贵州贵定县境内领雀嘴鹎的繁殖行为观察

2006年4～7月和2007年4～8月,在贵州贵定县境内采用定点观察法对领雀嘴鹎的繁殖行为进行了初步观察.结果 表明,领雀嘴鹎主要栖息于林缘次生林、河岸及斜坡灌丛林.繁殖期为4～8月,巢的结构为3层,营巢期6～8 d,窝卵数2～4枚,孵化期10～12 d,雏鸟留巢13 d.并测量了雏鸟的嘴蜂、跗跖、第5初级飞羽、尾长等的生长数据.     

模拟增加潜在巢捕食风险对2种鸟类雏鸟生长发育产生不同影响

捕食风险是影响鸟类生活史对策的重要因素之一。为应对捕食风险,鸟类进化出多样的反捕食策略。为探究北热带石灰岩森林地区鸟类生长发育对高巢捕食风险的适应机制,本研究通过利用蛇类模型模拟巢捕食者,增加潜在巢捕食风险,设置实验组,将未放置蛇类模型的实验设置为对照组。测量育雏期内黄腹山鹪莺（Prinia flaviventris）雏鸟与红耳鹎（Pycnonotus jocosus）雏鸟每日的体重、跗跖长与翼长,分别比较分析黄腹山鹪莺雏鸟与红耳鹎雏鸟上述体型特征在实验组与对照组中的生长发育规律。对符合正态分布的各日龄雏鸟生长参数进行t检验,不符合正态分布的参数进行非参数检验（Wilcox秩和检验）并求均值,使用SPSS 26.0统计软件包对雏鸟各日龄参数均值进行Logistic曲线拟合,比较各雏鸟相同生长参数在实验组和对照组实验的“S”发育曲线。结果显示,黄腹山鹪莺雏鸟在实验组的体重、跗跖长与翼长的渐近线分别占成鸟量度的71.57%、94.10%与55.29%,对照组分别占成鸟量度的78.05%、97.49%与55.67%,在实验组和对照组育雏期分别为11.1 d与10.6 d。实验组和对照组黄腹山...     

黑背燕尾繁殖行为观察初报

2011年4～8月和2012年4～8月,在贵州省贵定县境内采用定点观察法对黑背燕尾的繁殖行为进行了研究。结果表明,黑背燕尾活动于河谷、山涧溪流、水库及池塘等处。繁殖期4～6月,巢的结构为2层,营巢期6～9d,窝卵数3～4枚,孵化期17～19d,雏鸟留巢15～17d。并测量了雏鸟的嘴蜂、跗跖、第3飞羽、尾长等生长数据。     

两种雀形目鸟类孵化行为对子代质量的影响

对高寒草甸地面营巢的小云雀 (Alaudagulgula)和灌丛筑巢的黄嘴朱顶雀 (Acanthisflavirostris)繁殖方式的研究表明 :①小云雀孵化异步性较弱 (1d) ;平均卵重与产卵顺序不显著相关 ,但最后 1枚卵最重 ;出壳顺序与雏鸟生长率极显著正相关 (P <0 0 1) ;出壳顺序对幼鸟的雏期和离巢体重无显著影响 (P >0 0 5 )。②黄嘴朱顶雀孵化异步性较强 (2～ 3d) ;平均卵重与产卵顺序显著正相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,最后 1枚卵最重 ,第 1枚次之 ;出壳顺序对雏鸟生长率、雏期和离巢体重均无显著影响 (P >0 0 5 )。结果分析表明 ,2种雀形目鸟类都选择了异步孵化和加强窝雏数对策的繁殖模式。     

艾比湖大白鹭的繁殖及雏鸟生长发育模式

2009年3—10月对新疆艾比湖大白鹭(Egretta alba alba)的巢、卵及雏鸟的生长发育模式进行了研究。结果表明,大白鹭的巢基厚度大于巢深(t=6.06,P0.01),巢外径远大于巢内径(t=21.53,P0.01),其目的是增加巢的稳定性和减少幼鸟跌出巢外的概率;窝卵数3～5枚(3.86±0.69),卵重44.00～60.00g(53.94±3.96),卵体积47.18～62.00cm3(55.19±4.09);双亲孵卵(26～28d),共同育雏(55～60d)。测量了4巢13雏26日龄以内的生长发育数据,并利用Gompertz方程对雏鸟的主要生长指标进行拟合,拟合结果将雏鸟生长发育划分为3个阶段:1)器官形成,生长速度准备加快的时期;2)物质积累,生长速度加快并逐渐过渡到中速时期;3)由物质积累逐渐过渡到物质消耗大于积累,生长速度较慢,雏鸟准备出飞。     

贵州黄喉鹀繁殖生态初步观察

2012年和2013年4~8月,在贵州贵定县境内采用定点观察法对黄喉鹀(Emberiza elegans)的繁殖行为进行了初步观察,并测量了雏鸟的体重和体长,第5飞羽、尾长、嘴峰长、跗跖等生长情况,用Logistic方程对体重和体长进行拟合。黄喉鹀常常结成小群活动于山间溪流平缓处的阔叶林间以及山间的草甸和灌丛,极少活动于针叶林带。其种群遇见率为3.13只/km,种群密度为7.82只/km2。繁殖期是4~7月份。共发现17巢,地面巢11个,树上巢6个。营巢期6~8 d(n=9),巢分为外中内3层。巢外径(10.8±0.6)cm×(10.7±0.7)cm,内径(7.2±0.3)cm×(7.0±0.4)cm,巢深(6.1±0.4)cm,巢高(7.4±0.2)cm。卵有褐色斑点,卵重(2.20±0.01)g,卵长径(18.34±0.45)mm,卵短径(15.03±0.05)mm。窝卵数(3.6±0.4)枚(3~6枚)(n=9)。对2巢亲鸟(2♀,2♂)13 d白天坐巢时间统计,雌鸟坐巢时间9.69 h/d,雄鸟3.49 h/d。孵卵期12~14 d(n=8),孵化率84.37%。雏鸟留巢11~12 d(n=6),雏鸟离巢率74.07%。雏鸟的外部器官的生长发育符合雀形目外部器官发育规律。体重和体长生长的Logistic拟合方程分别为W=18.03/1+e3.06-0.27t和L=15.60/1+e1.21-0.17t。     

广西防城发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

20 0 2年 3～ 8月 ,在广西防城万鹤山首次发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群 ,约 4巢 ,8只成鸟 1 4只雏鸟。黄嘴白鹭于该年 3月底 4月初迁来筑巢繁殖。巢材多为常绿、落叶阔叶树枯枝和松枝。窝卵数 4枚 ,卵为淡蓝青色。雌雄鸟轮流交替孵卵 ,孵化期 2 4 5 0± 1 5 0 ( 2 3～ 2 6)d ,孵化率1 0 0 %。育雏期 41± 2 ( 3 9～ 43 )d ,窝雏数 3 5 0± 0 2 9( 3～ 4)只 ,雏鸟成活率 87 5 0 %。食性主要为鱼( 77 84% )、虾 ( 1 6 76% )和青蛙 ( 5 40 % )。     

广西防城港黑翅长脚鹬的繁殖行为

本研究于2021年3～9月,采用目标观察和全事件记录法,对广西防城港市钦州湾八路水湿地黑翅长脚鹬（Himantopus himantopus）的繁殖习性进行全过程观察记录。黑翅长脚鹬的栖息生境主要在盐田、虾塘和鱼塘,而巢主要分布在盐田生境。共发现39巢,雌雄共同营巢,按照主要巢材将其巢分为干草巢、碎石巢、泥皮巢和牛毛毡草巢4种;巢材包括禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物以及碎石、贝壳等;巢外径为（23.3±10.7）cm,巢内径为（11.2±1.9）cm,巢深为（1.6±0.5）cm,巢高为（6.5±4.3）cm(n=39);筑巢需（3±2）d(n=6)。窝卵数2～4枚,1～2 d产1枚卵,7 d内产完满窝卵（n=6）。雌雄均参与孵卵,雄性孵卵时间比雌性长,但二者差异不显著（P> 0.05）,雄性（8 550±245.9）min,雌性（7 530±263.3）min,孵卵期为（25±2）d(n=6)。育雏期（26±3）d(n=6),雌雄轮流育雏,育雏前、中期（雏鸟1～20d日龄）,雌性育雏时间比雄性长,是雄性的2倍,育雏后期（雏鸟大于20 d日龄）,...     

昆明地区七种鸟巢和卵的记述

昆明地区七种鸟巢和卵的记述韩联宪（中国科学院昆明动物研究所昆明６５０２２３）关键词黄臀鹎、红褐　等，巢，卵１９８５年８月，１９８６年４－７月在昆明地区进行野外工作时，采获７种鸟巢和卵的标本，现报道如下。１黄臀鸭Ｐｙｃｎｏｎｏｔｕｓｘａｎｔｈｏｒｒｈｏ...     

黄臀鹎秋冬季食性及取食生态位的初步观察

2009年10月14日～12月30日,用定点直接观察法对云南曲靖地区(103°14ˊ～103°37ˊE,25°41ˊ～25°52ˊN)黄臀鹎Pycnonotus xanthorrhous的食性和取食空间生态位进行了初步观察.黄臀鹎秋冬季主要在乔木中层、树冠、灌丛等处取食,以乔木中层取食频次最高,占总取食频次的62.98%,其次是树冠和灌从,分别占15.64%和12.74%.虽然黄臀鹎秋冬季为杂食性鸟类,但其主要以植物性食物为主,占总取食频次的97.6%,而动物件食物仅占2.4%.     

Spawning and larval development of Tegula euryomphala (Jones, 1844) (Trochoidea: Tegulidae) from La Herradura Bay,Chile

The spawning and larval development of Tegula euryomphala (Jones, 1844) were studied under laboratory conditions. The release of gametes was stimulated by raising temperature from 16 to 19?°C, and could be induced during several months of the year. Males always spawned first. Eggs were 155.6?μm in diameter and remained unattached to each other. Development was similar to that described for other Trochoidea and lasted 3–5?days at 19?°C. Larvae hatched approximately 24 h post-fertilization at the pre-torsional veliger stage. The larval protoconch of the metamorphic veliger measured 247?μm and was ornamented with six spiral threads and weakly ordered granulation. Larvae metamorphose without any natural substratum.     

圈养山魈繁殖行为的观察

2001 年1～9 月, 在成都动物园用所有事件取样法对人工饲养状态下7 只(5 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂) 山魈的繁殖行为进行了观察。结果表明, 山魈的繁殖没有明显的季节性, 一年四季均发情繁殖, 月经周期为30.55 ±0.77 d (N = 11) , 行经期2.38 ±0.13 d (N = 16) ; 交配行为均发生在白天, 交配持续时间为14.90 ±0.34 s (N = 246) , 具有明显的交配模式, 其中碟牙、爬跨、插入和抽动4 种行为在每次交配中都出现, 交配姿势仅有背腹式一种; 孕期为171.13 ±4.19 d (N = 8) , 产前不废食; 分娩都在夜间进行, 产程2～3 h ; 育幼期哺乳时间随幼仔长大逐渐减少。     

The effects of beta acids from hops (Humulus lupulus) on mortality of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) beta acids (HBA) were tested for miticidal effects on varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, a parasitic mite of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.). When varroa were placed on bees that had topical applications of 1?% HBA, there was 100?% mite mortality. Bee mortality was unaffected. Cardboard strips saturated with HBA and placed in colonies resulted in mite drop that was significantly greater than in untreated hives. HBA was detected on about 60?% of the bees in colonies during the first 48?h after application. Mite drop in colonies lasted for about 7?days with the highest drop occurring in the first 2–3?days after treatment. There was a reduction in the percentages of bees with HBA and in the amounts on their bodies after 7?days. Bee and queen mortality in the colonies were not affected by HBA treatments. When cardboard strips saturated with HBA were put in packages of bees, more than 90?% of the mites were killed without an increase in bee mortality. HBA might have potential to control varroa when establishing colonies from packages or during broodless periods.     

Ovarian activity of Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) under captivity

The ovarian activity of Agouti paca was characterized by hormonal profiles and ovarian structures. Samples of blood were taken from eight females (seven adults and one juvenile) at the breeding grounds of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia in Yucat?n, Mexico. Sampling lasted approximately two months and was done every three and six days. Blood was collected from anesthetized animals, and the levels of progesterone (P4) and 17 beta estradiol (E2) were analized by radioimmunoassay technique. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were carried out in ovaries of dead animals. The estrous cycle lasted 29+/-8.4 days, levels of 1.61+/-0.65 ng/ml for P4 and 39+/-24 pg/ml for E2 were observed for a follicular phase, 6.18+/-3.70 ng/ml and 29+/-16 pg/ml for P4 and E2 respectively in the luteal phase. Statistically significant differences were found between phases for P4 but not for E2. The presence of extragonadal steroids with levels of P4 of 1.9+/-0.77 ng/ml and E2 of 22+/-17 pg/ml were observed, which are not produced by the effects of managing stress. The changes in the levels of P4 during the cycle are indicators of luteal activity, with the intersticial tissue acting probably as active steroids-producing gland. Follicular growth was observed during the entire cycle.     

Differential induction of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase isozymes in suspension-cultured cells of blast resistant and susceptible genotypes of rice in response to treatment with Magnaporthe grisea elicitor and toxin

The effect of elicitor from mycelial walls of Magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast fungus and α-picolinic acid, one of the toxins produced by M. grisea on induction of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in suspension-cultured rice (Oryza sativa L.) cells was studied. Cultured cells of blast resistant (Usen) and susceptible (CO39) rice genotypes were treated with elicitor (50?μg of glucose equivalents per ml) or α-picolinic acid (400?ppm). The cells were harvested at different time intervals and analysed for the induction of PO and PPO. PO isozyme analysis indicated that the elicitor strongly induced the activities of PO-2 and PO-3 in cultured cells of Usen 3?days after treatment. In Usen, toxin also induced the activities of PO-3 and PO-4. However, similar levels of activities corresponding to these isozymes were recorded 7?days after treatment. In CO39, the activities of PO-1 and PO-2 were induced 3?days after elicitor treatment. In contrast, the toxin suppressed the activity of PO-2. The elicitor induced the activities of PPO-1, PPO-2 and PPO-3 in both Usen and CO39. In Usen, steady increase of PPO-3 was observed and higher level of activity was recorded 5?days after treatment. In CO39, higher level of PPO-3 was observed 1?day after treatment and declined thereafter. However, the activities of PPO-1 and PPO-2 increased 3?days after treatment in CO39. In the toxin-treated cells of Usen, higher level of activity of PPO-3 was observed 3?days after treatment.     

Life Cycle of Glyphepomis spinosa Campos & Grazia (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): a New Pest of Rice in Brazil

Nymph and adult biology of Glyphepomis spinosa Campos & Grazia (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was studied on rice plants under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The full life cycle of G. spinosa lasted 50.1?day. Nymph development ranged from 2.7?days for the first instar up to 11.9?days for the fifth instar. The egg stage showed the highest per capita rate of mortality (0.16). Nearly 13% of all eggs were laid on the same day. The sex ratio was 0.5. The average hatching rate was 58.0%. Pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods took 12.9, 34.4, and 6.2?days, respectively.     

Inhibition of protein synthesis during associative memory reactivation produces reversible or irreversible amnesia in the snail Helix lucorum

Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on reactivation processes of food aversion conditioning were inverstigated in snail Helix lucorum. Protein synthesis inhibitor (PSI, anisomycin, 0.4 mg, or cycloheximede, 0.6 mg) was injected into snail body cavity 24 hours after 3-day training; then conditioned stimulus (banana) was presented and memory was tested. It was found that 2.5-3 hours after first reminding, associative food conditioning was suppressed, recovering of the conditioning was observed 4.5-5.5 hours after first reminding. In other group of snails, PSI injections were single (1.8 mg) or triple (0.6 mg with 2-hour interval). Reminding stimulus was presented after each injection. In this case, suppression of food aversion conditioning was also observed 2.5-3 hours after first reminding, while amnesia in this case lasted over 30 days. Repeated training of the group of snails recovered the food aversion conditioning only partially. In control snails (saline instead of PSI or 3 injections of PSI without reminding), foot aversion conditioning was detected 30 days after first training. Thus we found that PSI effects during reminding of food aversion conditioning produced two phases amnesia: (1) the easily suppressed by PSI transient phase lasted 2-3 hours, and (2) irreversible phase, its suppression by high doses of PSI-initiated amnesia lasting over 1 month. Second phase of amnesia was not recovered after repeated training. It was suggested that reminding induced reconsolidation of initial memory. Its suppression by protein synthesis inhibitors results in erasing of memory trace and disturbs repeated consolidation.     

Occurrence of cattle Sarcocystis species in raw kibbe from Arabian food establishments in the city of S?o Paulo, Brazil, and experimental transmission to humans.

Fifty samples of raw kibbe from 25 Arabian restaurants in the city of S?o Paulo, Brazil, were examined for the presence of bovine Sarcocystis species, using light and electron microscopy, and for infectivity to humans. Sarcocysts were found in all 50 samples. Based on cyst wall structure, S. hominis (94%), S. hirsuta (70%), and S. cruzi (92%) were identified (mostly as mixed infections). Different raw kibbe samples, positive for S. hominis in fresh preparations, were offered as a meal for 7 human volunteers. Six volunteers (85.7%), 2 of whom developed diarrhea, excreted sporocysts in feces. The prepatent period lasted 10-14 (12 +/- 1.8) days and the patent period lasted 5-12 (8.8 +/- 1.1) days.     

Breeding of wild-caught rodent cricetidae Holochilus brasiliensis under laboratory conditions

The breeding of wild-caught rodent Holochilus brasiliensis (Desmarest, 1819) was studied under laboratory conditions. The mean gestation length was 28.4 days. Litter size ranged from one to five. Males matured at 2-3 months and females at 2-4.5 months of age. The oestrous cycle lasted 6-8 days. Eleven pairs observed over 6-13 months increased to a population of 276 individuals (153 males and 123 females).