中度嗜盐菌LY9的分离鉴定及其淀粉酶特性研究

目的:从运城盐湖中分离获得中度嗜盐菌,并对其进行分离鉴定及酶学特性研究.方法:采用淀粉底物平板法获得高产胞外淀粉酶的嗜盐菌株LY9.16S rRNA序列分析,结合形态学和生理生化特征分析对其进行分类鉴定.研究不同物理化学因素对淀粉酶活性的影响.结果:系统发育分析表明该菌为Halobacillus属成员,鉴定并命名为Halobacillus sp.LY9,为中度嗜盐菌.该淀粉酶最适作用温度和pH值分别为60℃和8.0,同时在较宽pH范围内(4.0～12.0)保持高活力,表现出了较强的抗酸碱能力.Cu2+可明显抑制该酶活性,其它金属离子则基本无影响;该酶不受EDTA的抑制,表明该酶不属于金属蛋白酶,但SDS却能使酶活明显降低.结论:LY9的分离鉴定及其淀粉酶特性研究对促进运城盐湖生物资源的开发利用具有重要意义.     

一株产琼胶酶细菌的分离、鉴定及其琼胶酶基本性质

【目的】分离海洋来源的琼胶酶产生菌,对其进行分类鉴定,并研究其所产琼胶酶的基本酶学性质,为琼胶酶的应用研究及开发利用奠定基础。【方法】通过以琼脂为唯一碳源的选择培养基分离产琼胶酶的菌株;利用16S rRNA基因序列分析、表型和生理生化特征对菌株进行鉴定;通过DNS-还原糖法测定琼胶酶活性;利用显色底物法测定琼胶酶的类型;对菌株所产琼胶酶粗酶的酶学性质进行初步研究。【结果】分离到一株产琼胶酶的菌株NTa,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示该菌株属于寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.);该菌株主要产胞外琼胶酶,可分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶;琼胶酶粗酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为40℃和7.0,并且琼胶酶在温度低于30℃,pH为7.0-9.0时稳定;Ca2+对琼胶酶粗酶具有促进作用,Ag+、Fe2+、Ba2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe3+均可不同程度地抑制酶的活性;EDTA对琼胶酶粗酶活性具有抑制作用;琼胶酶粗酶对检测的抑制剂、去垢剂及变性剂有较好的抗性。【结论】海洋细菌Stenotrophomonas sp.NTa是一种新型的产琼胶酶菌株,可同时分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶,具有潜在开发利用价值。     

中度嗜盐菌Halobacillus sp. LY5的分离、鉴定及其胞外脂肪酶特性研究

利用吐温平板筛选法,从山西运城盐湖中分离获得一株高产胞外脂肪酶的中度嗜盐菌。通过形态学观察,生理生化特征及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定并命名该菌为Halobacillus sp.LY5。酶学性质研究表明,该脂肪酶可在较宽温度范围内(30℃~90℃)保持高活力;在NaCl浓度为10%的反应缓冲体系(pH值8.0)中,温度为50℃时,酶活性最佳。金属离子除Fe3+外,对酶活性均具有明显的抑制作用;而EDTA和SDS亦可不同程度的抑制酶活性。结果表明LY5所产脂肪酶可能存在某些特殊性质。     

耐盐芽孢杆菌LAY的分类鉴定及其抗白色念珠菌活性研究

旨在从运城盐湖黑泥样品中分离获得一株耐盐细菌LAY,对其进行分类鉴定及抗菌特性研究。基于16S r RNA基因序列对菌株进行分类鉴定。以白色念珠菌为指示菌,采用杯碟法对菌株LAY发酵上清液进行抗菌活性检测,研究不同因素对其抗菌活性的影响;采用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察其抗菌效果,并对菌株基因组进行功能基因的PCR筛查。系统发育分析表明,菌株LAY为Bacillus属成员,为耐盐细菌。电镜观察发现,菌株LAY发酵上清液可导致白色念珠菌细胞结构出现明显异常。抗菌稳定性研究表明,菌株LAY发酵上清液活性较为稳定,表现出良好的对温度、p H、Na Cl和紫外光的耐受性。功能基因筛查发现菌株LAY基因组中含有聚酮合酶(PKS)基因,表明该菌具有产聚酮类化合物的潜力。结果表明,盐湖环境中的极端微生物资源可作为抗菌活性物质的潜在新来源。     

68株北极产蛋白酶菌株的筛选、鉴定以及部分酶学性质

【目的】从北极海水样品中分离产蛋白酶细菌,并对其进行初步的分类鉴定,为低温蛋白酶的低温适应性及其应用研究奠定基础。【方法】通过酪蛋白筛选培养基低温培养的方法从北极水样中分离出68株产蛋白酶细菌,采用16S rRNA基因PCR-RFLP(限制性酶切多态性)方法及传统的表型特性分析对所分离纯化的菌株进行分类,每种细菌类型各取1株代表菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列测定、GenBank数据库blast分析以及通过DNAMAN软件进行系统进化树分析。对代表菌株的蛋白酶酶学性质进行初步研究。【结果】68个菌株可归为3种类型(54.41%、42.65%和2.94%),分别以菌株6、11和52为代表菌株。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,菌株11与比目鱼黄杆菌(Chryseobacterium scophthalmum)具有98.24%的同源性;菌株52与嗜根寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas rhizophila)具有98.55%的同源性;菌株6与Stenotrophomonas rhizophila具有96.50%的同源性,可能为该属的新物种。对3种类型代表菌株进行表型性状研究显示,菌株6、11和52为革兰氏阴性、直杆状、不产胞外脂肪酶和淀粉酶,具有强的蛋白酶活性。菌株6的蛋白酶最适酶活温度为55℃,最适宜pH为6.7;菌株11的蛋白酶最适酶活温度为40℃,属于低温酶,最适酶活pH约为8.5;菌株52的蛋白酶最适酶活温度为65℃,最适酶活pH为7.4。【结论】本文首次报道了Stenotrophomonas和Chryseobacterium的菌株在北极海水样品中的分布,充实了极地产蛋白酶菌的种属分布多样性,为后续低温蛋白酶的研究和应用奠定了基础。     

耐酸耐热α-淀粉酶高产菌株选育的初步研究

目的：从长期高温堆放的富含淀粉质的土壤里筛选高产α-淀粉酶的菌株并对及产酶条件和酶学性质进行研究。方法：采用平板筛选法获得目的菌株,用观察形态和基因组16S基因序列分析相结合的方法进行鉴定,通过单因素和正交实验确定最适产酶条件,并提取粗酶液研究酶反应条件。结果：得到高产α-淀粉酶的菌株Bacillussp.I15,最适产酶条件为：初始pH6.0,40℃培养时间36h。该酶最适反应温度为70℃,且具强耐热性,100℃下相对酶活性仍保持在78%以上;热稳定性高,且无Ca^2＋依赖性,100℃温育1h,酶活仍能保持66%;最适反应pH为7.0,且具有广谱耐酸性,在pH3.0～7.0之间相对酶活性均能保持在到67%以上。结论：Bacillussp.I15可高产耐热耐酸α-淀粉酶,具有良好的应用前景。     

一株产蛋白酶嗜碱菌株的分离、鉴定及酶学特性

【目的】筛选产蛋白酶嗜碱菌并对其进行鉴定和特性分析。【方法】利用碱性脱脂牛奶培养基分离纯化产蛋白酶嗜碱菌,通过形态特征、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及DNA-DNA杂交实验确定菌株的分类地位,利用酪蛋白水解法分析所产蛋白酶的pH和温度作用范围、稳定性和耐氧化剂能力。【结果】从我国西藏盐碱湖样品中分离到一株产碱性蛋白酶的菌株ZL223,该菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,最适生长温度为37℃,最适生长pH9.0,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,菌株ZL223与假强芽孢杆菌Bacillus pseudo firmus OF4亲缘关系最近,16S rRNA基因序列相似性为98.6%,DNA-DNA杂交结果显示与B.pseudofirmus OF4同源性为86%。菌株ZL223产生的蛋白酶作用的最适pH为12.0,最适温度为40℃。【结论】结合生理生化指标测定的结果,鉴定菌株为假强芽孢杆菌ZL223(B.pseudofirmus ZL223)。该菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶具有较高的pH适应性,值得进一步研究。     

低温淀粉酶菌株C2的分离鉴定及其产低温淀粉酶的酶学性质

获得低温淀粉酶高产菌株,确定该菌株所产淀粉酶的酶学性质.从大黑山(大连)污泥中筛选菌株,通过菌株的形态特征、生理生化和16S rDNA序列鉴定确定其种属,对其酶学性质进行初步研究.获得1株低温淀粉酶高产菌株C2,经鉴定其为微小杆菌属,C2所产低温淀粉酶最适反应温度为25℃,酶的热稳定性比较差,最适pH为7.5,Ca2+和Fe2+对该酶有激活作用,Cu2+、Ni2+、Go2+等抑制酶活性.经薄层层析(TLC)鉴定酶解产物为葡萄糖,说明该菌株具有产生低温淀粉糖化酶的能力.菌株C2所产淀粉酶符合低温淀粉酶性质,值得进一步研究.     

一株高产琼胶酶海洋细菌的筛选与鉴定

从广东省南澳岛采集龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis),分离海洋来源的琼胶酶产生菌,并对其进行分类鉴定,为琼胶酶的开发利用奠定基础。利用4种不同的筛选培养基分离产琼胶酶的菌株,通过形态、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定并构建系统发育树,通过DNS法测定琼胶酶活力,研究菌株所产琼胶酶的类型,对菌株的生长曲线及发酵产酶曲线进行初步测定。结果显示,分离得到一株高产琼胶酶的菌株ZQM2017,该菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示该菌株属于弧菌属(Vibrio sp.),结合形态特征和生理生化实验结果鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus);可同时产α-琼胶酶与β-琼胶酶;该菌株在液体培养基中28℃,180 r/min振荡培养时,其对数期出现在3-9 h,发酵5 h即有明显产酶,当发酵至46 h,所产琼胶酶活力达到最高109.87 U/mL发酵液。从南澳岛龙须菜上自主分离筛选得到的海洋细菌ZQM2017,经鉴定命名为Vibrio alginolyticus ZQM2017,可同时分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶,所产琼胶酶初始活力高达109.87 U/mL。     

一株盐湖芽孢杆菌LG的鉴定及其抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性研究

【目的】从运城盐湖中分离获得一株耐盐细菌LG,对其进行分类鉴定及抗菌特性研究。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行分类鉴定。以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用杯碟法对菌株LG发酵上清液进行抗菌活性检测,利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察其抗菌效果。研究不同因素对上清液抗菌活性的影响,并采用PCR技术对菌株基因组进行功能基因筛查。【结果】系统发育分析表明该菌为Bacillus属成员,在0–25%的NaCl浓度范围内生长良好,为耐盐细菌。电镜观察发现,菌株LG发酵上清液处理金黄色葡萄球菌可导致细胞结构明显出现异常,细胞质泄漏。抗菌稳定性研究表明,菌株LG发酵上清液活性稳定,表现出了良好的对紫外光、温度、pH和NaCl的耐受性。采用特异性引物,通过PCR筛查发现菌株LG基因组中含有聚酮合酶(PKS I)基因和非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)基因,表明该菌具有产多种代谢产物的潜力。【结论】极端环境中的微生物资源可作为抗菌活性物质的潜在新来源。     

Characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant α-amylase from a halophilic isolate, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassobacillus</Emphasis> sp. LY18

A halophilic isolate Thalassobacillus sp. LY18 producing extracellular amylase was isolated from the saline soil of Yuncheng Salt Lake, China. Production of the enzyme was synchronized with bacterial growth and reached a maximum level during the early stationary phase. The amylase was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of 31 kDa. Major products of soluble starch hydrolysis were maltose and maltotriose, indicating an α-amylase activity. Optimal enzyme activity was found to be at 70°C, pH 9.0, and 10 % NaCl. The α-amylase was highly stable over broad temperature (30–90°C), pH (6.0–12.0), and NaCl concentration (0–20 %) ranges, showing excellent thermostable, alkalistable, and halotolerant nature. The enzyme was stimulated by Ca²⁺, but greatly inhibited by EDTA, indicating it was a metalloenzyme. Complete inhibition by diethyl pyrocarbonate and β-mercaptoethanol revealed that histidine residue and disulfide bond were essential for enzyme catalysis. The surfactants tested had no significant effects on the amylase activity. Furthermore, it showed high activity and stability in the presence of water-insoluble organic solvents with log P _ow ≥ 2.13.     

Production and partial characterization of chitinase from a halotolerant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Planococcus rifitoensis</Emphasis> strain M2-26

This paper is the first to investigate the production and partial characterization of the chitinase enzyme from a moderately halophilic bacterium Planococcus rifitoensis strain M2-26, earlier isolated from a shallow salt lake in Tunisia. The impact of salt, salinity concentration, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources on chitinase production and activity have been determined. This is the first report on a high salt-tolerant chitinase from P. rifitoensis, since it was active at high salinity (from 5 to 30% NaCl) as well as in the absence of salt. This enzyme showed optimal activity at 70°C and retained up to 82 and 66% of its original activity at 80 or 90°C, respectively. The activity of the enzyme was also shown over a wide pH range (from 5 to 11). For characterization of the enzyme activity, the chitinase secreted in the culture supernatant was partially purified. The preliminary study of the concentrated dialysed supernatant on native PAGE showed at least three chitinases produced by strain M2-26, with highest activity approximately at 65 kDa. Thus, the thermo-tolerant and high salt-tolerant chitinases produced by P. rifitoensis strain M2-26 could be useful for application in diverse areas such as biotechnology and agro-industry.     

Organic solvent tolerance of halophilic α-amylase from a Haloarchaeon, Haloarcula sp. strain S-1

A halophilic archaeon, Haloarcula sp. strain S-1, produced extracellular organic solvent-tolerant -amylase. Molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 70 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This amylase exhibited maximal activity at 50°C in buffer containing 4.3 M NaCl, pH 7.0. Moreover, the enzyme was active and stable in various organic solvents (benzene, toluene, and chloroform, etc.). Activity was not detected at low ionic strengths, but it was detected in the presence of chloroform at low salt concentrations. On the other hand, no activity was detected in the presence of ethyl alcohol and acetone.     

Extracellular production of beta-amylase by a halophilic isolate, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halobacillus</Emphasis> sp. LY9

A moderately halophilic strain LY9 with high amylolytic activity was isolated from soil sample obtained from Yuncheng, China. Biochemical and physiological characterization along with 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed the isolate in the genus Halobacillus. Amylase production started from the post-exponential phase of bacterial growth and reached a maximum level during the early-stationary phase. The isolate LY9 was found to secrete the amylase, the production of which depended on the salinity of the growth medium. Maximum amylase production was observed in the presence of 10% KCl or 10% NaCl. Maltose was the main product of soluble starch hydrolysis, indicating a β-amylase activity. The enzyme showed optimal activity at 60°C, pH 8.0, and 10–12.5% of NaCl. It was highly active over broad temperature (50–70°C), NaCl concentration (5.0–20.0%), and pH (4.0–12.0) ranges, indicating its thermoactive and alkali-stable nature. However, activity dropped off dramatically at low NaCl concentrations, showing the amylase was halophilic. Ca²⁺ was found to stimulate the β-amylase activity, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), phenylarsine oxide (PAO), and diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) strongly inhibited the enzyme, indicating it probably was a metalloenzyme with cysteine and histidine residues located in its active site. Moreover, the enzyme exhibited remarkable stability towards sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100. This is the first report of β-amylase production from moderate halophiles. The present study indicates that the extracellular β-amylase of Halobacillus sp. LY9 may have considerable potential for industrial application owing to its properties.     

Screening of marine actinobacteria for amylase enzymes inhibitors

Amylase inhibitor producing actinobacteria were isolated and characterized from terrestrial environment and there is no much report found from marine environment, hence in the present study, 17 strains isolated from the rhizosphere sediments of mangroves were tested for their amylase inhibition ability. Seawater requirement test for the growth of actinobacteria found that the strains SSR-3, SSR-12 and SSR-16 requires at least 50% and SSR-6 requires at least 25% seawater for their growth. The inhibition activity of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic amylase was tested by using Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. The maximum amylase activity (40mm) produced by the A. niger was taken as positive control, when the test actinobacteria strains grown in the medium they inhibited amylase activity and was evidenced by the reduction in inhibition zone (14–37 mm) similarly the amylase produced by the Bacillus subtilis was also recorded maximum (35 mm) amylase activity and was taken as positive control, and the test atinobacterial strains reduced enzyme action(12–33 mm) it varied levals. This indicates that the actinobacteria strains were controlled amylase enzyme activity in both the cases. The strain SSR-10 was highly effective and SSR-8 was less effective in inhibiting eukaryotic amylase produced by A. niger. The strain SSR-2 was effective and SSR-6 showed very less effect in inhibiting the prokaryotic amylase produced by the B subtilis.     

Characteristics of the amylase of Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus

Properties of the extracellular amylase produced by the psychrotrophic bacterium, Arthrobacter psychrolactophilus, were determined for crude preparations and purified enzyme. The hydrolysis of soluble starch by concentrated crude preparations was found to be a nonlinear function of time at 30 and 40 °C. Concentrates of supernatant fractions incubated without substrate exhibited poor stability at 30, 40, or 50 °C, with 87% inactivation after 21 h at 30 °C, 45% inactivation after 40 min at 40 °C and 90% inactivation after 10 min at 50 °C. Proteases known to be present in crude preparations had a temperature optimum of 50 °C, but accounted for a small fraction of thermal instability. Inactivation at 30, 40, or 50 °C was not slowed by adding 20 mg/ml bovine serum albumin or protease inhibitor cocktail to the preparations or the assays to protect against proteases. Purified amylase preparations were almost as thermally sensitive in the absence of substrate as crude preparations. The temperature optimum of the amylase in short incubations with Sigma Infinity Amylase Reagent was about 50 °C, and the amylase required Ca⁺² for activity. The optimal pH for activity was 5.0–9.0 on soluble starch (30 °C), and the amylase exhibited a K _m with 4-nitrophenyl-α-D-maltoheptaoside-4,6-O-ethylidene of 120 μM at 22 °C. The amylase in crude concentrates initially hydrolyzed raw starch at 30 °C at about the same rate as an equal number of units of barley α-amylase, but lost most of its activity after only a few hours.     

Phenotypic diversity and technological properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> species isolated from <Emphasis Type="Italic">okpehe</Emphasis>, a traditional fermented condiment

The Bacillus subtilis wild strains isolated from okpehe, a traditional fermented condiment used as seasoning in Nigeria, the reference and typed strains were investigated for their phenotypic diversity and their technological parameters with a view to obtain adequate data that would enable selection of appropriated starter cultures for vegetable protein fermentation in West Africa. All the 7 strains studied demonstrated diverse phenotypic characteristics and they were identified as Bacillus subtilis, based on the API 50 CHB combined with API 20E profile. Specific sugars that indicated a good hydrolytic potential of the wild strains were fermented. The highest proteinase activity of 90 AU/ml determined quantitatively was observed in the strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5372, the proteinase was identified by the APIZYM gallery as chymotrypsin. Highest amylase activity of 13 AU/ml was noticed in strain Bacillus subtilis DSM 347 while only 4 strains produced polyglutamic acid with the strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5359 producing the highest polyglutamate activity of 2.5 mm. Although strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5301 did not release detectable polyglutamate, the strain demonstrated antagonism against different bacteria and the antimicrobial substance produced by strain Bacillus subtilis BFE 5301 was confirmed as a bacteriocin since its activities were lost after treatment with chymotrypsin and pepsin. The data generated showed the technological parameters that can aid selection of wild strains such as Bacillus subtilis BFE 5301, BFE 5359 and BFE 5372 for optimization of condiment production.     

Purification and characterization of a maltooligosaccharide-forming amylase that improves product selectivity in water-miscible organic solvents, from dimethylsulfoxide-tolerant Brachybacterium sp. strain LB25

A bacterium that secretes maltooligosaccharide-forming amylase in a medium containing 12.5% (vol/vol) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was isolated and identified as Brachybacterium sp. strain LB25. The amylase of the strain was purified from the culture supernatant, and its molecular mass was 60 kDa. The enzyme was stable at pH 7.0–8.5 and active at pH 6.0–7.5. The optimum temperature at pH 7.0 was 35°C in the presence of 5 mM CaCl₂. The enzyme hydrolyzed starch to produce maltotriose primarily. The enzyme was active in the presence of various organic solvents. Its yield and product selectivity of maltooligosaccharides in the presence of DMSO or ethanol were compared with those of the industrial maltotriose-forming amylase from Microbacterium imperiale. Both enzymes improved the production selectivity of maltotriose by the addition of DMSO or ethanol. However, the total maltooligosaccharide yield in the presence of the solvents was higher for LB25 amylase than for M. imperiale amylase.