工业微生物代谢途径调控的基因敲除策略

基因敲除技术是一项重要的分子生物学技术,在工业微生物代谢工程中具有广泛应用。以下从基因敲除技术的遗传重组原理出发,总结了基因敲除策略的类型、特征和应用,重点介绍了采用线性双链DNA的λRed同源重组系统、使用环状质粒载体介导的单交换或双交换同源重组策略以及采用转座酶介导的转座重组等几种主要的基因敲除方法,进一步展望了基因敲除技术的发展前沿和应用前景。     

Red同源重组技术研究进展

伴随着分子生物学的发展,一种基于λ噬菌体Red重组酶的同源重组系统已应用于大肠杆菌基因工程研究。Red重组系统由三种蛋白组成:Exo蛋白是一种核酸外切酶,结合在双链DNA的末端,从5′端向3′端降解DNA,产生3′突出端;Beta蛋白结合在单链DNA上,介导互补单链DNA退火;Gam蛋白可与RecBCD酶结合,抑制其降解外源DNA的活性。Red同源重组技术具有同源序列短(40～60bp)、重组效率高的特点。这种技术可在DNA靶标分子的任意位点进行基因敲除、敲入、点突变等操作,无需使用限制性内切酶和连接酶。此外,这种新型重组技术可直接将目的基因克隆于载体上,目的基因既可来源于细菌人工染色体也可是基因组DNA。Red同源重组技术使难度较大的基因工程实验顺利进行,大大推动功能基因组研究的发展。     

大肠杆菌无痕重组的策略与应用

Red同源重组技术发展迅速,已经广泛应用于大肠杆菌基因的敲除、插入与替换。与传统的DNA有痕重组技术相比,基于Red重组原理的DNA无痕重组技术,能够更为精确、快速、高效地修饰大肠杆菌基因组中的目标基因,且在基因组中不残留任何外源片段,因此不会影响后续的基因操作与基因表达。从Red同源重组的原理出发,简要综述了近年来在大肠杆菌中广泛使用的无痕重组技术的原理及操作策略,并对比分析了各种方法的优势与不足;同时,还介绍了DNA无痕重组技术在大肠杆菌基因修饰中的应用情况。     

Red/ET重组在基因打靶载体快速构建中的应用

通过合理应用Red/ET重组技术实现基因打靶载体的快速构建。在Red/ET重组介导下,首先从基因组DNA中将靶基因片段亚克隆至打靶质粒载体中,随后将两端带有50 bp同源臂的抗性筛选基因插入并替换靶基因上的目标序列,如此两步操作即可完成一个传统型基因敲除打靶载体的构建;结合Cre-loxP系统,在传统型基因敲除打靶载体的基础上,经过再一轮的Red/ET重组就能够成功实现条件性基因敲除打靶载体的构建。整个实验过程不需要PCR扩增长、短臂序列,也不涉及酶切、连接反应,因此,不仅省时、省力,而且所构建的基因打靶载体序列准确,无突变。此实验方法的建立为加速后基因组时代的基因功能研究提供了一条捷径。     

Red重组系统用于大肠杆菌基因修饰的研究进展

Red重组作为一种新的重组系统已经被广泛用于大肠杆菌的基因敲除、基因替换。与传统的Rec重组相比,Red重组具有同源臂短,重组效率高等优点。本文分别详细介绍了Red重组系统中Exo、Beta、Gam三种蛋白质的功能,Red重组系统运用在大肠杆菌基因敲除中的三种质粒及其功能,同时概括了Red重组的技术要点及技术难点,分析了文献报道的阿拉伯糖诱导浓度和诱导时间、转化后的复苏温度及时间、引物同源臂长度对于重组率的影响,总结出了Red重组的最佳条件。     

Red重组系统用于大肠杆菌基因修饰研究进展

Red重组作为一种新的重组系统已经被广泛用于大肠杆菌的基因敲除、基因替换.与传统的Rec重组相比,Red重组具有同源臂短,重组效率高等优点.分别详细介绍了Red重组系统中Exo、Beta、Gam 3种蛋白质的功能,Red重组系统运用于大肠杆菌基因敲除的3种质粒及其功能,同时概括了Red重组的技术要点及技术难点,分析了文献报道的阿拉伯糖诱导浓度和诱导时间、转化后的复苏温度及时间、引物同源臂长度对于重组率的影响,总结出了Red重组的最佳条件.     

重组工程系统研究进展

大肠杆菌的同源重组依靠内源性的RecA蛋白。RecBCD降解双链线性DNA分子,因此必须构建环状质粒打靶载体才能完成体内重组,操作过程繁琐,所需同源臂长。最近建立起的依赖于Rac噬菌体的ET重组系统和基于入噬菌体的Red重组系统,可有效利用线性DNA片段作为打靶分子,对大肠杆菌染色体DNA和BAC、PAC载体中包含的真核细胞基因组DNA进行基因敲除、敲入、替换、单碱基突变及体内基因克隆等修饰。这2种系统重组效率高,用PCR方法便可合成双链线性DNA打靶分子,不需要限制酶和连接酶,操作过程简单、精确、快速、经济,大大缩短了构建打靶载体的时间,成为功能基因组研究的有力工具。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌CRISPR-Cpf1和Cre/loxP基因敲除技术的比较

【背景】谷氨酸棒状杆菌的基因敲除系统较为匮乏且效率不高,难以对其进行代谢工程改造,不利于高性能工业菌株的构建及规模生产。【目的】分别采用CRISPR-Cpf1和Cre/loxP基因敲除系统对谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC13032(CorynebacteriumglutamicumATCC13032)基因组上的argR和argF基因进行敲除,比较两种敲除方法的优缺点,为合理选择敲除系统提供依据。【方法】特异性重组的Cre/loxP敲除系统是首先利用同源重组将基因组上的靶基因替换为两端带有重组位点loxP的kanR片段,然后由重组酶Cre识别loxP位点并发生重组反应,从而去除替换到基因组上的kanR片段,进一步利用质粒的温敏特性将其消除,从而实现靶基因的敲除。CRISPR-Cpf1敲除系统是利用Cpf1对pre-crRNA进行加工,形成的成熟crRNA引导Cpf1识别和结合到靶DNA的特定序列上并切割双链DNA分子,通过同源重组作用去除靶基因,基于质粒自身的温敏特性将其消除,从而完成基因敲除的整个过程。【结果】Cre/lox P系统可在8N+2 d内完成N轮迭代基因敲除,而CRISPR-Cpf1系统可在5N+2d内完成N轮迭代基因无痕敲除,理论上还可以一次对多个靶位点进行编辑,效率更高,但存在同源重组效率较低、假阳性率高等缺点。【结论】与Cre/loxP系统相比,CRISPR-Cpf1辅助的同源重组基因敲除方法可省时、省力地实现基因的无痕敲除,理论上还可实现多个基因的同时敲除、总体效率更高,然而编辑效率还有提高的空间。     

两步PCR介导的Red重组技术快速敲除鼠疫耶尔森菌sRNA及染色体大片段

【目的】利用Red同源重组系统,通过二步PCR法建立一种适合鼠疫耶尔森菌s RNA和大片段染色体基因敲除的方法。【方法】第一步PCR先扩增出目的基因的上、下游同源臂(600–1000 bp)及卡那抗性盒,再以上、下游同源臂及卡那抗性盒等摩尔混合物为模板,通过融合PCR获得含上下游同源臂及卡那抗性盒的线性突变盒,再将此突变盒的PCR产物电转到含有pKD46质粒的鼠疫201菌株,在阿拉伯糖的诱导下,p KD46质粒表达Red重组酶,促使卡那抗性盒替换目的基因,最后对获得的重组克隆进行PCR鉴定。【结果】本研究通过两步PCR法构建600–1000 bp的同源臂,提高了同源重组效率,并将鼠疫菌sRNA RyhB1(108 bp)和RyhB2(106 bp)和染色体大片段47-2(10.4 kb)、47-3(21.6 kb)、47-3a(9.2 kb)及47-3b(6.1 kb)成功敲除。【结论】基于Red重组系统构建的二步法突变技术,是一种简单、高效的精确修饰鼠疫菌s RNA及大片段染色体的方法,适合于鼠疫菌全基因组的基因敲除,为鼠疫菌基因表达与调控、致病和毒力等研究提供有力的工具。     

利用Red重组系统敲除鲍曼不动杆菌asa A基因

目的利用Red重组系统敲除鲍曼不动杆菌ATCC 17978的asaA。方法设计上下游引物中包含asaA的同源序列,并以pKD4质粒为模板,扩增含有卡那霉素抗性基因的DNA片段。将该片段转化于表达重组酶的17978感受态细胞中,在卡那霉素筛选压力下,得到经两次同源双交换的具有卡那霉素基因标记的突变菌株。随后,在重组酶的作用下将抗性基因去除,最终得到无抗性基因标记的突变菌株ΔasaA。结果通过该重组系统,首先将卡那霉素抗性基因的DNA片段替换了基因组中asaA的DNA片段,然后将卡那霉素抗性基因的DNA片段消除,最终获得了asaA缺失的突变体。结论通过Red重组系统为鲍曼不动杆菌中其他基因的缺失突变提供方法与思路。     

利用Red重组系统对大肠杆菌ClpP基因的敲除

利用含有质粒pKD4 6的菌株BW2 5 113,在阿拉伯糖诱导后 ,表达λ噬菌体的 3个重组蛋白 ,宿主菌就具有了同源重组的能力 .设计的引物 5′端有 5 0bp的拟敲除基因的同源臂 ,3′端为扩增引物 ,以pKD3为模板 ,扩增两侧含FRT位点的氯霉素抗性基因 ,将此线性片段电转入具重组功能的感受态细胞 ,利用氯霉素平板就可以筛选到阳性转化体 .再利用表达Flp重组酶的质粒pCP2 0 ,可将FRT位点之间的氯霉素抗性基因删除 .利用该重组系统 ,构建了ClpP蛋白酶缺失的大肠杆菌工程菌株 ,可望在减少外源蛋白的降解方面发挥一定的作用 .     

一种利用λRed重组技术在杀鱼爱德华氏菌基因组添加标签的方法

在杀鱼爱德华氏菌病原学研究中,在动物中制备杀鱼爱德华氏菌蛋白抗体耗时长,且获得的多克隆或多肽抗体在宿主细胞中特异性差,背景信号强。为解决这一问题,对在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)中建立起来的λRed基因编辑方法进行调整和优化,建立了在杀鱼爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella piscicida)基因组基因上添加HA标签序列的方法,为使用标签抗体研究杀鱼爱德华氏菌基因功能提供便利。λRed重组系统利用同源线性DNA片段与基因组DNA进行重组。即以质粒pSU315为模板,在引物上引入目的基因的特异性序列,扩增FRT序列和抗生素抗性基因;以获得的PCR产物转化携带pKD46的杀鱼爱德华氏菌,在pKD46表达的λ噬菌体的3个重组蛋白(Exo、Beta和Gam)作用下, PCR产物与杀鱼爱德华氏菌基因组发生同源重组,获得引入了抗生素抗性的靶基因缺失或靶基因携带标签序列的菌株;接着利用pKD46的温敏型特性,消除引入的pKD46;最后向杀鱼爱德华氏菌引入文章构建的表达Flp重组酶的质粒pKD46-flp,在FLP作用下,两个FRT位点之间发生重组,...     

Expression specificity of the mouse exonuclease 1 (mExo1) gene.

Genetic recombination involves either the homo-logous exchange of nearly identical chromosome regions or the direct alignment, annealing and ligation of processed DNA ends. These mechanisms are involved in repairing potentially lethal or mutagenic DNA damage and generating genetic diversity within the meiotic cell population and antibody repertoire. We report here the identification of a mouse gene, termed mExo1 for mouse exonuclease 1, which encodes a approximately 92 kDa protein that shares homology to proteins of the RAD2 nuclease family, most notably human 5' to 3' exonuclease Hex1/hExo1, yeast exonuclease 1 (Exo1) proteins and Drosophila melanogaster Tosca. The mExo1 gene maps to distal chromosome 1, consistent with the recent mapping of the orthologous HEX1 / hEXO1 gene to chromosome 1q42-q43. mExo1 is expressed prominently in testis, an area of active homologous recombination, and spleen, a prominent lymphoid tissue. An increased level of mExo1 mRNA was observed during a stage of testis development where cells that are actively involved in meiotic recombination arise first and represent a significant proportion of the germ cell population. Comparative evaluation of the expression patterns of the human and mouse genes, combined with previous biochemical and yeast genetic studies, indicate that the Exo1-like proteins are important contributors to chromosome processing during mammalian DNA repair and recombination.     

Bacteriophage SPP1 Chu is an alkaline exonuclease in the SynExo family of viral two-component recombinases

Many DNA viruses concatemerize their genomes as a prerequisite to packaging into capsids. Concatemerization arises from either replication or homologous recombination. Replication is already the target of many antiviral drugs, and viral recombinases are an attractive target for drug design, particularly for combination therapy with replication inhibitors, due to their important supporting role in viral growth. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of viral recombination, we and others previously identified a family of viral nucleases that comprise one component of a conserved, two-component viral recombination system. The nuclease component is related to the exonuclease of phage lambda and is common to viruses with linear double-stranded DNA genomes. To test the idea that these viruses have a common strategy for recombination and genome concatemerization, we isolated the previously uncharacterized 34.1 gene from Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1, expressed it in Escherichia coli, purified the protein, and determined its enzymatic properties. Like lambda exonuclease, Chu (the product of 34.1) forms an oligomer, is a processive alkaline exonuclease that digests linear double-stranded DNA in a Mg(2+)-dependent reaction, and shows a preference for 5'-phosphorylated DNA ends. A model for viral recombination, based on the phage lambda Red recombination system, is proposed.     

Exonuclease I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae functions in mitotic recombination in vivo and in vitro.

We previously described a 5'-3' exonuclease required for recombination in vitro between linear DNA molecules with overlapping homologous ends. This exonuclease, referred to as exonuclease I (Exo I), has been purified more than 300-fold from vegetatively grown cells and copurifies with a 42-kDa polypeptide. The activity is nonprocessive and acts preferentially on double-stranded DNA. The biochemical properties are quite similar to those of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Exo I. Extracts prepared from cells containing a mutation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae EXO1 gene, a homolog of S. pombe exo1, had decreased in vitro recombination activity and when fractionated were found to lack the peak of activity corresponding to the 5'-3' exonuclease. The role of EXO1 on recombination in vivo was determined by measuring the rate of recombination in an exo1 strain containing a direct duplication of mutant ade2 genes and was reduced sixfold. These results indicate that EXO1 is required for recombination in vivo and in vitro in addition to its previously identified role in mismatch repair.     

The terminal 5′ phosphate and proximate phosphorothioate promote ligation‐independent cloning

Function studies of many proteins are waited to develop after genome sequencing. High‐throughout technology of gene cloning will strongly promote proteins' function studies. Here we describe a ligation‐independent cloning (LIC) method, which is based on the amplification of target gene and linear vector by PCR using phosphorothioate‐modified primers and the digestion of PCR products by λ exonuclease. The phosphorothioate inhibits the digestion and results in the generation of 3′ overhangs, which are designed to form complementary double‐stranded DNA between target gene and linear vector. We compared our phosphorothioate primer cloning methods with several LIC methods, including dU primer cloning, hybridization cloning, T4 DNA polymerase cloning, and in vivo recombination cloning. The cloning efficiency of these LIC methods are as follows: phosphorothioate primer cloning > dU primer cloning > hybridization cloning > T4 DNA polymerase cloning >> in vivo recombination cloning. Our result shows that the 3′ overhangs is a better cohesive end for LIC than 5′ overhang and the existence of 5′phosphate promotes DNA repair in Escherichia coli, resulting in the improvement of cloning efficiency of LIC. We succeeded in constructing 156 expression plasmids of Aeropyrum pernix genes within a week using our method.     

利用Red系统快速敲除家蚕核型多角体病毒orf60基因

用Red重组系统和最近构建的家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)bacmid在大肠杆菌BW25113中快速地敲除BmNPVorf60基因。从大肠杆菌BmDH10Bac中提取BmNPVbacmid,将其电转化到含有质粒pKD46(能表达Red重组酶)的大肠杆菌菌株BW25113中,获得了可用于BmNPV基因打靶的菌株BW25113-Bac。设计一对长63bp的引物(5′端为orf60基因的左右同源臂,长45bp;3′端长18bp,为氯霉素抗性基因(cat)的首尾序列),以pKD3质粒(含cat)为模板,PCR扩增携带orf60左右同源臂的cat,即打靶线性化片段。将该线性化片段电转入BW25113-Bac菌株,在Red重组酶的作用下,线性化片段与BmNPVbacmid中的orf60基因发生同源重组。设计3对特异引物,用PCR方法证明cat成功地替换了BmNPVorf60基因。重组bacmid DNA转染BmN细胞后,Western blot分析未检测到orf60基因的表达。     

Functional characterization of an alkaline exonuclease and single strand annealing protein from the SXT genetic element of Vibrio cholerae

Background

SXT is an integrating conjugative element (ICE) originally isolated from Vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes cholera. It houses multiple antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes on its ca. 100 kb circular double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome, and functions as an effective vehicle for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes within susceptible bacterial populations. Here, we characterize the activities of an alkaline exonuclease (S066, SXT-Exo) and single strand annealing protein (S065, SXT-Bet) encoded on the SXT genetic element, which share significant sequence homology with Exo and Bet from bacteriophage lambda, respectively.

Results

SXT-Exo has the ability to degrade both linear dsDNA and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules, but has no detectable endonuclease or nicking activities. Adopting a stable trimeric arrangement in solution, the exonuclease activities of SXT-Exo are optimal at pH 8.2 and essentially require Mn²⁺ or Mg²⁺ ions. Similar to lambda-Exo, SXT-Exo hydrolyzes dsDNA with 5'- to 3'-polarity in a highly processive manner, and digests DNA substrates with 5'-phosphorylated termini significantly more effectively than those lacking 5'-phosphate groups. Notably, the dsDNA exonuclease activities of both SXT-Exo and lambda-Exo are stimulated by the addition of lambda-Bet, SXT-Bet or a single strand DNA binding protein encoded on the SXT genetic element (S064, SXT-Ssb). When co-expressed in E. coli cells, SXT-Bet and SXT-Exo mediate homologous recombination between a PCR-generated dsDNA fragment and the chromosome, analogous to RecET and lambda-Bet/Exo.

Conclusions

The activities of the SXT-Exo protein are consistent with it having the ability to resect the ends of linearized dsDNA molecules, forming partially ssDNA substrates for the partnering SXT-Bet single strand annealing protein. As such, SXT-Exo and SXT-Bet may function together to repair or process SXT genetic elements within infected V. cholerae cells, through facilitating homologous DNA recombination events. The results presented here significantly extend our general understanding of the properties and activities of alkaline exonuclease and single strand annealing proteins of viral/bacteriophage origin, and will assist the rational development of bacterial recombineering systems.     

鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC基因编辑株的构建

利用λRed重组系统和pBAD原核表达载体构建鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC质粒毒力基因修饰菌株,为深入探究沙门菌毒力基因spv的功能和致病机制及宿主抗感染免疫提供工具菌。以pKD4为模板,PCR扩增含spvBC同源臂的卡那霉素抗性基因以构建同源打靶片段,再将其电转入含有质粒pKD46的鼠伤寒沙门菌中进行同源重组,随后将质粒pCP20电转导入阳性转化子,消除卡那霉素抗性基因,PCR鉴定敲除株的构建。PCR扩增含酶切位点的spvBC基因片段,扩增产物与原核表达载体pBAD/gⅢ分别双酶切后连接构建pBAD-spvBC重组质粒,PCR筛选阳性菌落并测序鉴定。将构建成功的pBAD-spvBC重组质粒电转导入spvBC敲除株中,Western blot测定不同浓度L-阿拉伯糖诱导SpvB和SpvC蛋白表达情况。PCR结果表明鼠伤寒沙门菌spvBC基因敲除成功;PCR及测序结果表明pBAD-spvBC重组质粒构建成功,Western blot结果表明13 mmol/L L-阿拉伯糖可诱导SpvB和SpvC蛋白正常表达。λRed重组系统可用于沙门菌质粒上大片段基因的敲除,pBAD原核表达载体可用于沙门菌质粒上大片段基因的回补,丰富了细菌质粒的基因修饰和编辑策略。     

pBR322-Red介导的E．Coli染色体基因敲入、位点及表达研究

应用pBR322-Red介导的重组工程系统,Kan/sacB选择反选择系统,双链线性DNA重组技术和重叠引物介导的DNA重组技术,将长度为1 653 bp的luc报告基因分别敲入到E.coli W3110染色体lacZ, lacY和lacA基因的位置,建立了一系列具有新遗传表型的菌株：CWL2、CWL4和CWL6。荧光素酶分析表明,外源报告基因luc能在这3个结构基因处有效的组成型表达。为了进一步确定外源基因的表达情况,用霍乱毒素B亚单位基因ctxb替换了lacZ基因,构建了新菌株CWD1。证明了以单拷贝形式存在在大肠杆菌染色体CWD1上的ctxb基因能有效的表达CTB蛋白并能将其分泌至细胞外培养液中。结果初步确定了大肠杆菌染色体上的lac操纵子结构基因位点适合外源基因的敲入和表达。