地高辛联合左西孟旦治疗扩张型心肌病的疗效及对血清HMGB1、sICAM-1、sST2水平的影响

目的:探讨地高辛联合左西孟旦治疗扩张型心肌病的疗效及对血清高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、溶性细胞间粘附分子-1(s ICAM-1)、可溶性ST2蛋白(s ST2)水平的影响。方法：选择2016年2月至2018年2月我院接诊的90例扩张型心肌病患者作为本研究对象,依照随机数表法分为观察组44例和对照组46例,对照组在常规治疗基础上给予左西孟旦治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合地高辛治疗,两组均连续治疗4周。比较两组的临床疗效、左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、血清氨基末端B型钠尿肽前体(NT-proBNP)、HMGB1、s ICAM-1、s ST2水平的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床疗效总有效率为93.18%(41/44),明显高于对照组(76.09%,P0.05);观察组LVEF明显高于对照组,LVEDD、血清NT-proBNP水平均明显低于对照组[(46.50±5.21)%vs.(41.20±4.12)%,(54.94±2.29)mm vs.(59.30±2.38)mm,(494.31±75.95)ng/L vs.(589.56±89.40)ng/L](P0.05);观察组血清HMGB1、s ICAM-1、s ST2水平均明显低于对照组低[(8.42±1.23)pg/mL vs.(13.76±1.70)pg/mL,(122.93±11.03)μg/L vs.(141.58±13.04)μg/L,(0.08±0.02)ng/mL vs.(0.15±0.03)ng/mL](P0.05)。治疗期间,两组不良反应发生率分别为9.09%和6.52%,组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:地高辛联合左西孟旦治疗扩张型心肌病患者的效果显著优于单用左西孟旦治疗,其可更有效降低患者血清HMGB1、s ICAM-1、s ST2的表达,改善患者心功能,且安全性高。     

布地奈德联合槐杞黄颗粒治疗小儿哮喘的疗效及对血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1水平的影响

目的:研究布地奈德联合槐杞黄颗粒治疗小儿哮喘的临床疗效及对患儿血清白细胞三烯D4(LTD4)、神经生长因子(NGF)、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法:选取2014年3月至2015年3月我院接诊的支气管哮喘患儿90例作为本次研究对象,按照随机数表法分为观察组和对照组。每组45例。两组患儿均在入院后给予支气管解痉剂、吸氧、抗生素、糖皮质激素等常规治疗,对照组患儿在此基础上采用雾化吸入布地奈德混悬液治疗,每次0.5 mg,加入3 mL生理盐水进行持续吸入,每天两次。观察组患儿在对照组的基础上加用槐杞黄颗粒治疗,每天两次。治疗12周后,观察和比较两组患儿的治疗疗效,喘憋、咳嗽、肺部湿罗音、肺部哮鸣音等临床症状消失时间,肺功能用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1),血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1水平及T淋巴亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[93.33%(42/45)vs77.77%(35/45)](P0.05);喘憋消失、咳嗽缓解、肺部湿罗音、肺部哮鸣音消失时间显著短于对照组[(4.32±1.03)d vs(6.08±1.24)d,(5.60±1.12)d vs(7.21±1.30)d,(3.19±0.98)d vs(4.98±1.02)d,(3.25±1.03)d vs(5.89±1.35)d](P0.05);FEV1、FEV1/FVC显著高于对照组[(92.63±10.01)L/s vs(78.36±9.19)L/s,(95.37±11.72)%vs(80.19±10.23)%](P0.05);血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1水平显著低于对照组[(7.24±0.86)ng/ml vs(12.68±1.01)ng/mL,(68.18±9.01)pg/mL vs(80.78±10.24)pg/mL,(34.16±5.06)ng/mL vs(49.76±5.47)ng/mL](P0.05);CD3+、CD4+显著高于对照组[(66.15±7.20)%vs(62.03±6.85)%,(45.13±7.90)%vs(37.42±7.06)%](P0.05),CD8+显著低于对照组[(34.16±5.06)%vs(49.76±5.47)%](P0.05)。结论:布地奈德联合槐杞黄颗粒治疗小儿哮喘的疗效显著,能够增强患儿的免疫功能,改善肺功能,降低血清LTD4、NGF、TIMP-1的水平。     

微创踝关节融合术治疗老年创伤性踝关节炎中的临床效果及对患者氧化损伤与骨代谢的影响

目的:研究微创踝关节融合术治疗老年创伤性踝关节炎中的临床效果及对患者氧化损伤与骨代谢的影响。方法:收集2014年3月至2015年3月我院收治的94例老年创伤性踝关节炎患者,按随机数表法分为实验组和对照组,每组各45例。两组患者在手术前均进行常规检查,对照组采用常规开放式踝关节融合术,实验组采用微创踝关节融合术。对比两组治疗后血清氧化损伤指标肌红蛋白(MYO)、缺血修饰白蛋白(IMA)、总抗氧化能力(TAC)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,骨代谢指标碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、甲状旁腺素(PTH)、骨钙素(BGP)、降钙素(CT)水平,视觉疼痛模拟评分(VAS)、美国矫形外科足踝协会(AOFAS)评分及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,实验组血清MYO、IMA、MDA水平显著低于对照组[(20.48±2.59)ng/mL vs.(27.07±2.97)ng/m L,(65.68±8.20)U/L vs.(74.27±9.01)U/L,(5.01±1.03)nmol/L vs.(9.64±2.17)nmol/L](P0.05),血清TAC水平显著高于对照组[(11.40±2.50)kU/L vs.(7.36±1.03)kU/L](P0.05);血清ALP、BGP、CT水平均显著高于对照组[(103.28±12.47)U/L vs.(90.53±10.02)U/L,(11.08±1.42)ng/L vs.(8.01±1.23)ng/L,(61.39±5.87)ng/L vs.(50.28±4.92)ng/L](P0.05),ACP、PTH水平均显著低于对照组[(5.21±0.60)U/L vs.(8.03±0.92)U/L,(42.95±5.38)ng/L vs.(60.49±6.92)ng/L](P0.05);VAS评分显著低于对照组[(1.06±0.23)分vs.(3.79±0.67)分](P0.05),AOFAS评分显著高于对照组[(73.02±6.28)分vs.(65.58±5.13)分](P0.05);不良反应总发生率显著低于对照组[6.66%(3/45) vs. 20.41%(10/49)](P0.05)。结论:微创踝关节融合术可调节老年创伤性踝关节炎患者的骨代谢,增强骨密度,减少术后不良反应,有利于改善患者预后。     

小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果分析及对血清CCCK-18、CTRP-3水平的影响

目的:探讨小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的效果及对血清gaspase切割的细胞角蛋白18(CCCK-18)、补体C1q肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3(CTRP-3)水平的影响。方法:选取2016年5月至2018年5月我院收治的160例基底节区高血压脑出血患者,按照随机数表法将其分为观察组(n=82)和对照组(n=78)。对照组采用传统大骨瓣开颅术治疗,观察组采用小骨窗显微手术治疗。观察和比较两组的临床疗效,血肿清除率、术中出血量、术后意识恢复时间、住院时间,治疗前后NIHSS、ADL评分、血清CCCK-18、CTRP-3水平的变化及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[95.12%vs. 79.48%](P0.05);血肿清除率、术中出血量、术后意识恢复时间、住院时间均显著优于对照组[(93.62±3.58)%vs.(85.40±2.19)%,(92.47±12.56)mL vs.(189.25±26.47) mL,(2.01±0.58) d vs.(8.69±2.03) d,(13.39±2.08) d vs.(19.45±3.76) d](P0.05);NIHSS评分显著低于对照组[(9.76±1.42)分vs.(20.57±3.26)分](P0.05);ADL评分显著高于对照组[(86.42±8.64)分vs.(75.39±7.02)分](P0.05);血清CCCK-18水平显著低于对照组[(201.76±32.59) U/L vs.(237.57±39.20) U/L,(29.59±5.19) ng/mL vs.(42.97±7.94)ng/mL](P0.05);CTRP-3水平显著高于对照组[(289.59±35.19)ng/mL vs.(232.97±27.94)ng/mL](P0.05);并发症总发生率显著低于对照组[3.65%(3/82) vs. 14.10%(11/78)](P0.05)。结论:小骨窗显微手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血的疗效显著,可更有效清除血肿,缓解血肿压迫,改善神经功能,减少继发性损伤,安全性高,可能与其降低血清CCCK-18水平及升高CTRP-3水平有关。     

腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效及对血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子水平的影响

目的:探讨腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效及对患儿血清γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子水平的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2019年3月我院收治的203例新生儿黄疸患儿,按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=105)和对照组(n=98)。对照组采用白蛋白治疗,观察组采用腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗。观察及对比两组治疗疗效,黄疸消退时间及黄疸指数水平,治疗前后胆红素各项指标、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子、转铁蛋白水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[92.38%(97/105) vs. 80.61%(79/98)](P0.05);黄疸消退时间及黄疸指数水平均显著低于对照组[(4.15±0.82) d vs.(5.31±0.92) d,(56.02±7.36)μmol/L vs.(82.86±9.32)μmol/L](P0.05);间接胆红素、结合胆红素、总胆红素水平均显著低于对照组[(108.75±6.21) d vs.(146.03±7.32) d,(7.49±0.85)μmol/L vs.(9.57±1.02)μmol/L,(117.80±6.52)μmol/L vs.(151.09±8.34)μmol/L](P0.05);γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子均显著低于对照组[(56.01±6.45) U/L vs.(89.56±10.73) U/L,(19.30±2.17) ng/L vs 26.78±3.67) ng/L](P0.05);而转铁蛋白水平均显著高于对照组[(1.96±0.27)g/L vs.(1.60±0.24)g/L](P0.05)。结论:腺苷蛋氨酸联合白蛋白治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效显著优于单用白蛋白治疗,其可有效改善患儿的黄疸临床症状,降低血清胆红素、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、胰岛素样生长因子水平。     

腹腔镜微创技术联合频谱照射治疗小儿阑尾炎的疗效及对血清slCAM-1、PCT水平的影响

目的:研究腹腔镜微创技术联合频谱照射治疗小儿阑尾炎的疗效及对血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子1(Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,slCAM-1)、降钙素(Calcitonin,PCT)水平的影响。方法:选取2016年2月～2018年2月我院收治的87例小儿阑尾炎患者。按照简单随机数表法将其分为观察组(n=42)和对照组(n=45),对照组采用传统手术治疗,观察组采用腹腔镜微创技术联合频谱照射治疗。观察和比较两组治疗后手术指标(手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间),肠功能恢复情况(肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间、首次排便时间),治疗前后血清slCAM-1、PCT水平的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间显著低于对照组[(47.82±8.33)min vs (56.97±10.46)min,(46.97±9.75)mL vs (90.72±13.86)mL,(7.02±2.41)d vs(11.84±3.58)d](P0.05);肠鸣音恢复时间、肛门排气时间、首次排便时间显著低于对照组[(19.38±4.32)h vs (25.82±6.18)h,(16.98±4.59)h vs (36.83±7.29)h,(32.02±5.82)h vs (40.17±7.60)h](P0.05);血清slCAM-1、PCT水平显著低于对照组[(180.27±23.75)ng/L vs (197.06±27.30)ng/L (0.92±0.20)ng/L vs (3.87±1.03)ng/L](P0.05);不良反应总发生率显著低于对照组[7.14%(3/42) vs 22.22%(10/45)](P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜微创技术联合频谱照射治疗小儿阑尾炎疗效显著,可改善微循环,促进肠功能恢复,降低血清slCAM-1、PCT水平,并发症少,有利于术后恢复。     

参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊对肠易激综合征患者的肠黏膜屏障功能及5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平的影响

目的:探讨参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊对肠易激综合征患者的肠黏膜屏障功能及5-羟色胺(5-HT)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)水平的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2018年1月的89例肠易激综合征患者。按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=46)和对照组(n=43),对照组采用复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊治疗,观察组采用参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊治疗。观察两组治疗疗效,肠黏膜屏障功能(DAO、D-乳酸、细菌内毒素),血清5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平,不良反应发生率。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[93.47%vs 72.09%](P0.05);中医症状积分显著低于对照组[(2.81±0.42)分vs(5.79±0.74)分](P0.05);DAO、D-乳酸、细菌内毒素水平均显著低于对照组[(10.02±1.50)U/L vs(11.85±1.98)U/L,(7.18±1.37)mg/L vs (8.56±1.53)mg/L,(0.60±0.08)pg/mL vs (0.75±0.12)pg/mL](P 0.05);血清5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平均显著低于对照组[(351.08±20.93)pg/mL vs(364.12±29.71)pg/mL,(26.95±5.02)pg/mL vs(31.28±6.10)pg/mL,(2.97±0.51)ng/L vs(4.03±0.62)ng/L](P0.05);不良反应总发生率显著低于对照组[6.52%(3/46)vs20.93%(9/43)](P0.05)。结论:参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊治疗肠易激综合征患者的临床疗效显著,可改善临床症状,改善肠黏膜屏障功能,及5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平,减轻炎症反应,安全可靠。     

生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全的临床疗效分析

目的:研究生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全的临床疗效。方法:选取2015年3月至2017年3月我院收治的100例缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全患者,按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=50)和对照组(n=50)。对照组采用曲美他嗪治疗,观察组采用生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗。观察和比较两组的治疗疗效、治疗前后心功能指标(左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左室收缩末径(LVESD)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD))、肾功能指标(血肌酐(Scr),尿素氮(BUN))、心肌损伤标志物(血清胱抑素(Cys C)、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、脑钠肽(BNP))水平的变化。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[92.30%(48/52) vs.70.83%(34/48)](P0.05),LVEDD、LVESD水平均显著低于对照组[(51.21±8.54)mm vs.(56.63±10.83)mm,(42.91±6.30)mm vs.(45.86±7.32)mm](P0.05),LVEF水平均显著高于对照组[(46.02±7.85)%vs.(41.20±8.84)%](P0.05),Scr、BUN水平均显著低于对照组[(164.30±17.95)μmol/L vs.(211.75±19.31)μmol/L;(8.12±0.76)mmol/L vs.(11.74±1.72)mmol/L](P0.05)。血清Cys C、HCY、NT-Pro BNP水平均显著低于对照组[(0.90±0.21)mg/L vs 1.52±0.34)mg/L (12.34±3.89)μmol/L vs.(20.86±5.28)μmol/L,(298.47±78.41)ng/L vs.(402.35±92.76)ng/L](P0.05)。结论:生脉注射液联合曲美他嗪治疗缺血性心肌病合并肾功能不全的的临床疗效显著优于单用曲美他嗪治疗,其可有效改善患者心、肾功能,减轻心肌细胞损伤。     

微创钻孔引流术对高血压脑出血患者近期疗效及颅内感染、血肿再扩大的影响

目的:研究微创钻孔引流术对高血压脑出血患者近期疗效及颅内感染、血肿再扩大的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2019年2月的81例高血压脑出血患者。按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=42)和对照组(n=39),对照组采用常规开颅血肿清除术治疗,观察组采用微创钻孔引流术治疗。观察两组治疗疗效情况,血肿量、髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)、中枢神经特异蛋白S100水平、NIHSS、GCS评分,不良反应情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[92.86%(39/42)vs69.23%(27/39)](P<0.05);血肿量、MBP、S100水平均显著低于对照组[(9.32±2.70)mL vs(15.51±3.01)mL,(3.65±0.52)μg/L vs(4.20±0.71)μg/L,(0.98±0.26)μg/L vs(1.39±0.35)μg/L](P<0.05);NIHSS评分显著低于对照组[(3.90±2.71)分vs(6.34±1.42)分](P<0.05);GCS评分显著高于对照组[(14.84±3.52)分vs(10.69±3.98)分](P<0.05);不良反应总发生率显著低于对照组[9.52%(4/42)vs38.46%(15/39)](P<0.05)。结论:微创钻孔引流术治疗高血压脑出血患者的近期疗效显著,血肿清除彻底,可有效改善脑神经缺损,减少颅内感染,促进预后恢复。     

氯沙坦联合环磷腺苷葡胺对肺心病患者心肺及免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨氯沙坦联合环磷腺苷葡胺对肺心病患者心肺功能和免疫功能的影响。方法:选择2010年9月至2015年9月我院接诊的94例肺心病患者并按随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各47例。对照组给予常规肺心病治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予氯沙坦联合环磷腺苷葡胺进行治疗。比较两组治疗前后CO、LVEF、SV、FEV1及FEV1/FV、Ig G、Ig A、补体C3、血清白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、可溶性白细胞介素2受体(soluble interleukin-2 receptor,s IL-2R)、8-异前列腺素(8-ISO prostaglandin,8-iso-PG)水平的变化以及治疗后的临床疗效。结果:治疗后,观察组CO、LVEF、SV、FEV1及FEV1/FVC水平均显著高于对照组[(5.21±0.27)vs(4.15±0.46),(63.42±6.17)vs(52.37±5.76),(74.68±9.24)vs(64.56±11.73),(1.75±0.27)vs(1.32±0.31),(75.68±10.62)vs(65.49±10.05)](P0.05),血清补体C3高于对照组[(1.34±0.12)g/L vs(1.16±0.10)g/L](P0.05);血清s IL-2R、8-iso-PG水平显著低于对照组[(371.46±161.06)U/ml vs(435.75±152.43)U/ml,(23.58±11.72)ng/L vs(31.08±11.39)ng/L](均P0.05);观察组总有效率高于对照组[(95.74)%vs(78.72)%](P0.05)。结论:氯沙坦联合环磷腺苷葡胺可有效提高肺心病患者心、肺及免疫功能。     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

The parasitic chytrid, Zygorhizidium, facilitates the growth of the cladoceran zooplankter, Daphnia, in cultures of the inedible alga, Asterionella

In food-web studies, parasites are often ignored owing to their insignificant biomass. We provide evidence that parasites may affect trophic transfer in aquatic food webs. Many phytoplankton species are susceptible to parasitic fungi (chytrids). Chytrid infections of diatoms in lakes may reach epidemic proportions during diatom spring blooms, so that numerous free-swimming fungal zoospores (2-3 microm in diameter) are produced. Analysis shows that these zoospores are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and sterols (particularly cholesterol), which indicates that they provide excellent food for zooplankters such as Daphnia. In life-table experiments using the large diatom Asterionella formosa as food, Daphnia growth increased significantly in treatments where a parasite was present. By grazing on the zoospores, Daphnia acquired important supplementary nutrients and were able to grow. When large inedible algae are infected by parasites, nutrients within the algal cells are consumed by these chytrids, some of which, in turn, are grazed by Daphnia. Thus, chytrids transfer energy and nutrients from their hosts to zooplankton. This study suggests that parasitic fungi alter trophic relationships in freshwater ecosystems and may be the important components in shaping the community and the food-web dynamics of lakes.     

Parallelism,parsimony, and the phytogeny of the lemuridae

In spite of the increasing popularity of cladistic methods in studies of primate systematics, few authors have investigated the effects of parallel evolution when such methods are applied to empirical data. To counter the effects of parallelism, cladistic techniques rely on the principle of evolutionary parsimony. When parsimony procedures are used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the Lemuridae, nine highly parsimonious phylogenies can be deduced. Further choice among these competing hypotheses of relationship is determined by the extent to which one embraces the parsimony principle. The phylogeny obtained by the most rigorous adherence to the parsimony principle is one which is wholly consistent with traditional evolutionary classifications of the Lemuridae. Moderate levels of parallelism can lead to the generation of several plausible, alternative phylogenetic hypotheses; less than 25% of the characters analyzed here need have evolved in parallel, yet they are largely responsible for the ambiguity of the nine different lemurid phylogenies. This suggests that phylogeny reconstructions based entirely on cladistic methods do not provide a suitable basis for the construction of classifications for groups such as the order Primates, where the degree of parallelism is likely to be quite high.     

Distribution of the chalcone,isosalipurposide, in the onagraceae

Isosalipurposide was present in 13 species and absent from 27 other species of the Onagraceae.     

Ethology, Natural History, the Life Sciences, and the Problem of Place

Investigators of animal behavior since the eighteenth century have sought to make their work integral to the enterprises of natural history and/or the life sciences. In their efforts to do so, they have frequently based their claims of authority on the advantages offered by the special places where they have conducted their research. The zoo, the laboratory, and the field have been major settings for animal behavior studies. The issue of the relative advantages of these different sites has been a persistent one in the history of animal behavior studies up to and including the work of the ethologists of the twentieth century. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Expression, localization, structural, and functional characterization of pFGE, the paralog of the Calpha-formylglycine-generating enzyme

pFGE is the paralog of the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), which catalyzes the oxidation of a specific cysteine to Calpha-formylglycine, the catalytic residue in the active site of sulfatases. The enzymatic activity of sulfatases depends on this posttranslational modification, and the genetic defect of FGE causes multiple sulfatase deficiency. The structural and functional properties of pFGE were analyzed. The comparison with FGE demonstrates that both share a tissue-specific expression pattern and the localization in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Both are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by a saturable mechanism. Limited proteolytic cleavage at similar sites indicates that both also share a similar three-dimensional structure. pFGE, however, is lacking the formylglycine-generating activity of FGE. Although overexpression of FGE stimulates the generation of catalytically active sulfatases, overexpression of pFGE has an inhibitory effect. In vitro pFGE interacts with sulfatase-derived peptides but not with FGE. The inhibitory effect of pFGE on the generation of active sulfatases may therefore be caused by a competition of pFGE and FGE for newly synthesized sulfatase polypeptides.