枯草杆菌蛋白酶E的蛋白质工程

用定点突变和随机突变的方法,对枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶E基因进行改造。突变后的基因插入大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭质粒pBE-2中,在碱性和中性蛋白酶缺陷型的枯草杆菌DBl04中进行表达,得到突变种的碱性蛋白酶．它们的突变位点分别是(M222A)、(M222A、N118S)、(M222A、N118S、Q103R)、(M222A、N118S、Q103R、D60N)。各突变种酶的性质测定 结果表明．M222A突变使酶抗氧化,N118S突变使酶增加热稳定性,Q103R和D60N突变虽然能增加酶的比活,但使酶的热稳定性大大下降,尤其是D60N突变使酶变得极不稳定。野生型碱性蛋白酶与(M222A)突变种的等电点均为8．92．而M222A,N118S)。(M222A,N118S ,Ql03R)和(M222A,118S．Q103R,D60N)突变酶分别为8.88．9.10和9．17。用Nsuc-AAPF-pNA作为底物时酶反应景适pH值为7.5～9.5,而用酪蛋白底物时最适pH值为10～12。     

核糖体蛋白质的翻译特异性——遗传密码翻译装置对信使RNA的选择性

分子遗传学泰斗J.D.Watson于1957年首先对核糖体进行系统的研究。其后经许多科学家的共同努力,核糖体的结构已经基本研究清楚。然而对核糖体蛋白质的确切功能,却仍然一无所知。1979年以来,本实验室主要从事分离核糖体蛋白质突变体,研究核糖体蛋白质突变对基因表达的影响。发现在S12突变体中,碱性蛋白酶活性下降,而中性蛋白酶活性正常。到目前为止,我们分离鉴定了的枯草杆菌核糖体蛋白质突变体总数居世界首位。我们研究了核糖体蛋白质突变对噬菌体基因组表达的影响。发现在S12的依赖链霉素突变体中,噬菌体(?)105裂解量下降;蛋白质合成受阻;而RNA和DNA合成正常。测定了噬菌体(?)29在27种共44株核糖体蛋白质突变体中的成斑率。在多数突变体中,成斑率下降,最低达10~(-6);少数升高,最高达三倍;还有一些升降都不明显。大肠杆菌C600的S12发生依赖链霉素突变,λ噬菌体的成斑率和相对产量大大降低,而T4和T7的成斑率正常。大肠杆菌1.1485(λcI857)的S12发生依赖链霉素突变,λcI857的诱导释放量大大降低,而T4的成斑率反有所增加。在大肠杆菌A19野生型菌株中,λ噬菌体的N基因表达正常;核糖体蛋白质S10,S16,S19,S20和L3发生突变,能抑制N基因表达;L21 L25,L24突变,N基因不能表达;L27突变,促进N基因表达;S8,L6,L7/L12,L     

NDPK-A C4/109/145 S突变体降低磷酸转移酶活性但增加DNase活性

核苷二磷酸激酶A( nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, NDPK-A）有广泛的生物学活性,在肿瘤转移和调控中起重要作用.单独抑制NDPK-A中任何1个Cys所形成的二硫键,不会降低NDPK-A的磷酸转移酶活性和DNase活性.本实验通过构建C4/109/145S突变体并研究其生物学效应,为NDPK A结构与功能的研究提供参考.用定点突变法将NDPK-A 的4位、109位和145位Cys突变为Ser,构建pBV220-NDPK-A C4/109/145S和pEGFP-NDPK-A C4/109/145S两种重组质粒.在大肠杆菌中高效表达NDPK-A C4/109/145S突变体,纯化后可获得均一的重组NDPK-A C4/109/145S突变体蛋白.HPLC法和DNA消化法测定发现,C4/109/145S突变体磷酸转移酶活性低于野生型NDPK-A,而DNase活性高于野生型NDPK-A.以A549细胞作为模式细胞的流式细胞仪周期检测表明,C4/109/145S突变体与野生型NDPK-A一致,均可将细胞周期延滞在S期和G2/M期.这些结果证实,NDPK A结构异构与其磷酸转移酶活性密切相关,其酶活性至少需要1个Cys残基存在,NDPK-A结构中的二硫键也可能是其DNase活性的负调控机制之一,胞内NDPK-A的氧化还原异构可能对细胞周期无显著影响.     

枯草杆菌蛋白酶E的156和165位突变

应用定点突变方法,在M222A突变的枯草杆菌蛋白酶E基因上进行E156S和V165I定点突变. 将突变基因插入大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭质粒pBE-2中,在碱性和中性蛋白酶缺陷型的枯草杆菌DB104中进行表达,得到突变种(M222A,E156S)和(M222A,E156S,V165I)蛋白酶E. 性质测定表明,E156S突变使蛋白酶比活力增加90%,并不影响酶的热稳定性和抗氧化性. 而V165I突变使蛋白酶比活力降低.     

定向进化改造酪氨酸解氨酶提高大肠杆菌合成对香豆酸产量

对香豆酸是一种具有多种药理活性的天然酚类化合物,也是多种天然药用产物生物合成的前体物质,广泛应用于食品、化妆品、医药等领域。通过微生物合成对香豆酸相对于化学合成和植物提取工艺具有节能减排等优势。但是,目前微生物合成对香豆酸产量较低,难以满足大规模工业发酵生产的要求。为了进一步提高对香豆酸产量,对粘红酵母酪氨酸解氨酶 (Tyrosine ammonia-lyase,TAL) 进行定向进化改造,利用高通量筛选方法从随机突变体文库中筛选TAL催化活性提高的突变体。通过初筛和复筛两轮筛选,从大约10 000个突变体中获得1个TAL催化活性提高1倍的突变体。该突变体包含3个氨基酸突变位点,分别为S9Y、A11N、E518A。进一步通过单点氨基酸饱和突变验证,当S9位点突变为Y、I、N和A11位点突变为N、T、Y时,TAL的催化活性提高1倍以上。通过对S9和A11位点3种类型突变进行组合突变验证,S9Y/A11N和S9N/A11Y突变体的TAL催化活力显著高于其他组合。将S9N/A11Y突变体质粒转入酪氨酸高产菌株CP032。通过摇瓶发酵,该菌株在48 h时的对香豆酸产量达到394.2 mg/L,比对照菌提高2.2倍。本研究工作对促进微生物合成对香豆酸的代谢工程研究具有一定的参考价值。     

头孢菌素C酰化酶突变位点的研究

头孢菌素C酰化酶能直接将头孢菌素C(CPC)转化为7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-ACA),此一步酶法具有很大的经济价值,所以得到很多研究者的关注,特别是提高CPC酰化酶活性及专一性的研究。以CPC酰化酶基因ecs50为基础,利用重叠延伸PCR,对文献报道的活性提高的突变体酶S12的6个位点分别进行突变,将得到的6个突变体V122A、G140S、F297N、I314T、I415V、S710L进行诱导纯化后,检测酶活,以此来研究不同突变位点对酶活力的影响。结果 V122A的比活为106U/mg,它的转化效率比初始酶提高23.7%。     

E92A是HIV-1整合酶耐药突变N155S的活性回复突变

HIV-1整合酶是目前抗艾滋病药物研发的重要靶点之一,整合酶的耐药突变是导致整合酶抑制剂类药物治疗失败的主要原因,但突变产生耐药性的机理仍不清楚.本工作通过人工构建突变型整合酶,测试其活性和耐药性,对整合酶的耐药机理进行初步探索.构建整合酶的突变型包括E92A、N155S两种单突变及E92A/N155S双突变.通过基因工程操作引入突变、构建质粒、表达纯化得到整合酶蛋白.用基于磁珠的整合酶链转移ELISA测试整合酶的链转移活性,用S-1360和Raltegravir两种抑制剂测试整合酶的耐药性.另外,用Autodock软件做了S-1360和整合酶核心区(包括野生型和突变型)的分子对接.结果表明,N155S突变使整合酶链转移活性下降约80%,而E92A/N155S双突变仅使活性下降约42%,这表明N155S突变基础上的E92A突变可使整合酶的活性大幅回复.E92A和E92A/N155S对不同的抑制剂可产生不同的耐药性,它们对Raltegravir的耐药性强于对S-1360.突变对整合酶活性和耐药性的影响主要是通过改变整合酶活性中心结构实现的,E92A突变可能导致其与周围残基静电相互作用减弱,间接影响到D64和D116残基,产生活性回复作用.     

人肝再生增强因子CXXC活性结构域的研究

人肝再生增强因子(human augmenter of liver regeneration, hALR)蛋白序列中有一段保守的Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Cys (CXXC)氨基酸序列,针对hALRp的CXXC结构,对hALR分别进行C65A和Q88C突变,表达、纯化突变体蛋白。体外检测hALRp和突变体的黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD)辅助的巯基氧化酶活性,hALR-FAD和hALRQ88C-FAD组与对照组比较有显著差异(P<0.05),hALR-FAD和hALRQ88C-FAD组之间无差异;hALRC65A-FAD组与对照组比较无差异。结果显示,通过C65A突变将CXXC结构破坏后,该突变体的巯基氧化酶活性完全丧失;通过Q88C突变增加一个CXXC序列后,该突变体的巯基氧化酶活性较hALR-FAD未见明显增加;同时,FAD不仅是hALRp发挥巯基氧化酶活性必须的辅助因子,而且有助于hALRp突变体蛋白的复性。     

核糖体蛋白质的翻译特异性— 遗传密码翻译装置对信使RNA的选择性

分子遗传学泰斗J. D. Watson于1957年首先对核糖体进行系统的研究。其后0. 许多科学家的共同努力,核糖体的结构已经基本研究清楚。然而对核糖体蛋白质的确切 功能,却仍然一无所知。1979年以来,本实验室主要从事分离核糖体蛋白质突变体,研 究核糖体蛋白质突变对基因表达的影响。发现在S12突变体中,碱性蛋白酶活性下降, 而中性蛋白酶活性正常。到目前为止,我们分离鉴定了的枯草杆菌核糖体蛋白质突变体 总数居世界首位。我们研究了核糖体蛋白质突变对噬菌体基因组表达的影响。发现在 S12的依赖链霉素突变体中,噬菌体娜05裂解量下降;蛋白质合成受Pf-;而RN A和 DNA合成正常。测定了噬菌体价29在27种共44株核糖体蛋白质突变体中的成斑 率。在多数突变体中,成斑率下降,最低达10-6;少数升高,最高达三倍;还百一些升降都 不明显。大汤杆菌C600的S12发生依赖链霉素突变,x噬菌体的成5k率和相对产量 大大降低,而T4和T7的成斑率正常。大肠杆菌1.148叹Xc 1857）的S12发生依赖 链霉素突变,肠1857的诱导释放量大大降低,而T4的成斑率反有所增加。在大肠杆菌 A19野生型菌株中,I噬菌体的N基因表达正常;核糖体蛋白质S10, S16, S19, S20 和L3友生突变,能抑制N基因表达;L21 + L25, L24突变,N基因不能表达;L27突 变,促进N基因表达;S8,L6,L7ZL12,L14禾L23突变,对N基因表达没有明显影响。 把N基囚克隆在质拉上,用功能互补的方法,测定N基因表达的程度。结果清楚表明, S12发生依赖链霉素突变,N基因不能表达;发生杭链霉素突变,却表达正常。综合以上 实验结果,可见不同的核糖体蛋白质突变时同一基因表达的影响不同;同一核糖体蛋白 质突变对不同基因表达的影响也不同。还有一些核糖体蛋白质突变,对其他基因表达没 有明显的影响。     

定点突变对酰胺水解酶DamH可溶性表达和酶活的影响

摘要:【目的】DamH是一种具有酯酶活性的酰胺水解酶,其非活性中心氨基酸残基的突变对重组酶可溶性表达和比酶活产生一定的影响。拟探索DamH的活性中心氨基酸残基构成,并对其非活性中心氨基酸残基突变对可溶性表达和比酶活的影响进行研究。【方法】通过重叠延伸的方法对DamH可能的活性中心氨基酸S149、E244和H274以及非活性中心氨基酸D165及N192进行定点突变,通过静息细胞测活验证了S149、E244和H274 在催化2-氯-N-(2’-甲基-6’-乙基苯基)乙酰胺(CMEPA)水解反应中的作用,通过Ni2+- NTA亲和层析对D165及N192突变子进行纯化,对突变株和野生型比酶活进行比较。【结果】研究表明S149A使DamH的CMEPA 水解酶活性下降为野生型的5%,E244A和H274A突变导致其失去活性;D165P和N192P突变影响到DamH的可溶性表达,表达量分别为野生型的28.2%和20.8%,突变子N192P、D165P比酶活分别为野生型比酶活的55.5%和49.7%。【结论】DamH催化酯类底物和芳基酰胺类底物可能共用同一活性中心S149、E244和H274,其两个α螺旋的转角处氨基酸侧链极性和刚性结构的改变对可溶性表达以及活性有很大的影响。     

Engineering subtilisin and its substrates for efficient ligation of peptide bonds in aqueous solution

Protein engineering techniques were used to construct a derivative of the serine protease subtilisin that ligates peptides efficiently in water. The subtilisin double mutant in which the catalytic Ser221 was converted to Cys (S221C) and Pro225 converted to Ala (P225A) has 10-fold higher peptide ligase activity and at least 100-fold lower amidase activity than the singly mutated thiolsubtilisin (S221C) that was previously shown to have some peptide ligase activity [Nakatsuka, T., Sasaki, T., & Kaiser, E.T. (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3808-3810]. A 1.5-A X-ray crystal structure of an oxidized derivative of the double mutant (S221C/P225A) supports the protein design strategy in showing that the P225A mutation partly relieves the steric crowding expected from the S221C substitution, thus accounting for its improved catalytic efficiency. Stable and synthetically reasonable alkyl ester peptide substrates were prepared that rapidly acylate the S221C/P225A enzyme, and aminolysis of the resulting thioacyl-enzyme intermediate by various peptides is strongly preferred over hydrolysis. The efficiency of aminolysis is relatively insensitive to the sequence of the first two residues in the acyl acceptor peptide whose alpha-amino group attacks the thioacyl-enzyme. To obtain greater flexibility in the choice of coupling sites, a set of three additional peptide ligases were engineered by introducing mutations into the parent ligase (S221C/P225A) that were previously shown to change the specificity of subtilisin for the residue nearest the acyl bond (the P1 residue). The specificity properties of the parent ligase and derivatives of it paralleled those of wild type and corresponding specificity variants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Kynurenine formamidase: determination of primary structure and modeling-based prediction of tertiary structure and catalytic triad

Kynurenine formamidase (KFase) (EC 3.5.1.9) hydrolyzes N-formyl-L-kynurenine, an obligatory step in the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid. Low KFase activity in chicken embryos, from inhibition by organophosphorus insecticides and their metabolites such as diazoxon, leads to marked developmental abnormalities. While KFase was purportedly isolated previously, the structure and residues important for catalysis and inhibition were not established. KFase was isolated here from mouse liver cytosol by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and three FPLC steps (resulting in 221-fold increase in specific activity for N-formyl-L-kynurenine hydrolysis) followed by conversion to [3H]diethylphosphoryl-KFase and finally isolation by C4 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Determination of tryptic fragment amino acid sequences and cDNA cloning produced a new 305-amino-acid protein sequence. Although an amidase by function, the primary structure of KFase lacks the amidase signature sequence and is more similar to esterases and lipases. Sequence profile analysis indicates KFase is related to the esterase/lipase/thioesterase family containing the conserved active-site serine sequence GXSXG. The alpha/beta-hydrolase fold is suggested for KFase by its primary sequence and predicted secondary conformation. A three-dimensional model based on the structures of homologous carboxylesterase EST2 and brefeldin A esterase implicates Ser162, Asp247 and His279 as the active site triad.     

催化吲哚生成靛蓝的细胞色素P450BM-3 定向进化研究

以催化吲哚产生的靛蓝在 630 nm 处具有特殊的吸收峰为高通量筛选指标,将来源于 Bacillus megaterium 的细胞色素 P450BM-3 单加氧酶的基因序列用易错聚合酶链式反应进行定向进化,通过多轮突变,在原有的能产靛蓝的高活力突变酶的基础上成功获得了三个高于亲本酶的突变酶,突变酶的酶活分别是亲本酶的 6.6 倍 (hml001) , 9.6 倍 (hml002) 和 5.3 倍 (hml003) ,并对突变酶的动力学参数进行了分析 . 突变酶 DNA 测序的结果表明, hml001 含有一个有义氨基酸置换 I39V , hml002 含有三个有义氨基酸置换 D168N , A225V , K440N , hml003 含有一个有义氨基酸置换 E435D ,这些突变位点有些远离底物结合部位,有些位于底物结合部位 .     

Covalent modification of subtilisin Bacillus lentus cysteine mutants with enantiomerically pure chiral auxiliaries causes remarkable changes in activity

Methanethiosulfonate reagents may be used to introduce virtually unlimited structural modifications in enzymes via reaction with the thiol group of cysteine. The covalent coupling of enantiomerically pure (R) and (S) chiral auxiliary methanethiosulfonate ligands to cysteine mutants of subtilisin Bacillus lentus induces spectacular changes in catalytic activity between diastereomeric enzymes. Amidase and esterase kinetic assays using a low substrate approximation were used to establish kcat/KM values for the chemically modified mutants, and up to 3-fold differences in activity were found between diastereomeric enzymes. Changing the length of the carbon chain linking the phenyl or benzyl oxazolidinone ligand to the mutant N62C by a methylene unit reverses which diastereomeric enzyme is more active. Similarly, changing from a phenyl to benzyl oxazolidinone ligand at S166C reverses which diastereomeric enzyme is more active. Chiral modifications at S166C and L217C give CMMs having both high esterase kcat/KM's and high esterase to amidase ratios with large differences between diastereomeric enzymes.     

甲基对硫磷降解菌假单胞菌WBC-3的筛选及其降解性能的研究

从农药污染土样中分离出的一株细菌具有彻底降解甲基对硫磷的能力。该菌经生理生化特性分析和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定为假单胞菌属,命名为Pseudomonas sp.WBC\|3。该菌在pH7～8、温度23℃～30℃范围内均生长良好,对甲基对硫磷的耐受浓度在单纯无机盐培养基中可达到800mg/L,在含有01%葡萄糖的培养基中可达到2000mg/L。该菌能够以甲基对硫磷作为唯一碳源、氮源,将其彻底降解作为生长基质,对于300mg/L甲基对硫磷的降解速度达15mg/L\5h,于22h后达到其稳定生长期。该菌对于多种有机磷农药及部分芳烃类化合物具有生化代谢能力。从该菌的细胞周质组分中纯化出的有机磷水解酶在SDSPAGE胶上显示为分子量约为33.5×103的条带。     

应用毛细管气相色谱法检测棉铃虫细胞色素P450 O-脱甲基活性

依据毛细管气相色谱法灵敏度高 ,样品用量少 ,分辨率高的特点 ,建立了一个用于检测棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera幼虫中肠和脂肪体细胞色素P45 0O -脱甲基活性产物的小型反应体系 ( 875 μL) ,其中含 0 1mol L ,pH 7 8Tris HCl缓冲液 ,0 5 μmol,NADPH ,7 5 μmolMgCl2 ,0 0 85 %BSA ,0 1 5 7mmol对硝基苯甲醚及酶液。利用毛细管气相色谱直接检测该反应体系中棉铃虫细胞色素P45 0的O -脱甲基产物对硝基苯酚。     

粉纹夜蛾细胞中Bt Cry1Ac选择抗性的研究及离体品系与毒素结合的比较

采用Bt Cry1Ac活性毒素对粉纹夜蛾BTI-Tn-5B1细胞进行56代筛选后获得了抗性比为1280倍的抗性细胞。ELISA检测表明抗性细胞总蛋白和膜蛋白结合的Cry1Ac数量都少于敏感细胞。配体结合Western杂交实验显示：抗性细胞和敏感细胞的膜蛋白与总蛋白都有5条电泳迁移率相同的毒素结合多肽带,其分子量分别为207,158．5,118.8,72,38．5 kD;抗性细胞的118．8和72kD的阳性带比敏感细胞的略弱,这可能与抗性的形成相关。     

Probing the mechanism and improving the rate of substrate-assisted catalysis in subtilisin BPN'

A mutant of the serine protease, subtilisin BPN', in which the catalytic His64 is replaced by Ala (H64A), is very specific for substrates containing a histidine, presumably by the substrate-bound histidine assisting in catalysis [Carter, P., & Wells, J.A. (1987) Science (Washington, D.C.) 237, 394-399]. Here we probe the catalytic mechanism of H64A subtilisin for cleaving His and non-His substrates. We show that the ratio of aminolysis to hydrolysis is the same for ester and amide substrates as catalyzed by the H64A subtilisin. This is consistent with formation of a common acyl-enzyme intermediate for H64A subtilisin, analogous to the mechanism of the wild-type enzyme. However, the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) for amidase and esterase activities with His-containing substrates are reduced by 5000-fold and 14-fold, respectively, relative to wild-type subtilisin BPN, suggesting that acylation is more compromised than deacylation in the H64A mutant. High concentrations of imidazole are much less effective than His substrates in promoting hydrolysis by the H64A variant, suggesting that the His residue on the bound (not free) substrate is involved in catalysis. The reduction in catalytic efficiency kcat/KM for hydrolysis of the amide substrate upon replacement of the oxyanion stabilizing asparagine (N155G) is only 7-fold greater for wild-type than H64A subtilisin. In contrast, the reductions in kcat/KM upon replacement of the catalytic serine (S221A) or aspartate (D32A) are about 3000-fold greater for wild-type than H64A subtilisin, suggesting that the functional interactions between the Asp32 and Ser221 with the substrate histidine are more compromised in substrate-assisted catalysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Monoclonal Antibodies Recognize Conformational Epitopes on Wild-type and Recombinant Mutant Amidases from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis>

Hybridoma technology was used to raise monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against wild-type amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hybridoma clones secreting polyol-responsive MAbs (PR-MAbs) were screened that bind antigen tightly. but release under mild- and non-denaturing elution conditions, which can be used as ligands in immunoaffinity chromatography. Two of these hybridoma clones (C9E4 and B1E4) secreting MAbs against wild-type amidase were selected in order to check if they are PR-MAbs by using ELISA-elution assay. These hybridoma cell lines secreted MAbs of IgG class which were purified in a single step by Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography, which revealed two protein bands on SDS-PAGE. Specificity studies of MAb C9E4 revealed that it recognized a common epitope on wild-type and mutant T103I amidases as determined by direct ELISA, as well as by Western blotting under native conditions. This MAb exhibited a higher-affinity constant (K) for the mutant T103I amidase than for the wild-type enzyme. However, this MAb did not recognize either wild-type or mutant T103I enzymes under denaturing conditions suggesting that it binds to a conformation-sensitive epitope on amidase molecule. On the other hand, it also does not recognize either native or denatured forms of mutant C91A amidase suggesting that this substitution disrupted the conformational epitope present on amidase molecule. Furthermore, MAb C9E4 inhibited about 80% of wild-type amidase activity, whereas it activated about 80% of mutant amidase (T103I) activity. However, this MAb did not affect mutant C91A amidase activity which is in agreement with other results presented in this work. The data presented in this work suggest that this MAb acts as a powerful probe to detect conformational changes in native and denatured amidases as well as to differentiate wild-type and mutant (T103I and C91A) amidases.