棉酚对DNA酶某些性质的影响

DNase用棉酚处理后,经聚丙烯酸胺凝胶平板电泳与对照相比,电泳度无明显差异,均呈单一区带,表明棉酚对DNase所带电荷及分子量无影响。棉酚可改变DNase在225nm和280nm波长处的吸收,对DNase的荧光有粹灭作用,表明棉酚破坏了DNase的空间构象。棉酚与DNase的浓度(W/V)为1:1以上时,酶活性受到显著影响,呈现出反竞争性抑制作用。     

高效棉酚降解枯草芽孢杆菌M-4菌株的常压室温等离子体诱变及发酵工艺优化

【背景】棉粕中游离棉酚的存在制约了棉粕作为饲料蛋白源的利用,棉酚的微生物降解问题成为研究热点。本实验室前期发现枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) M-4菌株具有较强的降解棉酚能力,而且已经应用于棉粕脱毒工业。【目的】进一步提高枯草芽孢杆菌M-4菌株降解棉粕中棉酚的能力,扩大棉粕在养殖业的应用领域。【方法】采用常压室温等离子体诱变(atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP)技术对菌株M-4进行诱变,以液体培养条件下的棉酚降解率为初筛指标,筛选获得正向突变株。以棉粕固体发酵条件下的棉酚降解率为复筛指标,测定初筛获得的正向突变株实际降解棉粕中游离棉酚的能力。以棉酚残存量和棉酚降解率为检测指标,采用单因素试验优化固体条件下棉粕发酵条件,获得突变株发酵棉粕的最适工艺参数。【结果】初筛获得正向突变株19株。复筛得到一株高效的突变株MY-4-17,在棉粕固体发酵条件下其棉酚降解率高达97.15%,比菌株M-4的棉酚降解率提高了2.55%。经过5次传代培养,突变株MY-4-17的遗传稳定性良好。突变株MY-4-17发酵棉粕的最适工艺参数为...     

长期服用棉酚对个体SCE率的影响

棉酚作为一种男用节育药被发现以来,人 们对其作用原理、药物毒性、药物动力学及其遗 传效应进行了大量的研究。结果表明,服用抗 生育剂量的棉酚或在较小量棉酚存在的条件下 进行细胞培养,都没有引起染色体畸变率的增 加［[3-4I0目前,关于棉酚对长期服药个体SCE率 影响的研究尚未见报道。为了弄清长期服用抗 生育剂量棉酚个体的SCE率有无变化,我们对 14名服药30个月以上的个体和11名同年龄组 对照个体的SCE率进行了比较分析,以便更进 一步探讨棉酚的遗传学效应。     

醋酸棉酚对体外子宫颈癌细胞的作用

大量的研究表明,醋酸棉酚具有抑制精子形成的作用。已被公认是一种有前途的男用节育药。然而,棉酚的多种生物学活性必然使其理论研究及实际应用的范围更加扩大。其实,早在60年代已有人研究棉酚对移植性动物肿瘤的作用,或者把它与手术结合应用于膀胱肿瘤的治疗。国内也有把棉酚试用于多种人体恶性肿瘤治疗的记载,并认为     

旋光异构体棉酚对精子脱氢酶的影响

本研究采用组织化学方法,比较了左旋(-)、右旋(+)及消旋(±)棉酚,对人和豚鼠离体精子以及喂服三型棉酚4或8周的大鼠精子五种脱氢酶(乳酸脱氢酶LDH、苹果酸脱氢酶MDH、异柠檬酸脱氢酶ICDH,甘油3-磷酸脱氢酶G3-PDH和α-羟戊酸脱氢酶VDH)的影响。并将酶活性用细胞光度计做了定量测定。体外实验结果表明:相同剂量的(一)棉酚与(+)棉酚相比,前者对酶活性、精子形态及线粒体结构影响更加明显。两种棉酚之间的酶活性改变有统计学意义。在体实验中,比较三型棉酚对动物健康状况、精子数量、活动率和形态变化的影响,发现(+)棉酚不是一种有效的抗生育制剂。 (±)和(一)棉酚在产生抑精效应的同时,(±)棉酚毒性较大,表现为动物体重下降,精子数量甚少。(一)棉酚具有两倍于(±)棉酚的抑精作用,是一种高效低毒的酚类化合物。本文还就线粒体结构损伤与酶活性改变的关系,以及棉酚的作用机理作了讨论。     

测定棉酚的气液色谱法

棉酚(Gossypol)又名棉子醇或棉毒素,是存在于棉花植株各部位的一种多元酚化合物,其含量与棉花抗逆性有一定的相关性。由于棉酚对人及单胃动物有毒害,因而限制了棉籽蛋白的利用。近年来,棉酚作为一种医用药物得到了广泛的研究。因此,研究快速、准确的棉酚测定方法是必要的。本文在前人工作的基础上对棉酚的测定方法进行了改进。1.仪器和试剂日本国岛津公司生产的GC-9A型气相色谱仪,配C-R3A型数据处理仪;采用氢火     

棉酚及其衍生物合成途径的研究进展

棉酚作为一种倍半萜烯类植物抗菌素广泛存在于棉花的根、种子等表皮组织的色素腺体里。该化合物已在医药、工业和农业等领域得到广泛应用。近来对棉酚及其衍生物合成途径的研究日趋深入,许多关键酶基因已得到克隆和分析。掌握棉酚及其衍生物的生物合成途径,并试图通过基因工程改造的方法来控制植物体棉酚的合成具有重要意义。概述了棉酚及其衍生物合成途径和关键酶的研究进展并展望其应用前景。     

棉叶中棉酚的快速提取与测定方法研究

棉酚(G)及其相关物甲氧基半棉酚(DHG)、半棉酚酮(HGQ)、半棉酚(HG)、杀实夜蛾素(H1-4)等是棉花中重要的抗虫性萜烯类次生物质.利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对棉酚及其相关物进行了分离,测定了棉叶中的棉酚含量,讨论了不同的提取方法和测定条件对结果的影响,给出了一套简便、快速的分析测试方法,同时与紫外-可见分光光度法(苯胺法)的结果进行了对比,认为对于棉花的抗虫性的研究来说,HPLC是比较适宜的方法.     

陆地棉叶形及棉酚腺体变异的遗传研究

阔叶、有棉酚腺体陆地棉干种子经250Gy^60 Coγ射线辐照,在M1代筛选到鸡脚叶γ-1、γ-2和γ-5突变体。3株突变体自交后代（M2）中,阔叶：鸡脚叶：超鸡脚叶的分离比例符合1：2：1;γ—1和γ-2自交后代中的所有棉株均有棉酚腺体;γ-5自交后代中,有棉酚腺体株：无棉酚腺体株的分离比例符合3：1,阔叶、有棉酚腺体株：阔叶、无棉酚腺体株：鸡脚叶、有棉酚腺体株：鸡脚叶、无棉酚腺体株：超鸡脚叶、有棉酚腺体株：超鸡脚叶、无棉酚腺体株的分离比例符合3／16：1／16：6／16：2／16：3／16：1／16。该结果表明,3株突变体的叶形变异由1对不完全显性基因控制,γ-5的无棉酚腺体基因由1对隐性基因控制,且γ-5的叶形基因与棉酚腺体基因为独立遗传。通过对γ-5自交后代各种变异株的SSR标记研究表明,BNL3649、BNL2440度BNL1414为候选标记。为进一步对突变基因进行定位奠定了基础。     

棉酚甲酸对金鱼精子质膜的影响

利用冷冻断裂-蚀刻制样技术,在超微结构水平上研究了棉酚甲酸对金鱼精子质膜内蛋白颗粒排列图式(包括晶格区)的影响.结果表明,棉酚甲酸能够使金鱼精子质膜内蛋白颗粒分布不匀:或者颗粒聚集成团,或者质膜内出现无颗粒区域;并且还能使质膜内特定部位晶格区的颗粒排列发生混乱.这些变化表明棉酚甲酸能使精子质膜的有序性降低,也即增加了质膜的流动性.     

棉酚对鼠类生精细胞LDH-X活性的影响

本文测定了连续饲喂棉酚达6周的大鼠和小鼠的生精细胞的LDH-X活性。结果表明,棉酚能够明显地抑制大鼠成熟精子的LDH-X活性;而对睾丸LDH-X活性的抑制,与对照相比,无显著性差异。在小鼠中,未发现棉酚对成熟精子及睾丸生精细胞中的LDH-X活性产生具统计学意义的抑制作用。本文结合精子发生过程及LDH-X的特殊功能,对棉酚抗生育作用的可能机理进行了讨论。     

Gossypol isomers bind specifically to blood plasma proteins and spermatozoa of rainbow trout fed diets containing cottonseed meal

We investigated the role of gossypol isomers binding to blood plasma, seminal plasma and spermatozoa to elucidate gossypol anti-fertility action in the teleost fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Growth and hematological indicators of males were depressed when fish meal protein in diets was completely replaced with cottonseed meal. The cottonseed meal contained equal proportions of (-) (47.8+/-1.6%) and (+) gossypol isomers. Concentrations of spermatozoa were decreased with increasing proportions of gossypol in diets (from 0.22% to 0.95%); however, sperm motility and fertilizing ability were not affected. In contrast to mammals, steroid hormone concentrations were not suppressed in fish given diets with gradual increase of gossypol level. Gossypol concentrations were 100-fold higher in blood plasma than in seminal plasma, confirming a barrier in gossypol transfer between the general circulation and the testis. Spermatozoa accumulated predominantly (+) enantiomer (65-75%) with decreasing proportions as dietary gossypol concentrations increased. Spermatozoa bound most of the gossypol contained in the semen; however, this did not result in impairment of the sperm motility apparatus. Teleost fish sperm rely on ATP stores that accumulate during maturation as a source of energy during activation. In addition, the duration of sperm movement is short in these fish. As such, we hypothesize that the major action of gossypol on mammalian sperm, which is uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, does not impair the energy supply required for flagellar beating in fish spermatozoa.     

Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol in peripubertal bulls

Gossypol has been shown to impair sperm production in male ruminants. The purpose of this study was to determine if the adverse effects of gossypol on spermatogenesis in peripubertal bulls were reversible. Twenty-eight crossbred Angus bulls were allocated into treated and control groups at 11 months of age. For 8 weeks, treated bulls were fed a ration containing 8 mg of free gossypol per kilogram of body weight per day while control bulls were fed a soybean meal ration free of gossypol. At 28-days intervals, scrotal circumference was measured and semen collected to assess sperm motility and morphology. Seven control and seven treated animals were castrated 56 days after the start of the experiment and the testes were examined histologically. The remaining bulls were fed a gossypol-free diet for 210 days prior to castration. There were significant increases in primary and secondary sperm abnormalities in treated bulls 28 and 56 days after gossypol feeding. The number of sperm with proximal droplets was significantly higher in gossypol-treated bulls, suggesting testicular degeneration. There was no significant effect on the sperm motility, scrotal circumference, or histopathological characteristics of the testes. Four weeks after the end of gossypol feeding, primary and secondary abnormalities were still increased in gossypol-treated bulls, however in subsequent collection periods the percentage of abnormalities were similar between groups. At 210 days, there was no treatment effect on scrotal circumference, and histological characteristics of the testes were not different between groups. The deleterious effects of gossypol on the morphological characteristics of spermatozoa were reversible. Gossypol (8 mg/kg per day for 56 days) increased sperm abnormalities but the effects were reversible.     

Gossypol modulation of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes in the reproductive tract of male rats

The activities of several pivotal nucleotide metabolizing enzymes from the testis and vasal sperm of rats treated for 7 wk with 0, 20 or 30 mg X kg X day gossypol acetic acid were examined. Total testicular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity increased 40% above control in the highest treatment group examined. However, the specific activity of the testis-specific isozyme of LDH, LDH-C4, decreased to 50 and 20% of control in the 20 and 30 mg X kg X day treatment groups, respectively. Basal soluble adenylate cyclase from a 100,000 X g supernatant of testis homogenate exhibited a 25% decrease in activity only in the 30-mg treatment group. Basal adenylate cyclase activity in the testicular membrane fraction increased 20 to 30% above control in response to gossypol administration. Testis membranes from the 20- and 30-mg treatment group exhibited a 2- and 4-fold greater activation of adenylate cyclase by guanine nucleotides. In vitro dose-response curves showed a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for inhibition of soluble testicular adenylate cyclase by gossypol of 400 microM in each treatment group. Caudal epididymal sperm adenylate cyclase activity decreased to 25% of control levels in gossypol-treated animals, and the in vitro sensitivity of the enzyme to the inhibitory effects of gossypol increased 4-fold. IC50 values for gossypol inhibition of sperm adenylate cyclase decreased from 200 microM in control animals to 75 and 50 microM in the 20 and 30 mg X kg X day treatment groups, respectively. Cyclic adenosine 3':5' monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in caudal sperm increased 6-fold in the 20- and 30-mg treatment groups. These results demonstrate that nucleotide metabolizing enzymes in sperm are major targets for the actions of gossypol and provide a possible mechanism for the inhibition of normal sperm function by this compound.     

Effects of diets containing gossypol on reproductive capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

We evaluated five practical diets in which 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (dietary treatments 1-5) of fish meal protein was replaced by solvent-extracted cottonseed meal protein. Adult rainbow trout (initial average weight 247 +/- 8 g) were fed the diets over a period of 131 days during which a general 2-fold body weight increase occurred. The total diet gossypol concentration (free and protein-bound) showed a gradual increase with increased cottonseed meal substitution. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 64, 112, and 131 for hematological and steroid hormone determination in plasma of males and females. Hemoglobin content was significantly reduced in fish from treatment 5 (7.9 +/- 0.3 g/dl) in comparison to treatments 1-3 (10.3-10.9 g/dl). After 112 and 131 days of feeding, testis weights, concentrations of testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone were elevated in fish from dietary treatments 2 and 3 in comparison to control and diets 4 and 5. On Day 71, sperm were collected from 6 fish per dietary treatment to assess sperm quality. No significant differences in sperm concentrations (7.2-9.8 x 10(9)/ml), motility (78-89%), and standardized (300 x 10(5) sperm/egg) fertilizing ability (18.9-22.6% hatched embryos) were found. Total gossypol concentrations in blood plasma differed significantly among treatments, and the levels were among the highest ever recorded in animals fed cottonseed-supplemented diets (2.9 +/- 0.2, 11.7 +/- 4.1, 21.7 +/- 1.4, and 29.9 +/- 3.9 microg/ml, for treatments 2-5, respectively). The major portion of gossypol in blood plasma was protein-bound (81-93%). This was in contrast to minute amounts of gossypol present in seminal plasma, mostly in free form (0.02-0.18 microg/ml), which indicates the presence of a barrier between general circulation and the testis with respect to gossypol distribution in lower vertebrates. Thus, the reproductive parameters of male rainbow trout examined in this study were not significantly affected by feeding cottonseed meal for 131 days.     

Mannose-binding molecules of rat spermatozoa and sperm-egg interaction

We have previously reported the occurrence and partial characterisation of an alpha-D-mannosidase activity on plasma membranes of rat, mouse, hamster and human spermatozoa. A soluble isoform of the rat sperm surface mannosidase was purified and polyclonal antibody raised. Since several reports have suggested that mannosyl residues on the rat, mouse and human zona pellucida may be involved in sperm-zona binding, studies were undertaken to examine the receptor-like role of mannose-binding molecules on rat spermatozoa. Sprague-Dawley rats (25-30-days old) were superovulated and eggs collected from the oviduct were treated with 0.3% hyaluronidase to remove the cumulus cells. Spermatozoa, collected from the cauda epididymis were capacitated for 5 h at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air. The sperm-zona binding assay was performed in the presence of increasing concentrations of several sugars as well as preimmune and immune (anti-mannosidase or anti-mannose binding protein) IgG. Data from these studies show that: (1) significantly fewer sperm bound per egg in the presence of competitive inhibitors of mannosidase; (2) among the sugars examined, D-mannose was the most potent inhibitor causing 70% reduction in the number of sperm bound per egg; (3) anti-mannosidase or anti-mannose binding protein (but not preimmune) IgG showed a dose-dependent reduction in the number of sperm bound per egg; (4) anti-mannosidase IgG (but not anti-mannose binding protein IgG) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of sperm surface mannosidase activity; (5) the competitive inhibitors of mannosidase or the immune IgG had no effect on sperm motility or the sperm acrosome reaction. These result suggest that mannose-binding molecule(s) such as alpha-D-mannosidase or mannose-binding protein on the spermatozoa may recognise mannosyl residues on zona pellucida, and play a receptor-like role in sperm-egg interaction in the rat.     

Characterization of gossypol-induced sperm abnormalities in bulls

To characterize sperm abnormalities induced by gossypol in cattle, young Brahman bulls (n=8) received either cottonseed meal delivering 8.2 g free gossypol/bull/d (treatment, n=4) or isonitrogenous soybean meal (control, n=4) for 11 wk. At slaughter, semen was collected from the following extragonadal sites: mediastinum/rete testis (Site 1), caput (Site 2), corpus (Site 3) and cauda epididymis (Site 4), and ductus deferens (Site 5). At least 200 fixed spermatozoa per site were examined via differential-interference-phase contrast (DIC) microscopy, with electron microscopy (EM) being employed with select samples. Sperm midpiece abnormalities were categorized as aplastic, fragile or asymmetric, with detached sperm heads being tabulated separately. Of these, aplastic defects were considered most likely to occur during spermatogenesis. Bull sperm midpiece lesions induced by gossypol were ultrastructurally similar to those observed in other, nonruminant, species. Combined midpiece abnormalities generally increased with extragonadal passage (EGP) in the treated bulls, as did fragile and asymmetric but not aplastic midpieces, or detached sperm heads. This pattern of EGP changes in bull sperm morphology following gossypol spermatoxicity suggests that structural weakness induced during spermatogenesis leads to secondary spermatozoal changes during EGP, possibly due to the imposition of motility stressors upon prior weakened structures.     

Inhibition of rabbit sperm acrosomal enzymes by gossypol

The effect of gossypol on the activities of 10 acrosomal enzymes of the rabbit sperm was evaluated. Acrosin, Azocoll proteinase, neuraminidase, and arylsulfatase were significantly inhibited or completely inactivated by 12–76 μM gossypol. Hyaluronidase, β-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase were inhibited only at a higher concentration of gossypol (380 μM). Phospholipase C, alkaline phosphatase, and β-N-Acetyl glucosaminidase were not inhibited even at 380 μM gossypol. Gossypol was found to be a noncompetitive inhibitor of arylsulfatase with a Ki of 120 μM. The inhibition was reversible and dose-dependent. As the acrosomal enzymes were more sensitive to the inhibition by gossypol compared to sperm enzymes involved in glycolysis or energy production, these assays may serve as a more reliable indicator for monitoring the occurence of gossypol-induced sterility. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Characterization of a 22 kDa protein with widespread tissue distribution but which is uniquely present in secretions of the testis and epididymis and on the surface of spermatozoa

The purification is reported of a 22 kDa protein which was first identified as one of the major components of the luminal secretion of the rat testis and epididymis. Antibodies against the 22 kDa protein cross-reacted with a protein of the same molecular weight in cytosolic extracts of other tissues from both male and female rats. However, since the protein could not be detected in blood, peritoneal fluid, saliva, milk, uterine fluid, seminal vesicle secretion, coagulating gland secretion or prostatic secretion, it would appear that the testis and epididymis may be unique in containing the protein in a soluble form within their luminal secretions. Proteins with slightly lower molecular weight were detected by the antibodies in cytosolic extracts of tissues from other animals (mice, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cattle), indicating that the protein may be conserved in a variety of species. However, in contrast to the rat, the protein was apparently not present in the testicular and epididymal secretions of these species. In addition to the occurrence of the 22 kDa protein as a soluble moiety in rat testicular and epididymal fluids, the protein was also located on sperm plasma membranes where its distribution was restricted to the surface of the flagellum. Amongst sperm surface proteins, the 22 kDa protein was the major protein containing sulphydryl groups and one of the major entities containing disulphide bonds. These properties may be of importance in the maintenance of sperm viability.     

Oxygen radical formation induced by gossypol in rat liver microsomes and human sperm

Gossypol, a polyphenolic compound found in cotton plants, has many potential uses, including use as a male antifertility drug and spermicide. Gossypol affects a variety of cell processes and many of these effects may be explained by a common underlying mechanism. Here we report that gossypol promotes the formation of oxygen radicals when incubated with rat liver microsomes and human sperm suggesting that oxygen radical production may be the underlying basis of its biological activity.