东海陆架盆地西南部始新世孢粉

通过对东海陆架盆地西南部台北拗陷始新统之瓯江组、温州组和平湖组的孢子和花粉的研究,本区始新统可分为两个孢粉组合:Taxodiaceaepollenites-Caryapollenites triangulus-Aquilapollenites spinulosus组合(早始新世)和Retitricolpites-Retitricolporites组合,后者又分为两个亚组合,分别代表中始新世和中始新世晚期或/至晚始新世早期的孢粉植物群。孢粉组合反映早始新世的植物群主要由杉科、胡桃科和完斗科组成,指示暧湿的、近现今的中南亚热带气候;中晚始新世孢粉植物群具有明显的现代性,并有较多南亚热带成份加入,指示更趋暖热的气候环境,其后半期有较多指示干旱气候的分子出现,表明曾一度受到干旱气候的影响。     

西藏日喀则恰布林剖面大竹卡组孢粉组合及其时代和古环境、古地理意义

西藏日喀则沿雅鲁藏布江分布的大竹卡组为一套杂色的砂砾岩沉积.与新生代印度-劳亚板块的碰撞和青藏高原的隆升具有密切的联系.迄今为止,其中尚未有可靠的化石发现用于指示时代.当前研究根据从大竹卡组中的一些粉、细砂岩中获得的较丰富的孢粉化石,首次探讨其沉积时期的古植物区系和陆地生态环境特征.孢粉组合以榆科和胡桃科具孔类和壳斗科三(拟孔)沟类被子植物花粉占优势,也见有较多的蕨类植物孢子和裸子植物两气囊花粉,其时代可能是渐新世-早中新世.孢粉组合反映大竹卡组沉积期间恰布林一带的气候比较温暖、湿润,揭示印度、劳亚大陆碰撞早期的热带-南亚热带低山丘陵环境.植物区系横向对比表明,恰布林自始新世末以来向北位移了大约500km.     

东海陆架西南部台北坳陷古近纪孢粉植物群的时空分布

详细叙述东海陆架西南部台北坳陷古近纪不同凹陷区各时期孢粉植物群展布情况。区内古近纪孢粉植物群可分为早古新世、晚古新世、早始新世和中始新世4个发育阶段,早古新世孢粉植物群仅见于坳陷西南的局部地区,称Abietineaepollenities/Cedripites-Parcisporites-Momipites leffingwellii组合,晚古新世孢粉植物群分4种类型,椒江凹陷称Taxodiaceaepollenites-Engelhardtioidites-Momipites leffingwellii组合,丽水-福州凹陷称Taxodiacenepollenites-Myricaceoipollenites-Momipites leffingwellii组合,闽江凹陷南部称Taxodiaceaepollenites-Momipites leffingwellii组合,闽江册陷北部称Lygodiumsporites-Cicatricosisporites dorogensis-Tiliaepollenites-Bombacacidites组合。早始新世孢粉植物群具南北差异,北部以海金沙科和椴科孢粉植物发育为特征,南部以海金沙科、椴科和杨海科孢粉植物群发育为特征,以上均指示为湿热的亚热带气候。中始新世本区孢粉植物群比较一致,称Cicatricosisporties dorogensis-Ephedripites(D)-Nitrariadites组合,指示为受到干旱气候影响的亚热带气候。区内缺失渐新统,故无渐新世孢粉记录。     

南海北部琼东南盆地渐新世-上新世沟鞭藻指示的沉积环境北大核心CSCD

通过对南海北部琼东南盆地渐新世—上新世3个钻井剖面412个沟鞭藻样品的系统分析,发现了较丰富的沟鞭藻化石。根据沟鞭藻化石丰度、分异度变化以及特征性的环境指示种,对琼东南盆地渐新世至上新世的沉积环境进行了详细研究。认为研究区从早渐新世早期海水开始入侵,至早渐新世晚期海侵范围进一步扩大,一直持续到晚渐新世;早中新世沟鞭藻化石数量和种类明显出现低谷,发生了一次较为明显的海退;中中新世至晚中新世,沟鞭藻化石较丰富,丰度和分异度增加,海水明显比早中新世沉积时期加深;早上新世早期,指示海侵的化石属种较丰富,反映了温暖浅海的沉积环境;早上新世晚期,指示一种开阔的海洋环境,水体较深;晚上新世早期,沟鞭藻化石属种面貌反映了热带浅海环境,但水体可能比早上新世晚期沉积时要浅;晚上新世晚期,指示海侵的沟鞭藻化石属种达到最繁盛时期,海侵范围进一步扩大。     

南海北部琼东南盆地渐新世—上新世沟鞭藻指示的沉积环境

通过对南海北部琼东南盆地渐新世—上新世3个钻井剖面412个沟鞭藻样品的系统分析,发现了较丰富的沟鞭藻化石。根据沟鞭藻化石丰度、分异度变化以及特征性的环境指示种,对琼东南盆地渐新世至上新世的沉积环境进行了详细研究。认为研究区从早渐新世早期海水开始入侵,至早渐新世晚期海侵范围进一步扩大,一直持续到晚渐新世;早中新世沟鞭藻化石数量和种类明显出现低谷,发生了一次较为明显的海退;中中新世至晚中新世,沟鞭藻化石较丰富,丰度和分异度增加,海水明显比早中新世沉积时期加深;早上新世早期,指示海侵的化石属种较丰富,反映了温暖浅海的沉积环境;早上新世晚期,指示一种开阔的海洋环境,水体较深;晚上新世早期,沟鞭藻化石属种面貌反映了热带浅海环境,但水体可能比早上新世晚期沉积时要浅;晚上新世晚期,指示海侵的沟鞭藻化石属种达到最繁盛时期,海侵范围进一步扩大。     

甘肃兰州盆地第三系咸水河组的双壳类

描述了兰州盆地第三系咸水河组中首次发现的５种双壳类化石;它们均属于古异齿目珠蚌科,是现代东方区的特征属种。根据相应层位中发现的哺乳动物化石推断,咸水河组中的生存的时代为早浙新世晚期;与欧洲的哺乳动物带ＭＮ２－３相当。     

黑龙江林甸县白垩纪的植物化石和孢粉组合

黑龙江省林甸县泉头组所产植物化石,有古老的蕨类 Cladophlebis 和 Onychiopsis,其余是被子植物 Protophyllum undulatum sp.nov、Viburniphyllum serrulatum sp.nov.和 Plantno-phyllum sp.等。岩石中保存的孢粉有20种,19个属,绝大多数为蕨类孢子,类型多,数量大,其次是裸子植物,被子植物极少。植物化石孢粉组合特征,是以蕨类植物占绝对优势,裸子植物次之,被子植物极少。植物化石的种类多曾出现于早白垩世晚期,有原始叶属和形小而叶脉不规则的古老类型。多数孢粉化石曾出现于早白垩世,其中以早白垩世晚期的类型为数较多。这种组合,可以和美国东部的 Potomac 组的 Patapsco 层相比较,亦可与西伯利亚 Kolyma 盆地的早白垩世植物群对比。化石层的地质时代属早白垩世的 Aptian-Albian。当时气候暖热而潮湿。     

中国早第三纪孢粉植物群纲要

简要地叙述中国大陆及陆架区早第三纪孢粉植物群的纵向演变和横向分异，将纵向演变归纳为６个主要的孢粉植物群发展时期。即：１）早古新世榆科花粉发育期；２）晚古新世正型粉扩展期；３）早始新世榆科－桦科－胡桃科花粉繁盛期；４）中始新世壳外科花粉发育期；５）晚始新世蒺藜科花粉扩展期；６）渐新世松科花粉发育期。据横向地区差异，将中国大陆及陆架区划分为７个早第三纪孢粉植物地理区，为：１）东北暖温带至亚热带湿生孢粉植物区，２）华北暖温带至亚热带中生孢粉植物区，３）西北暖温带至亚热带旱生孢粉植物区，４）中南亚热带中生孢粉植物区，５）东海南部陆架亚热带湿生孢粉植物区，６）南方亚热带、热带中生至湿生孢粉植物区，７）西藏亚热带中生孢粉植物区。对以上各期的孢粉植物区的主要特征和各地理区范围，代表性的孢粉和特征分别进行叙述，并以此对中国早第三纪的主要含孢粉地层列表进行了对比。     

德国Palatinat北部爱森贝格盆地早第三纪孢粉组合时代的确定

艾森贝格盆地（Eisenberg Basin)位于梅因茨盆地（Mainz Basin)西南部,为莱茵地堑的一部分,因为化石稀少,这里的地层和梅因茨盆地典型的第三纪地层很难对比,因此,它们的地质时代长期处于争论中。对于Lautersheim 1钻孔及Lautersheim附近地层露头的孢粉地层学研究表明,这一地区的第三纪可以三分,Lautersheim 1钻孔的下部属于中始新统,相当于Krutzsch的SPP 15／16带,该钻吉中部的一部分可置入早渐新世,相当于SPP19带;这部分可以再分为上下两部分;下部含大量始新世微体植物化石,而上部此类化石很少,上部属于下渐新统,与含孢粉的Sandpit “Friedlich”可以对比。Lautersheim 1钻孔最上部属于晚渐新世（早Chattian),与“过滤层”顶部及“淡水层”底部可以对比,其所含的孢粉和Marxheim组合可以比较,相当于SPP 20F／G带。     

东海陆架西南部台北坳陷新近纪孢粉植物群演替

对东海陆架西南部台北坳陷13口钻井孢粉分析表明,本地区新近纪植物群经历了3个发展阶段,即：1)早中新世早期松科花粉优势期;2)早、中中新世阿丁枫科花粉繁盛期;3)晚中新世至早上新世草本被子植物发展期。各时期孢粉植物群在横向上几乎没有大的区别,表明新近纪整个坳陷内构造与沉积环境及其变迁具有很好的一致性。植物群演替反映古气候从早中新世早期的湿润温凉到早、中中新世的暖湿,最后(晚中新世至早上新世)又趋温凉的变化历程。     

Early Tertiary fossil plants and paleoclimate of Lanzhou Basin

Fossil plants from the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation in the Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province were studied. The flora contains 29 species, representing 20 genera and 12 families, which include Lauraceae ( Daphnogene ), Lardizabalaceae ( Akebia ), Berberidaceae ( Berberis ), Ulmaceae ( Planera, Ulmus, Zelkova ), Betulaceae ( Alnus, Carpinus ), Myricaceae( Myrica ), Salicaceae ( Populus, Salix), Myrsinaceae(Ardisia), Rosaceae ( Prunus, Sorbus, Sorbaria, Spiraea ), Leguminosae ( Gleditsia, Sophora), Anacardiaceae (Rhus), Caprifoliaceae(Viburnum). An analysis of the floristic elements and their foliar physiognomy shows that most members of the flora are deciduous broad-leaved trees or shrubs with a few evergreen shrubs. The most noteworthy species is Rhus turcomanica which was present in the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan). Generally, Rhus turcomanica occurred at the same beds as Palibinia, an extinct fossil plant whose presence indicates a subtropical dry climate. Another species, Sorbaria callicomifolia Kornilova was present from the Early Oligocene to Early Miocene of Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan). According to an analysis of spores and pollen, this flora contains over 20 species. It is predominated by the angiosperm pollen. There appeared Ephedripites and Nitrariadites which were important elements in the dry area. Ephedripites was found from the Upper Cretaceous to Early Tertiary. Nitrariadites occurred in the Late Miocene, whereas Rhus turcomanica and Sorbaria callicomifolia were both reported in the subtropical dry area from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene. The latest record of Rhus turcomanica is from the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene of Central Asia. The presence of this element in the lower part of Xianshuihe Formation may indicate that itsage is the latest stage of the Early Oligocene.     

History of the development of the temperate forest flora in Kazakhstan,U.S.S.R. from the Oligocene to the Early Miocene

Exact dating of the floras existing in western Kazakhstan during the Oligocene and Early Miocene permits a detailed examination of the formation of a temperate flora during the Rupelian (Early Oligocene), Chattian (Late Oligocene), Aquitanian (the beginning of Early Miocene) and the Burdigalian (end of Early Miocene) Ages and at the same time an establishment of the sequence in the origin and the disappearance of a flora of Turgayan type (the “Turgayan flora” of Kryshtofovich) in Kazakhstan. The most important aspects (composition and terminology) of a previous subtropical flora of a Drevlyanian (possibly Volynian) ecological type (the “Poltavian” flora of Kryshtofovich), which had developed in Kazakhstan and the Ukraine during the Eocene, are also discussed. The text is intended for botanists of various special interests, e.g., paleobotanists, phytogeographers and floristicians, as well as for geologists, especially stratigraphers and paleogeographers. The bibliography comprises more than 200 references and there are seven tables.     

Biogeography of cedrela (meliaceae, sapindales) in central and South america

Dated phylogenies have helped clarify the complex history of many plant families that today are restricted to the world's tropical forests, but that have Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene fossils from the northern hemisphere. One such family is the Meliaceae. Here we infer the history of the neotropical Meliaceae genus Cedrela (17 species), the sister clade of which today is restricted to tropical Asia. Sequences from the nuclear ribosomal spacer region and five plastid loci obtained for all ingroup species and relevant outgroups were used to infer species relationships and for molecular-clock dating under two Bayesian relaxed clock models. The clock models differed in their handling of rate autocorrelation and sets of fossil constraints. Results suggest that (1) crown group diversification in Cedrela started in the Oligocene/Early Miocene and intensified in the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene, and (2) Central American Cedrela species do not form a clade, implying reentry into Central America after the closure of the Panamanian Isthmus. At present, Cedrela is distributed in both dry and humid habitats, but morphological features suggest an origin in dry forest under seasonal climates, fitting with Miocene and Pliocene Cedrela fossils from deciduous forests.     

临夏盆地早中新世上庄组的巨獠犀门齿化石(英文)

记述了在临夏盆地早中新世地层中发现的兰州巨獠犀(Aprotodon lanzhouensis)的下门齿化石,其特点为非常粗壮并强烈弯曲。新材料的发现使巨獠犀在临夏盆地的延续时代跨越渐新世/中新世界线的推测得到完全证实。巨獠犀分布的地质时代和地理范围与巨犀重合,但巨獠犀的化石地点和个体数量都相当稀少。巨獠犀的下颌形态功能特点指示其生活于晚始新世至早中新世中国西北、南亚和中亚干旱环境地带中镶嵌分布的少量近水环境。巨獠犀在中中新世之前彻底绝灭,其原因可能是气候变化的结果,也说明临夏盆地早中新世的环境特征与晚渐新世的疏林系统相似,而不同于中中新世的茂密森林。     

DISCOVERY OF TWO MID-TERTIARY MAMMALIAN FAUNAS FROM HAIYUAN, NINGXIA, CHINA

Inl988-199otheRegionalGeologicalSurveyTeamoftheGeologicalBureauofNingxia(RGSN)foundsomefossilmammalsinthelowerpartoftheHo11g1iugouFormationandtheupperpartoftheOligocene.Inl992ajointteamoflnstituteofVertebratePaleontologyandPaleoanthropo1ogy,AcademiaSinica(IVPP),andtheRGSNwenttoHaiyuailCountyandcollectedmorefossilmamma1sfromtheYuanjia-wowoareausi11gascreen-washingmethodThemammalfaunafromthelowerpartoftheHongliugouFormationiscomposedofAprotodonsp.,Indricotheriidaeindet.,Rhinoceroti…     

Major vegetation trends in the Tertiary of Patagonia (Argentina): A qualitative paleoclimatic approach based on palynological evidence

The patterns of Patagonian vegetation change suggest a strong relationship between the major thermal characters of the flora and the global paleoclimatic trends during Tertiary times. This conclusion was reached from the assessment of fossil pollen data from Patagonia throughout the Paleogene and Early Neogene periods and the subsequent comparison of palynological data to the global deep-sea oxygen isotope record. Four main time intervals were recognized based on the temporal distribution of selected angiosperm key taxa. (1) Paleocene to Early Eocene: presence of megatherm elements (e.g. Nypa, Pandanus), probably integrating mangrove communities in Patagonian lowlands. (2) Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene: rise to dominance of mesotherm and microtherm Nothofagus species. Megatherm taxa were well recorded at the beginning of this interval (e.g. Ilex) but were shown to disappear towards the end. (3) Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene: new increases of megatherm taxa such as palms, Cupania and Alchornea. First occurrences of mesotherm Asteraceae, represented by trailing Mutisieae, were reported. (4) Late Miocene: dispersal of meso-microtherm and arid adapted taxa (e.g. Ephedraceae and Asteraceae) across the non-Andean region of Patagonia. Microtherm Nothofagacean forests probably occurred on the higher rainfall regions of western Patagonia. The current vegetation was most likely reached during this last stage with the forest development under wetter conditions on the Andean sectors, and the steppe throughout the non-Andean region of Patagonia.     

Palaeogene palaeobiogeography of the Indian subcontinent

Certain palaeoecological criteria in the reconstruction of the Palaeogene palaeobiogeography of the Indian subcontinent are discussed. The Early Palaeogene is characterised by marine oscillations, a prolific invertebrate fauna, extensive coal facies development and outpouring of basaltic lava flows, the last being a feature connected with the movement of the Indian Plate and coinciding with a Himalayan orogenic impulse. The Middle Eocene transgression marks the transition of marine sedimentation to fluvial conditions in northern India with the presence of a fairly diverse mammalian fauna in northwestern Pakistan and northern India. During the Late Oligocene, mammals clearly ancestral to the much more prolific Siwalik fauna were present in western Pakistan, northeastern India and southcentral Burma.The flora consists of mainly tropical to subtropical families with the addition of some temperate elements in Assam in the latter half of the Eocene and Oligocene. Invertebrates indicate a close affinity between the western and eastern sectors and suggest that the sea was continuous in the north at least up to the Palaeocene. With the emergence of land in the northeastern part of the subcontinent, the fauna of Assam acquired distinct Indo-Pacific elements similar to those of Burma and the Indonesian Arc. Later, the sea was divided into two gulfs which gradually shrank towards the end of the Palaeogene and disappeared by the Middle Miocene.     

New fossil leaves and fruits of Lauraceae from the Middle Miocene of Fujian,southeastern China differentiated using a cluster analysis

The fossil record of Lauraceae can be traced back to the Early Cretaceous of eastern Asia based on fossil flowers. Here, we refer a number of new occurrences of leaf and fruit fossils of Lauraceae from the Middle Miocene of Zhangpu, Fujian, China, to seven species. These data provide evidence supporting the fact that a diverse subtropical, or tropical, Lauraceae-dominated evergreen forest surrounded this region 15 million years ago (Mya). The Lauraceae fossils presented in this paper provide evidence for the evolution of this group as well as new materials that enable the study of the Fujian Province Neogene flora. The fossils described in this paper fill in the gaps in studies about Lauraceae pollen in the Middle Miocene from Fotan, Fujian, China. In addition, these fossils also enrich the Middle Miocene fossil records of Lauraceae in eastern Asia, especially improving the study of the macrostructures and reproductive organs of fossil Lauraceae from southern China. The similarity between fossil and modern fruits shows that during the Middle Miocene the fruit morphological of Lauraceae have changed very little. We also identify families where the fossils we report belong to their closest relatives and can be used to reconstruct the paleoenvironment of Fujian in the Middle Miocene.     

Climatic niche evolution in Smilacaceae (Liliales) drives patterns of species diversification and richness between the Old and New World

Geographical variation in species richness in plant groups is determined by the interplay between historical, evolutionary, and ecological processes. However, the processes underlying the striking disparity in species richness between Asia and the Americas remain poorly understood. Here, we synthesize global phylogenetic and macroecological data on the diversification of Smilacaceae, deciphering potential drivers underlying the species diversity pattern biased toward Asia. We compiled global distributions of all Smilacaceae species, and reconstructed the biogeographic history and niche evolution using a new time-calibrated phylogeny (eight genes, 135 species). Integrating these data sets, we estimated evolutionary histories and diversification rates for each region, and tested correlations among species diversification, niche evolution, and niche divergence. Smilacaceae probably originated during the Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene and began to diversify in middle to low latitudes in Central America and Eurasia during the Late Eocene. Both the Old and New World clades exhibited a steady, albeit slight, increase of species diversification from the Late Eocene to Early Miocene. However, the Old World clade experienced an abrupt increase in net diversification during the Late Miocene. Our findings also revealed that species diversification rates were positively correlated with ecological niche evolution and niche divergence. Niche shifts and climatic niche evolution since the Middle Miocene played crucial roles in species diversification dynamics within Smilacaceae. The high plant richness in Asia may be explained by greater diversification in this region, potentially promoted by heterogeneous environments.     

Evolution of bird communities in the Neogene of Central Asia,with a review of the Neogene fossil record of Asian birds

A complete taxonomic review of Neogene birds of continental Asia is provided. To date, avifauna from the latter half of the Miocene and Pliocene of Central Asia (Mongolia and adjacent regions of Inner Asia) are most thoroughly investigated. Available data enable a reconstruction of successive replacement of Early and Middle Miocene avifaunas by communities of the Recent type. Middle Miocene avifaunas of Mongolia include a great number of extinct genera and species, many of which were widespread in Eurasia. Extant genera became dominant in the Late Miocene and taxa close to living species appear in the Late Pliocene fossil record. Late Pliocene communities of birds of Central Asia were complex in genesis, composed of Miocene relicts (Struthio), immigrants from the European regions of the Palearctic (phasianid Plioperdix), North American immigrants (Calcarius), and also autochthonous elements, the origin of which is apparently connected with the arid belt of Central Asia (diverse passerines).