hCG不同处理时间对JEG-3绒癌细胞系表达基质金属蛋白酶（MMP-2和MMP-8）的影响。结果显示,绒癌细胞系JEG-3表达MMP-2和MMP-8;分别用0、50、500、5000、25000IU/LhCG处理48h后,JEG-3细胞中MMP-2mRNA的含量无明显变化。MMP-8mRNA的表达则被诱导,并随hCG作用浓度增高而增强,进一步研究处理时间对MMP表达的影响。结果发现经25000IU/LhCG处理的JEG-3细胞,MMP-8的表达随处理时间的延长逐渐增强,而MMP-2的表达则在第6h被显著诱导后逐渐降低,以上结果提示,hCG可诱导绒癌细胞系JEG-3中MMP-2和MMP-8两种基质金属蛋白酶的表达,并因此可能对绒癌细胞系的侵袭性具有影响作用。然而hCG对这两者表达的影响规律并不完全一致。     

Tetraspanin CD9 Promotes the Invasive Phenotype of Human Fibrosarcoma Cells via Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9

Tumor cell metastasis, a process which increases the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients, is highly dependent upon matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production. Small molecule inhibitors of MMPs have proven unsuccessful at reducing tumor cell invasion in vivo. Therefore, finding an alternative approach to regulate MMP is an important endeavor. Tetraspanins, a family of cell surface organizers, play a major role in cell signaling events and have been implicated in regulating metastasis in numerous cancer cell lines. We stably expressed tetraspanin CD9 in an invasive and metastatic human fibrosarcoma cell line (CD9-HT1080) to investigate its role in regulating tumor cell invasiveness. CD9-HT1080 cells displayed a highly invasive phenotype as demonstrated by matrigel invasion assays. Statistically significant increases in MMP-9 production and activity were attributed to CD9 expression and were not due to any changes in other key tetraspanin complex members or MMP regulators. Increased invasion of CD9-HT1080 cells was reversed upon silencing of MMP-9 using a MMP-9 specific siRNA. Furthermore, we determined that the second extracellular loop of CD9 was responsible for the upregulation of MMP-9 production and subsequent cell invasion. We demonstrated for the first time that tetraspanin CD9 controls HT1080 cell invasion via upregulation of an integral member of the MMP family, MMP-9. Collectively, our studies provide mounting evidence that altered expression of CD9 may be a novel approach to regulate tumor cell progression.     

HCG-Activated Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) Promote Trophoblast Cell Invasion

Successful embryo implantation and placentation depend on appropriate trophoblast invasion into the maternal endometrial stroma. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is one of the earliest embryo-derived secreted signals in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that abundantly expresses hCG receptors. The aims of this study were to estimate the effect of human embryo–secreted hCG on PBMC function and investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of activated PBMC in trophoblast invasion. Blood samples were collected from women undergoing benign gynecological surgery during the mid-secretory phase. PBMC were isolated and stimulated with or without hCG for 0 or 24 h. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expressions in PBMC were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The JAR cell line served as a model for trophoblast cells and was divided into four groups: control, hCG only, PBMC only, and PBMC with hCG. JAR cell invasive and proliferative abilities were detected by trans-well and CCK8 assays and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, and TIMP-2 expressions in JAR cells were detected by western blotting and real-time PCR analysis. We found that hCG can remarkably promote IL-1β and LIF promotion in PBMC after 24-h culture. PBMC activated by hCG significantly increased the number of invasive JAR cells in an invasion assay without affecting proliferation, and hCG-activated PBMC significantly increased MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF and decreased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expressions in JAR cells in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that hCG stimulates cytokine secretion in human PBMC and could stimulate trophoblast invasion.