管氏肿腿蜂对黄粉甲的寄生行为

在人工扩繁条件下观察管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani对中间寄主黄粉甲Tenebrio molitor的寄生行为,其过程可分为：搜寻-识别-螯刺-清理和取食-产卵-护幼。雌蜂在寄生黄粉甲蛹时上蜂速度和螯刺率变异大,上蜂前时间为1.4～7.0天, 螯刺率为8.7%～91.7%,影响两者的因素包括： 雌蜂的交配状况、寄主状况及繁育温度等。蜂毒螯入寄主后可使其组织不腐烂而适于被寄生,被螯刺后的蛹可表现为 “保鲜”状态,平均“保鲜”时间为12.6天。蜂在蛹体的平均产卵量为30粒,最多为91粒。蜂卵在蛹体上分布合理,有利于幼虫有效利用寄主营养并避免拥挤和取食竞争。母蜂对幼虫期的发育具保护行为,包括护卵和保护幼虫正常发育并能搬运老熟幼虫集中结茧化蛹。     

我国水稻螟虫主要寄生蜂的识别(三)——黑卵蜂

一、种类、寄主、寄生虫期和国内分布 在我国,寄生于水稻螟虫的黑卵蜂,据最近重新整理,共发现4种,其中寄生于三化螟的3种,寄生于二化螟的1种,寄生于大螟的1种。这些黑卵蜂均在寄主卵内寄生。各蜂的名称、学名、寄主以及在国内稻螟上已发现的分布地区列于下表。     

繁育寄主对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生行为及寄生能力的影响

【目的】繁育寄主影响赤眼蜂的生物学特性,为明确米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton)卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂 Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead是否和二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)卵繁育稻螟赤眼蜂在防治二化螟上有差别,及田间用米蛾卵作为稻螟赤眼蜂续代寄主的可行性,本实验观察了羽化自不同寄主的稻螟赤眼蜂的寄主选择和寄生行为,研究了两种繁育寄主对稻螟赤眼蜂寄生能力的影响,为田间防治水稻螟虫提供参考信息。【方法】室内利用选择试验观察了由米蛾卵和二化螟卵繁育出的稻螟赤眼蜂对两种寄主的选择趋性及在两种寄主上的寄生行为和寄生能力,统计了羽化子代蜂的寿命。【结果】由二化螟卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂表现出了对二化螟卵的选择偏好,而米蛾卵繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵和二化螟卵间没有表现出寄主选择偏好。寄主搜寻时间不受繁育寄主及供试寄主的影响,卵表探测时间和穿刺及产卵时间不受繁育寄主的影响,但同一寄主繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的卵表探测时间显著长于在二化螟卵上的卵表检测时间。除二化螟卵繁育蜂寄生二化螟卵时的寄生率（36.95%）和羽化率（45.68%）较低外,米蛾卵繁育蜂寄生米蛾卵或二化螟卵以及二化螟卵繁育蜂寄生米蛾卵等3组处理间的寄生率、羽化率均无显著差异,各处理组间子代蜂寿命也无显著差异。【结论】繁育寄主影响稻螟赤眼蜂的寄主选择和寄生能力,但不影响寄生蜂搜寻寄主的能力和寄生行为。     

中红侧沟茧蜂寄生粘虫的生物学特性(英文)

报道了中红侧沟茧蜂寄生粘虫时的某些生物学特性。雌蜂的每次产卵动作约有３．１％的比率产出两粒卵,４．６％的比率没有卵产出。寄主龄期与寄生率呈负相关关系,雌蜂在寄主体内产两粒卵能提高寄生率。寄主龄期同后代寄生蜂的性比没有相关性,不是影响性比的主要因素。文中讨论了影响中红侧沟茧蜂性比的可能因素,并认为二龄粘虫是大规模繁殖该寄生蜂的最好寄主。     

两种松毛虫黑卵蜂的初步研究

1.本文主要研究松毛虫卵的两种黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimusi Chu及Teleno-mus sp.,Scelionidae,Hymenoptera)的生物学特性;及1954—55年江苏南京和浙江常山等地林间的寄生情况,同时对松毛虫卵及黑卵蜂的冷藏也进行了试验。 2.两种黑卵蜂中,松毛虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus dendrolimusi Chu)与毒蛾黑卵蜂(Telenomus sp.)不但在形态上有所不同。而且在生活习性及各期虫态对低温的反应上亦各异,证明它们确系不同的两种。毒蛾黑卵蜂在我国系首次记载寄生于松毛虫卵中,现知在江苏南京、江宁,浙江常山及广东广州均有分布,在南京的黑卵蜂中占80％以上。 3.毒蛾黑卵蜂以幼虫态在寄主卵内越冬,利于冬季生存。越冬代成虫羽化时间接近松毛虫第1代卵出现期。且有松毒蛾(Lymantria sp.,Lymantriidae,Lepidoptera)作为补充寄主。这些特性均较松毛虫黑卵蜂为优。 4.室内外饲育结果,知松毛虫黑卵蜂在南京年可发生10—12代,毒蛾黑卵蜂年有8—9代,性比雌蜂占80％左右,毒蛾黑卵蜂破坏寄主卵粒平均为30粒左右比松毛虫黑卵蜂平均15粒左右为高。产卵期较集中,且在室内容易繁殖。 5.从发育1天的松毛虫卵冷藏于4℃冰箱中1个月不影响毒蛾黑卵蜂的寄生发育。毒蛾黑卵蜂在4℃冰箱中冷藏,以老熟幼虫为最好,冷藏1个月后,对其产生后代数无影     

环境因子对阿尔蚜茧蜂(Aphidius ervi Haliday)生殖的影响

1978—79年在云南昆明、嵩明等地先后采到豌蚜的一种优势寄生天敌—阿尔蚜茧蜂。本文着重研究了几种主要环境因子对其生殖的影响。 食物是决定阿尔蚜茧蜂寿命的基本环境因子之一。饲以20％蔗糖液的雌蜂寿命最长可达20—21天。刚羽化的雌蜂其卵巢内即出现成熟卵,平均每只雌蜂有成熟卵74.9粒,最多达141.8粒。光照对雌蜂产卵有明显影响,在白昼自然光照下,每雌蜂30分钟内可产卵24.00粒;而在黑暗条件下,仅1.80粒,甚至不产卵。在10℃,20℃和湿度70—80％下,雌蜂对各龄寄主都可产卵,其效率以低龄寄主为高。产卵适宜温度为20℃左右。寄主密度对雌蜂生殖亦有一定影响。低寄主密度(1:20)、(1:40)时,其产卵数少于高寄主密度(1:60)、(1:80)。同时过寄生寄主比率亦高。此外该蜂对0℃以下被冻死的寄主副豌蚜不产卵,也对其他两个蚜种甘兰蚜和云南修尾蚜均不产卵。     

寄主卵龄和接触时间对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生能力的影响

在温度(26±1)℃、RH70%±5%、光暗比L:D=12:12的条件下,研究了在接触时间为6、12、24、36h情况下,夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus Nixon对卵龄为0、6、12、24、36h的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)第1天和第2天所产卵的寄生率、子代羽化率和性比。结果表明,夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生第1天卵龄为6h的寄主卵24h后,寄生率、子代羽化率和性比显著高于其他条件,分别为56.97%、89.11%和87.63%;寄生第2天相同条件的卵,寄生率、子代羽化率和性比也显著高于其他条件,分别为54.47%、95.37%和88.72%;寄生第1天和第2天的卵,其寄生率和子代性比差异不显著,但寄生第2天卵的子代羽化率显著高于寄生第1天卵的子代羽化率。因此,在室内以甜菜夜蛾为寄主繁育夜蛾黑卵蜂,最好以甜菜夜蛾第2天卵龄为6h的卵为寄主,接触时间以24h最适。该结果对夜蛾黑卵蜂应用于田间防治甜菜夜蛾具有指导意义。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂产卵行为观察

观察了松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生米蛾的产卵及辨别寄主的行为。文中对产卵行为过程作了较详细的描述。观察表明,该蜂有“学会”辨别寄主的过程,对自身及个体间已寄生卵有很强的辨别力,且与寄主隔离并不影响其辨别力。     

螟蛉盘绒茧蜂的过寄生行为及其对子代生长发育的影响

【目的】过寄生现象普遍存在于寄生蜂寄生过程中。本研究旨在探究螟蛉盘绒茧蜂Cotesia ruficrus的过寄生对子代发育的影响及影响过寄生行为的主要因素。【方法】室内研究了螟蛉盘绒茧蜂在其寄主稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis3龄幼虫上过寄生行为的发生,不同产卵次数对寄主存活及子代蜂生长发育的影响,研究了不同接蜂时间和不同接蜂密度对过寄生发生的影响。【结果】螟蛉盘绒茧蜂存在过寄生行为,无论雌蜂有无产卵寄生经历,均能在被自身寄生过和同种不同个体寄生过的寄主内产卵。寄生蜂茧量随着被产卵次数的增加而增加,被产卵3~5次的寄主体内死亡的寄生蜂幼虫数随着增大。寄主在育出蜂前的死亡率随着被产卵寄生次数的增加而增加,被产卵5次时,寄主育出蜂前死亡率达50%。过寄生使螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代蜂卵-蛹的历期延长,羽化率和雌雄性比下降,雌蜂体型随寄生次数的增加显著变小。过寄生率随着接蜂密度及接蜂时间的增加而增加。【结论】在寄主上产卵2次对螟蛉盘绒茧蜂子代发育是最适合的,产卵3次及以上为过寄生。过寄生使蜂子代发育适合度降低,不利于子代生长发育。在室内大量繁殖螟蛉盘绒茧蜂时,应减少接蜂密度和接蜂时间,从而减少过寄生的发生。     

稻瘿蚊的天敌黄柄黑蜂个体发育及其生物学

黄柄黑蜂是稻瘿蚊的群居内寄生天敌,常产卵二、三堆在寄主卵或初孵幼虫体内,每堆卵10多粒,每粒卵发育为一个体,是属单胚繁殖。卵梭状,长15微米,宽6微米。卵母细胞两次成熟。在日平均温度29.5℃下,卵核第一次分裂形成纺锤体大约在产卵后10—12小时,第二次分裂形成纺锤体约在产卵后24小时。在产卵后48小时,两个极体在卵的前端合并为极核,雌性原核和雄性原核在卵的后端合并为分裂核。产卵后2.5天,卵粒长大,此时称为寄生体,胚区及包围它的滋养羊膜形成。当寄生体发育至第4天,副核团分裂一大一小两块占据卵的前端。寄生体发育至5—6天,就变为圆形,胚核由一个分裂为2个、4个。卵产后8天,囊胚层形成。产后10—13天,寄生体长达300微米,宽192微米。卵期13—14天。幼虫期仅3天。蛹期8—10天。在一寄主内能发育9—61头黄柄黑蜂。雌蜂具有避免在同一寄主上重复产卵的本能。雌雄性比为8:1。每年发生8代,以早期胚在稻瘿蚊1龄幼虫体内越冬。     

PARASITICAL BEHAVIOR OF TELENOMUS THEOPHXLAE WU ET CHEN*

Abstract The parasitical behavior of Telenomus theophilae can be divided into five successive steps: examining, probing, drilling, ovipositing and marking. The total time for completing this process required 17 min 20 s in average. The time for drilling and oviposition accounts for 86. 5%. The results implied that the females of T. theophilae have a learning process of host recognition at first time of parasitization, and the percentage of superparasitism in the first host egg of Theophila mandarina (70. 6%) is 4. 8 times as that in the fourth host egg (14. 7%).     

Does fecundity drive the evolution of insect diet?

We investigate whether egg load (a surrogate for fecundity) drives host specificity in a herbivorous insect. In many insects, including our study organism (Edith's checkerspot butterfly), both egg load and tendency to accept low-ranked hosts increase during each search for an oviposition site. Effects on host acceptance of egg load and passage of time are thereby potentially confounded. We conducted two experiments designed to disentangle these effects. In both experiments, we estimated the times of first acceptance of both a high-ranked and a low-ranked host, without allowing the insects to oviposit. In the first experiment, we measured egg load at the time of first acceptance of the low-ranked host. The later the time of first acceptance, the higher was the fecundity. We therefore reject the hypothesis that all insects accepted the low-ranked host at the same predetermined egg load. In the second experiment, we measured egg load 48 h after the high-ranked host was first accepted. We found no relationship between egg load and timing of acceptance of the low-ranked host. Insects with higher rates of egg accumulation did not accept the low-ranked host sooner. Taken together, these results suggest that acceptance of the low-ranked host is not driven directly by egg load. Rather, this acceptance results from some other process that is influenced by time since last oviposition. We conclude that there is no evidence to support the assumption that females with high rates of egg accumulation are more likely to accept low-ranked hosts.     

Experience acquisition by Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

We investigated experience acquisition (alpha-conditioning) by females of the parasitoid Trichogramma australicum using host eggs of the noctuid moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). We compared the acceptance of a host egg by females with different levels of ovipositional experience. The level of experience was designated using the standard oviposition sequence: (1) host contact (C); (2) host examination (E); (3) drilling (D); (4) full insertion (FI); and (5) oviposition (O). Each treatment consisted of a single experience level, but together these consituted a qualitative behavioural continuum of oviposition experience from naive (N) to experienced wasps. We found that host experience by adult T. australicum females can modify their behaviour. Mean duration of host finding was: N = C > E = D > FI = O. Mean duration of host examination and full insertion were: N = C > E = D = FI = O. Drilling was constant for all experience levels. Experience in drilling of the chorion during the previous host-exposure process represents a critical experience for a female and results in efficient handling and more ready acceptance of a subsequently encountered host egg.     

松树蜂的产卵行为

【目的】研究松树蜂Sirex noctilio的产卵行为,明确其产卵能力,为评估其繁殖潜力和危害能力提供基础数据。【方法】于黑龙江省大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县新店林场采集被松树蜂危害的寄主樟子松Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica木段上获得虫源。在室内条件下观察和分析松树蜂产卵的行为过程及规律。解剖松树蜂在樟子松木段上的产卵孔,并观察其结构特征。【结果】松树蜂羽化时即性成熟,能够马上进行交配和产卵。松树蜂雌成虫一次完整的产卵过程主要分为4个动作:树皮钻孔、木质部钻刺、产卵(注入有毒黏液和共生真菌Amylosereum areolatum)和产卵器拔出。产卵时间在360～540 s之间的产卵频数最多,占产卵总频数的41.40%;产卵过程中木质部钻刺用时最长,至少占整个产卵过程用时的90%。松树蜂雌成虫在一个产卵孔处会进行1～4次产卵,产卵时间和产卵次数呈显著正相关,当产卵时间t<360 s时,进行了1次产卵;当360 s≤t<540 s时,进行了2次产卵;当540 s≤t<780 s时,进行了3次产卵;当t≥780 s时,进行了4次或更多次产卵。松树蜂在一个产卵孔处进行1, 2, 3和4次产卵的比例分别为21.66%, 41.40%, 27.39%和9.55%。【结论】松树蜂雌成虫在一个产卵孔处的产卵时间和产卵次数呈正相关。利用产卵时间和产卵次数的关系,在只调查产卵时间的情况下,可以推断产卵次数。松树蜂在一个产卵孔处产卵的次数多,对寄主樟子松危害大。     

玉米螟赤眼蜂（Trichogramma ostriniae）寄主标记信息素和学习经历对产卵行为的影响

报道了标记信息素和雌蜂经历对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae产卵行为的影响。研究结果表明,玉米螟赤眼蜂的寄主标记信息素是在其产卵过程中的收场阶段由产卵器产生的,并且标记在寄主卵表的化学物质;玉米螟赤眼蜂对标记信息素的识别不具有先天性,其必须先用产卵器插入寄生卵来检测是否被寄生,然后其触角不停地敲击,通过学习获得对标记信息素的识别能力,从而放弃了对寄生卵的选择,学习对初始放弃时间有着重要影响,改善了其对寄主搜索效率,这种学习行为是与寄主联系在一起学习的,它能根据寄主被寄生与否而对标记信息素作出反应与不反应。该研究丰富了生态学理论,为其在生防中更好的应用提供了科学依据。     

The relationship between host selection behaviour and offspring fitness in a koinobiont parasitoid

1. When host quality varies, optimal foraging theory assumes that parasitic wasps select hosts in a manner that increases their individual fitness. In koinobiont parasitoids, where the hosts continue developing for a certain period of time after parasitisation, host selection may not reflect current host quality but may be based on an assessment of future growth rates and resources available for the developing larvae. 2. When presented with hosts of uniform quality, the koinobiont parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii exhibits a characteristic host‐selection behaviour: some hosts are accepted for oviposition on first encounter, while others are rejected several times before an egg is laid in them, a behaviour that is commonly associated with a changing host acceptance threshold during the course of a foraging bout. 3. The fitness of the offspring that emerged from hosts accepted immediately upon encounter was compared with the fitness of offspring emerged from hosts rejected several times before being accepted for oviposition. 4. The pattern of host acceptance and rejection was not related to any of the measured fitness parameters of the offspring emerging from these hosts (development time, size at emergence, sex ratio at emergence, and female offspring egg load). 5. While complex post facto adaptive explanations can be devised to explain the nature of such a time and energy consuming host selection process, it is suggested that physiological constraints on egg production or oviposition may provide an alternative, purely mechanistic, explanation for the results obtained.     

Host color preferences and short-range searching behavior of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae

The color of lepidopteran eggs often varies by species or egg condition, and parasitoids that attack lepidopteran eggs could therefore potentially use color to obtain information about host identity or quality. The objective of our study was to determine whether females of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae Pang & Chen (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) showed differential responses to egg color when searching for hosts over short distances and when evaluating the suitability of encountered eggs. We examined the wasps’ host‐selection behavior in a Petri dish arena using white, yellow, green, and black clay beads as egg models presented against a green background (to mimic leaf color). In no‐choice tests, bead color had a significant effect on the proportion of tested wasps that accepted a bead for further examination, on the time it took wasps to find and begin examining a bead, and on the time that wasps spent examining the beads. However, bead color had only a marginally significant effect on the proportion of wasps attempting to drill into a bead with their ovipositors, and no significant effect on the amount of time they spent drilling. The wasps also showed significant color preferences when given a choice between two adjacent beads of different colors. The results of the no‐choice and choice trials taken together indicated a color preference ranking of yellow > white > green > black. The wasps’ higher preference for the yellow and white egg models generally corresponds to the white or yellowish‐white egg color of T. ostriniae's target host, the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The wasps’ strong rejection of black egg models is likely to be an adaptive response that reflects the fact that eggs that are wholly or partially black are often unsuitable for parasitization due to advanced caterpillar development, damage to the egg, or previous parasitization.     

Egg-limited functional response of Uscana lariophaga, egg parasitoid of bruchid beetle pests in stored cowpea

The functional response of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to eggs of its host Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) was investigated in storage containers filled with a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) seed mass. Foraging time was limited to 4 or 24 h. These indirect experiments were supplemented by direct observations of the parasitoid's handling time, egg-laying capacity and initial egg load. The foraging process of U. lariophaga can be divided into two distinct stages: the process leading to detection of host clusters and, after arrival within a host cluster, the response of the parasitoid to the host density within the cluster. The chance that a cluster is found by U. lariophaga appeared independent of the number of host eggs per cluster, but was influenced by the available foraging time. Within a host cluster, U. lariophaga demonstrated a Holling II type functional response. Parasitoids were strongly arrested in host clusters, leading to high levels of parasitism. Direct observations proved that handling time was not a limiting factor, but that U. lariophaga's initial egg load and egg maturation rate limited the plateau level of her functional response. As such, direct observations were essential for a correct interpretation of the mechanisms underlying the shape of the functional response.     

Host plant effects on development and reproduction of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

Development, survivorship, longevity, reproduction, and life table parameters of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar), were examined in the laboratory using three host plants, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Chrysanthemum morifolium L., and euonymus (Euonymus japonica Thurb.). Females deposited similar-sized egg masses on all three plants. Hatching was highest with eggs deposited on euonymus and lowest for those deposited on sunflower. Embryonic development time among host plants was similar while nymph development time was shortest on sunflower and longest on euonymus. Nymph survival to adulthood ranged from 32% on euonymus to 82% for those reared on sunflower. Adult females had similar life spans on sunflower and chrysanthemum. H. vitripennis completed a lengthy egg-to-adult development on euonymus, however, mating did not occur. The onset of mating was contingent on maturation of adult females. The majority of mating activity occurred within the first three days after onset. Premating periods ranged from 6 to 7 d on sunflower to 27 d on chrysanthemum, with overall mating rates of 77.4 and 19.8%, respectively. Females typically mated more than once and they had the longest oviposition period and highest egg production on sunflower; ≈ 50 and 67% of total number of eggs were deposited within first 45 d after the start of oviposition on sunflower and chrysanthemum, respectively. Adult size and weight related to which host plant was consumed throughout development. Greater intrinsic and finite rates of increase and net reproduction rate, and shorter population doubling time occurred when the sharpshooters were allowed to develop on sunflower. The overall developmental and reproductive parameters obtained in this study indicate that a mixed host plant system, composed of sunflower and euonymus or chrysanthemum plants, is an efficient means for optimizing egg production and colony maintenance of the glassy-winged sharpshooter.     

Brood parasitism selects for no defence in a cuckoo host

In coevolutionary arms races, like between cuckoos and their hosts, it is easy to understand why the host is under selection favouring anti-parasitism behaviour, such as egg rejection, which can lead to parasites evolving remarkable adaptations to ‘trick’ their host, such as mimetic eggs. But what about cases where the cuckoo egg is not mimetic and where the host does not act against it? Classically, such apparently non-adaptive behaviour is put down to evolutionary lag: given enough time, egg mimicry and parasite avoidance strategies will evolve. An alternative is that absence of egg mimicry and of anti-parasite behaviour is stable. Such stability is at first sight highly paradoxical. I show, using both field and experimental data to parametrize a simulation model, that the absence of defence behaviour by Cape bulbuls (Pycnonotus capensis) against parasitic eggs of the Jacobin cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) is optimal behaviour. The cuckoo has evolved massive eggs (double the size of bulbul eggs) with thick shells, making it very hard or impossible for the host to eject the cuckoo egg. The host could still avoid brood parasitism by nest desertion. However, higher predation and parasitism risks later in the season makes desertion more costly than accepting the cuckoo egg, a strategy aided by the fact that many cuckoo eggs are incorrectly timed, so do not hatch in time and hence do not reduce host fitness to zero. Selection will therefore prevent the continuation of any coevolutionary arms race. Non-mimetic eggs and absence of defence strategies against cuckoo eggs will be the stable, if at first sight paradoxical, result.