脉冲电泳不同参数对介导GFP基因转化玉米种胚效果的研究

利用脉冲电泳介导绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因导入玉米种胚;以GFP基因在种胚中瞬时表达作为外源基因导人种胚细胞的标记,分析了外源．DNA浓度、电泳时间、电压、电流转换时间等脉冲电泳转化参数对种胚发芽率和外源基因导入率的影响。结果表明：脉冲电泳时间对种胚发芽率和外源GFP基因导入率影响最大;通过脉冲电泳可将外源基因导入胚芽细胞,其GFP基因导人种子的频率与各电泳参数均呈二次曲线关系,300μg／ml外源DNA浓度、120min电泳时间、5V电压、2s电流转换时间可作为脉冲电泳介导玉米种胚转化较适宜的参数。     

荧光标记技术在肿瘤模型研究中的应用

目的利用绿色荧光小鼠和红色荧光蛋白标记肿瘤细胞,建立荧光标记的小鼠肿瘤模型,并建立活体荧光成像和荧光显微镜成像在整体和细胞水平直接观察肿瘤的技术。方法将小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞接种到绿色荧光蛋白转基因小鼠皮下,建立GFP小鼠肿瘤模型。以红色荧光蛋白作为标记基因导入小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16细胞,建立稳定表达红色荧光蛋白的细胞株。将表达红色荧光蛋白B16细胞接种到绿色荧光转基因小鼠皮下,建立双荧光小鼠肿瘤模型。用荧光显微镜和活体荧光成像系统检测小鼠肿瘤的发生发展。结果分别建立了GFP小鼠肿瘤模型和双色荧光小鼠肿瘤模型。利用活体荧光影像仪可以观察双色荧光小鼠模型中受体绿色荧光组织和红色荧光移植肿瘤相互融合。利用荧光显微镜,可以观察到肿瘤内绿色荧光标记的来源于受体小鼠的血管和免疫细胞。经香菇多糖刺激的GFP小鼠肿瘤模型的移植瘤组织中,来源于受体小鼠绿色荧光标记的免疫细胞明显多于经生理盐水刺激的对照小鼠。结论利用绿色荧光小鼠和红色荧光RFP标记肿瘤细胞建立荧光标记的小鼠肿瘤模型,采用活体荧光成像仪和荧光显微镜可在整体和细胞水平直接观察肿瘤的生长以及肿瘤与宿主的相互作用。     

转基因DT40细胞导入早期鸡胚后的分布及绿色荧光蛋白表达的研究

目的为了研究经过基因修饰的体细胞导入到禽类胚胎以后,供体细胞及外源基因是否能在受体胚胎中成活并且外源基因是否可以长期表达。方法筛选得到稳定整合绿色荧光蛋白基因的鸡DT40细胞作为外源蛋白的运载工具,通过血管微注射的方法将其导入到于38.5℃温度条件下孵化65～70 h的鸡胚中,并将操作后的鸡胚在原孵化条件下继续孵化。在孵化的不同时期取移植了DT40细胞的嵌合体胚胎在荧光显微镜下观察荧光细胞的存活与分布情况。并通过PCR以及免疫组织化学方法检测供体细胞在受体中的位置以及绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况。结果荧光标记的DT40细胞可以存活于受体不同的组织器官中,包括：脑、心脏、肝脏等。导入胚胎的整合外源基因的DT40细胞可以存活到胚胎出雏之前,并且外源基因能够正常表达。结论可以通过此方法将外源基因导入到受体中,并使目的蛋白在受体胚胎中持续表达,为胚胎期导入外源蛋白诱导免疫耐受的研究以及将转基因细胞移植到动物体内生产目的蛋白的研究提供科学依据和技术平台。     

水动力转染技术的应用进展

水动力转染技术是一种快速、方便、高效的外源基因转染方法,是指通过小鼠尾静脉快速注射大体积含有目的基因的生理盐水,从而实现外源目的基因在小鼠体内的高效表达。此方法在肝脏疾病、糖尿病、心肌炎、肾脏疾病和抗肿瘤等实验动物模型的研究以及这些疾病的基因免疫疗法的研究中已有应用。此外,水动力转染技术在对活体动物基因功能、基因调节、蛋白表达以及基因治疗等方面也有广泛应用。     

ZNF230/荧光蛋白融合基因表达载体的构建及其在Cos细胞中的表达与定位

为了用绿色荧光蛋白标记观察人类无精症相关基因ZNF230在Cos7细胞中的蛋白质表达及定位,用PCR方法扩增得到突变的人和小鼠mt ZNF230和mt znf230基因,使其3′端的终止密码TGA突变为TGG,并装入T 载体,双酶切后通过定向克隆将其与真核表达载体pEGFP N1的绿色荧光蛋白(greenfluorescenceprotein,GFP)基因融合,构建了ZNF230—荧光蛋白融合基因表达载体。然后经真核表达质粒-脂质体介导,导入Cos7细胞系。荧光显微镜观察显示:在空白载体pEGFP N1转染的Cos细胞中荧光布满整个细胞,而在转染阳性载体pEGFP ZNF230和pEGFP znf230的Cos细胞中荧光主要聚集在细胞核中。表明转染的Cos细胞系能高效表达人ZNF230和小鼠znf230蛋白,ZNF230基因表达的蛋白定位于细胞核内。     

红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因小鼠模型的建立

目的建立红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因小鼠,为活体荧光影像系统建立重要的实验动物模型。方法把DsRed-Express和EGFP基因插入chicken-βactin强启动子下游构建转基因载体,建立红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因C57BL/6J小鼠。PCR鉴定红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因小鼠的基因表型,活体荧光影像系统分析红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因小鼠,荧光显微镜检测红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因小鼠全身组织器官的组织形态。结果分别建立了3个系的红色荧光和3个系的绿色荧光转基因小鼠。活体荧光影像系统分析转基因小鼠分别呈现红色荧光和绿色荧光。经荧光显微镜观察,DsRed-Express转基因小鼠的红色荧光蛋白在多个组织器官中表达,尤其在胰腺、肝脏、肾脏和脾脏等器官表达量较高。EGFP转基因小鼠绿色荧光蛋白在全身各个组织器官中表达,尤其在胰腺、心脏、小肠、外周血细胞和脑组织等器官组织中表达量较高。结论DsRed-Express和EGFP基因在转基因小鼠中系统性高表达,成功建立了红色荧光和绿色荧光转基因小鼠。DsRed-Express和EGFP转基因小鼠将成为活体荧光影像系统的重要实验动物模型。     

小鼠精子形成各阶段转基因效率的研究

在过去的近30年中,转基因技术在哺乳动物基因表达方面研究的应用已经成为实验生物学及应用生物学领域最为显著的进展之一．传统的制作转基因动物方法有显微注射法、逆转录病毒感染法和胚胎干细胞法等,但每种方法都有其缺陷,限制了其在今后转基因动物研究中的广泛应用．对小鼠体内生殖细胞进行外源基因转染,研究精子形成过程中制作转基因小鼠的效率．首先运用睾丸注射法将被脂质体包裹的绿色荧光蛋白表达载体(pIRES2-EGFP)注射到公鼠睾丸及附睾内,然后根据精子形成的不同阶段,分别于注射后7、16、30和42天与发情母鼠合笼,利用PCR和DNA印迹方法对新生小鼠进行基因组DNA检测．在各阶段所得新生小鼠中PCR阳性率分别为6.82%、0、56.86%和42.86%,DNA印迹检测阳性率分别为6.82%、0、47.06%、34.69%．经活体荧光成像系统及荧光显微镜分析,转基因小鼠呈现绿色荧光表达．通过比较精子生成各阶段转基因效率高低,为以后通过用睾丸内注射法转染雄性生殖细胞高效制作转基因动物提供了理论依据．     

低能氮离子注入大肠杆菌诱发的生物学效应研究

研究离子注入的诱变和导入外源DNA的生物学效应,用低能氮离子注入处理大肠杆菌野生型菌株MC4100A,将含水母绿色荧光蛋白基因的质粒导入细胞中。实验结果表明,在一些转化子中绿色荧光蛋白的表达或折叠受到了影响,一些转化子丧失了分裂后分离能力,且细胞膜有一定程度的损伤,为进一步研究微生物细胞分裂和蛋白质折叠机理提供了菌株。故低能氮离子注入对微生物细胞的诱变效应和导入外源DNA效应的有机结合将使离子注入技术在生物学基础研究中有着广泛的应用前景。     

电穿孔法转化齐整小核菌

【目的】建立齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii)的电穿孔法转化方案,以实现经济、快速地遗传转化。【方法】将齐整小核菌gpd基因启动子控制的basta抗性基因bar与红色荧光蛋白基因DsRed Max组成的融合蛋白表达盒,通过电击转入野生型齐整小核菌细胞中,筛选转化子并进行PCR与荧光观察验证。在此基础上,测试了不同电压、脉冲时间、外源DNA片段与受体细胞比例等条件下的转化效率,以得到优化的电转化参数。最后,采用优化的条件,尝试转化多种抗性基因与荧光蛋白融合表达盒以测试其可用性。【结果】成功得到了bar、sdhR与aphI基因的转化子。【结论】成功建立了优化的齐整小核菌电穿孔转化法。优化的参数条件为电压2kV/cm、脉冲时间1 ms、DNA/匀浆细胞比例3μg/300 mg,电击1次。     

绿色荧光蛋白嵌合体小鼠的建立和鉴定

为研究嵌合体动物中供体胚胎干细胞 (ES)在宿主胚胎发育中的走向和定位 ,同时探讨绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因作为报告基因在转基因动物制作中的应用价值 ,本研究将pEGFP N1基因导入小鼠ES D3 细胞系 ,得到稳定表达GFP的胚胎干细胞亚系ES D3 GFP ,通过对昆明小鼠的囊胚腔注射 ,获得了 4只表达绿色荧光蛋白的嵌合体小鼠。其中 1只存活至成年 ,3只出生时死亡。荧光显像及组织PCR检测显示了绿色荧光蛋白在小鼠体内的嵌合情况。以绿色荧光为指标可实现活体水平的动态观察 ,本实验首次观察到以GFP为指标所示的机体嵌合情况与根据毛色嵌合推测的机体嵌合情况存在很大差异 ,以GFP为嵌合指标更加全面而准确 ;但不排除GFP对小鼠发育存在一定毒性的可能 ;另外 ,有结果显示供体ES细胞在宿主体内除了大片补丁状嵌合外 ,还存在细胞散在嵌合的情况 ,后者提示了在组织中利用GFP对ES细胞实施单细胞追踪和实时观察的可行性 ,为胚胎发育和疾病发生的相关研究提供了新的观察方法     

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is comparatively very easy to manipulate the chick embryonic retina using recombinant DNA/RNA technology. Electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the embryonic retina have a great advantage to study gene regulation in retinal stem/progenitor cells during retinal development. Different type of assays such as reporter gene assay, gene over-expression, gene knock down (shRNA) etc. can be performed using the electroporation technique. This video demonstrates targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation into the embryonic chick retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). Here we show a rapid and convenient in ovo electroporation technique whereby a plasmid DNA that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker is directly delivered into the chick embryonic subretinal space and followed by electric pulses to facilitate DNA uptake by retinal stem/progenitor cells. The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons¹, which has been difficult with the conventional method of injection and electroporation at E1.5².     

Single-cell electroporation for gene transfer in vivo

We report an electroporation technique for targeting gene transfer to individual cells in intact tissue. Electrical stimulation through a micropipette filled with DNA or other macromolecules electroporates a single cell at the tip of the micropipette. Electroporation of a plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the brain of intact Xenopus tadpoles or rat hippocampal slices resulted in GFP expression in single neurons and glia. In vivo imaging showed morphologies, dendritic arbor dynamics, and growth rates characteristic of healthy cells. Coelectroporation of two plasmids resulted in expression of both proteins, while electroporation of fluorescent dextrans allowed direct visualization of transfer of molecules into cells. This technique will allow unprecedented spatial and temporal control over gene delivery and protein expression.     

Diverse effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields on cells and tissues

The application of pulsed electric fields to cells is extended to include nonthermal pulses with shorter durations (10-300 ns), higher electric fields (< or =350 kV/cm), higher power (gigawatts), and distinct effects (nsPEF) compared to classical electroporation. Here we define effects and explore potential application for nsPEF in biology and medicine. As the pulse duration is decreased below the plasma membrane charging time constant, plasma membrane effects decrease and intracellular effects predominate. NsPEFs induced apoptosis and caspase activation that was calcium-dependent (Jurkat cells) and calcium-independent (HL-60 and Jurkat cells). In mouse B10-2 fibrosarcoma tumors, nsPEFs induced caspase activation and DNA fragmentation ex vivo, and reduced tumor size in vivo. With conditions below thresholds for classical electroporation and apoptosis, nsPEF induced calcium release from intracellular stores and subsequent calcium influx through store-operated channels in the plasma membrane that mimicked purinergic receptor-mediated calcium mobilization. When nsPEF were applied after classical electroporation pulses, GFP reporter gene expression was enhanced above that observed for classical electroporation. These findings indicate that nsPEF extend classical electroporation to include events that primarily affect intracellular structures and functions. Potential applications for nsPEF include inducing apoptosis in cells and tumors, probing signal transduction mechanisms that determine cell fate, and enhancing gene expression.     

In vivo gene transfer to mouse spermatogenic cells using green fluorescent protein as a marker

Combination of the DNA injection into seminiferous tubules and the subsequent in vivo electroporation (EP) has become an efficient and convenient assay system for spermatogenic-specific gene expression during spermatogenesis of mice. In this study, we made methodological modifications to enhance the transfection efficiency, and evaluated the possibility of this technique to generate transgenic offspring using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. After the in vivo gene transfer, GFP expression could be monitored easily and repeatedly on the surface of the testis of live mice under fluorescent microscopy. The serial sections of the transfected testis revealed that transient expression of GFP was extended even in the innermost region of the testis uniformly, but confined to spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules. Furthermore, long-lasting GFP expression could be detected in the spermatogenic cells even 2 months after EP. Natural mating with normal adult females revealed that 65% of the transfected males maintained fertilizable ability and could generate their offspring normally. Germ-line transmission of the GFP vector to the offspring was checked under fluorescent microscopy, but no transgenic offspring has been detected up to now. These results suggest that the application of additional techniques, such as cell sorting for GFP-positive germ cells followed by nuclear transfer to the oocytes, would make this method as a novel strategy for generating transgenic animals. J. Exp. Zool. 286:212-218, 2000.     

In vivo electroporation and stable transformation of skin cells of newborn mice by plasmid DNA.

The skin cells of newborn mice were stably transformed in vivo with the aid of electroporation. The plasmid DNA was introduced subcutaneously followed by high-voltage pulses applied to the skin pleat. NEO-resistant colonies were found in primary cell cultures obtained from the treated skin. The experiments show that in vivo electroporation can be used for the introduction of plasmid DNA into skin cells of mouse.     

In vivo single-cell electroporation for transfer of DNA and macromolecules

Single-cell electroporation allows transfection of plasmid DNA or macromolecules into individual living cells using modified patch electrodes and common electrophysiological equipment. This protocol is optimized for rapid in vivo electroporation of Xenopus laevis tadpole brains with DNA, dextrans, morpholinos and combinations thereof. Experienced users can electroporate roughly 40 tadpoles per hour. The technique can be adapted for use with other charged transfer materials and in other systems and tissues where cells can be targeted with a micropipette. Under visual guidance, an electrode filled with transfer material is placed in a cell body-rich area of the tadpole brain and a train of voltage pulses applied, which electroporates a nearby cell. We show examples of successfully electroporated single cells, instances of common problems and troubleshooting suggestions. Single-cell electroporation is an affordable method to fluorescently label and genetically manipulate individual cells. This powerful technique enables observation of single cells in an otherwise normal environment.     

Mechanism of in vivo DNA transport into cells by electroporation: electrophoresis across the plasma membrane may not be involved

BACKGROUND: Recently, in vivo gene transfer with electroporation (electro-gene transfer) has emerged as a leading technology for developing nonviral gene therapies and nucleic acid vaccines. The widely hypothesized mechanism is that electroporation induces structural defects in the membrane and provides an electrophoretic force to facilitate DNA crossing the permeabilized membrane. In this study, we have designed a device and experiments to test the hypothesis. METHODS: In this study, we have designed a device that alternates the polarity of the applied electric field to elucidate the mechanism of in vivo electro-gene transfer. We also designed experiments to challenge the theory that the low-voltage (LV) pulses cannot permeabilize the membrane and are only involved in DNA electrophoresis, and answer the arguments that (1) the reversed polarity pulses can cause opposing sides of the cell membrane to become permeabilized and provide the electrophoresis for DNA entry; or (2) once DNA enters cytoplasmic/endosomal compartments after electroporation, it may bind to cellular entities and might not be reversibly extracted. Thus a gradual buildup of the DNA in the cell still seems quite possible even under the condition of the rapid reversal of polarity. RESULTS: Our results indicate that electrophoresis does not play an important role in in vivo electro-gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insights into the mechanism of electro-gene transfer, and may allow the definition of newer and more efficient conditions for in vivo electroporation.     

电穿孔介导质粒DNA肿瘤内转移抑制恶性肿瘤生长与转移

利用携带绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein, GFP）编码基因的表达质粒,测试电穿孔方法介导目的基因活体组织内转移的效率并优化电击参数.在此基础上采用电穿孔技术直接将编码白介素12（IL-12）、白介素2（IL-2）、粒单细胞克隆刺激因子（GM-CSF）等免疫调节因子或反义血管内皮细胞生长因子121（VEGF₁₂₁）、可溶性血管内皮细胞膜受体（sFlk-1及ExTek）等血管生成抑制因子表达质粒转移至肿瘤局部.实验结果表明电穿孔介导GFP表达质粒肌肉内转移的效率较高,GFP可在肌细胞内持续高水平表达3周以上,而在肿瘤细胞内只能表达4～6 d,但高电压短脉冲电击组肿瘤内GFP阳性细胞数比低电压长脉冲组高2.68倍.多次电击介导IL-12表达质粒转移至肿瘤组织内,可有效地抑制小鼠膀胱癌BTT-gfp、人乳腺癌MCF-7及肝癌SMMC 7721-gfp的生长.MCF-7对血管生成抑制因子基因转移治疗较敏感,单独应用反义VEGF₁₂₁、sFlk-1或ExTek即显示明确的治疗效果.SMMC 7721-gfp单独应用sFlk-1有效.小鼠膀胱癌对单独应用反义VEGF₁₂₁、sFlk-1或ExTek治疗效果不理想,但联合应用sFlk-1和ExTek仍然可以有效地抑制肿瘤生长与转移,甚至使肿瘤缩小或消失.提示电穿孔技术是一项高效、安全、经济的体内基因转移方法.     

Cell and animal imaging of electrically mediated gene transfer

Electropermeabilization is a nonviral method successfully used to transfer genes into cells in vitro as in vivo. Although it shows promise in field of gene therapy, very little is known on the basic processes supporting the DNA transfer. The aim of the present investigation is to visualize gene electrotransfer and expression both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies have been performed by using digitized fluorescence microscopy. Membrane permeabilization occurs at the sides of the cell membrane facing the two electrodes. A free diffusion of propidium iodide across the membrane to the cytoplasm is observed in the seconds following electric pulses. Fluorescently labeled plasmids only interact with the electropermeabilized side of the cell facing the cathode. The plasmid interaction with the electropermeabilized cell surface is stable over a few minutes. Changing the polarity and the orientation of the pulses lead to an increase in gene expression. In vivo experiments have been performed in Tibialis Cranialis mice muscle. Electric field application lead to the in vivo expression of plasmid DNA. We directly visualize gene expression of the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) on live animals. GFP expression is shown to be increased by applying electric field pulses with different polarities and orientations.