IgY—Ricin A诱导癌细胞程序化死亡的研究

研究了抗癌导向药物IgY-Ricin A杀伤癌细胞的作用机理。人胃低分化粘液腺癌MGC-803细胞经IgY-Ricin A处理,细胞的增殖明显受到抑制,而同样处理的人胚正常肺细胞2BS,其生长不受这种药物的影响。FCM实验结果表明,IgY-Ricin A处理的MGC-803细胞,在8h开始出现细胞程序化死亡峰Apo,同样处理的2BS细胞则无Apo峰出现。经lgY-Ricin A处理的MGC-803细胞核由均一状态变为浓缩凝集状,经激光共聚焦显微镜进行光切片和三维重组,发现MGC-803细胞核由原来的球形变成高度浓缩凝集的点状结构。DNA凝胶电泳分析显示,IgY-Ricin A处理的MGC-803细胞DNA被降解,呈现梯状电泳条带这一典型的细胞程序化死亡指标。研究结果表明,IgY-Ricin A通过诱导细胞程序化死亡来控制MGC-803细胞的增殖,最终杀死癌细胞。     

哺乳动物DNA连接酶在DNA双链断裂修复通路中的作用

保持基因组的完整性和稳定性对于生物体的存活是十分重要的。DNA损伤来源于多方面,主要包括内源性的生理因素（如细胞代谢产物、DNA复制错误、抗体类别转换等）和外源性因素（如UV照射、同位素辐射等）。基因组DNA一旦发生损伤,机体内的DNA损伤修复机制就会被激活。DNA被错误地修复会导致基因突变或者基因组的不稳定,包括染色体缺失、扩增以及转位,最终这些突变的细胞可能会转化为癌细胞,进而引起肿瘤的发生。     

体外小鼠胚胎性癌细胞BEC-B7建株和特性

恶性畸胎癌干细胞又叫做胚胎性癌细胞(简称EC细胞),是一种来自生殖细胞或早期胚胎细胞的恶性癌细胞,不仅具有类似于早期胚胎细胞分化多能性,而且能在一定条件下失去恶性生长性质,分化为各个胚层的正常组织。EC细胞是开展哺乳类胚胎早期发育遗传以及癌变和癌细胞分化研究较好的实验材料。EC细胞在体外可以大量培养生长,较之正常胚胎细胞更容易获取。我们在建立体内腹     

大鼠大脑皮质与纹状体显微拉曼光谱的研究

用Spex-1428显微激光拉曼光谱仪测定正常大鼠大脑皮质和纹状体的激光拉曼光谱的变化,发现正常大鼠大脑皮质和纹状体的激光拉曼光谱在模式上大同小异,包含有十分丰富的生物大分子结构信息。结果如下：（1）在大脑皮质和纹状体同时出现且性状亦相似的有以下一些特征峰：808cm^-1的特征峰,对应于A型DNA的特征峰;832cm^-1和836cm^-1对就于酪氨酸（Tyr)环的振动峰;1020cm^-1和1046cm^-1相当于蛋白质中氨基酸内的C－N伸缩振动峰;1330cm^-1相当于腺嘌呤环的C＝C和C－N伸缩振动峰;1544cm^-1相当于酰胺Ⅱ的N－H平面内弯曲振动和C－N伸缩援峰;1684cm^-1对应蛋白质二级结构中的转角（turn)结构。（2）大脑皮质较纹状体明显的特征峰：1092cm^-1的DNA骨架的对3称振动峰;1350cm^-1的色氨酸峰;1690cm^-1为尿嘧啶的C＝O振动峰。（3）纹状体较大脑皮质明显的特征峰;1450－1463cm^-1为蛋白质CH2弯曲振动的特征峰带,纹状体在此区段有1454cm^-1峰,而大脑皮质在此区域比较低平;1490cm^-1,为鸟嘌呤的特征峰。结果显示：显微拉曼光谱揭示的大脑皮质和纹状体的生物大分子的结构成分信息十分丰富,既有共性也有差异,显微拉曼光谱是一种十分灵敏的研究手段。     

癌细胞与正常细胞相比有哪些不同特征?

问:癌细胞与正常细胞相比有哪些不同特征?答:癌是威胁人们生命的最危险的疾病之一。癌的根本问题是细胞畸形分化的问题。细胞不按正常的规律发育,恶化而成癌细胞。于是,它不再受机体的控制,不受约束地连续分裂,产生新的癌细胞,破坏身体内环境的平衡。癌细胞与正常细胞相比,主要有以下几点不同:形态上最明显的不同是细胞核一般都比正常细胞的大,形状不规则,核仁也变大了;癌细胞的有丝分裂常有“多极分裂”的现象,在1个分裂细胞中出现多个纺缍体,产生3~5个甚至更多的细胞;细胞表面发生了变化,膜上的糖脂或糖蛋白的糖链短缺不全,因而癌细胞可以…     

家蚕浓核病毒中国株基因组DNA的分离纯化与鉴定

家蚕浓核病毒中国株的正链DNA和负链DNA分别包裹在不同的病毒粒子中,而且两条链的大小不同,经高盐浓度的DNA抽提缓冲液提取后,在琼脂糖凝胶电泳谱中呈现出大小不同的两条带,一条6．4kb,另一条5．8kb。作者分别用高盐和低盐抽提缓冲液提取了家蚕浓核病毒中国株的基因组DNA,意外发现用低盐抽提缓冲液抽提出来的基因组DNA在琼脂糖凝胶电泳谱中仅呈现一条带。推测可能是由于大小不同且不完全互补的正负链,在低盐缓冲液中形成有效的互补,因而呈现一条6．2kb的条带。     

小鼠胚胎癌及其分化细胞的细胞光度法分析

HMBAA对小鼠胚胎癌细胞的生长和DNA合成均有抑制作用。经过诱导分化后,癌细胞DNA含量平均值增加,这部分由于含多异倍体值的细胞数增多所致,同时含40条染色体的细胞数减少,而含60条以上染色体的细胞数增加,结果说明,胚胎癌的分化细胞虽然发生形态改变,并非就是正常细胞。     

氧胁迫对人肝癌细胞生长分化和凋亡的影响

采用不同浓度的抗坏血酸(50—800μmol/L)和硫酸亚铁(2.5—40μmol/L)系统生成以羟自由基为主的各种程度氧胁迫,使之作用于人肝癌细胞。本文所采用的不同程度的氧胁迫均能抑制癌细胞的生长。低水平氧胁迫可使肝癌细胞失去某些恶性特征,趋向分化,表现为细胞表面对Con-A的凝集力、甲胎蛋白含量、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶和酪氨酸-α-酮戊二酸转氨基酶活性都朝着分化方向变化,差异显著。分化后的细胞克隆形成能力显著降低。在分化过程中,出现一定量的凋亡细胞。随着氧胁迫程度的增高,凋亡细胞增多,表现为非贴壁细胞增多,细胞体积变小,染色质凝缩在核膜边缘,呈新月形,核碎裂,但质膜完整。细胞核中DNA降解成大约21.2kbp大小的大片段DNA。有望通过严格控制氧胁迫程度来减慢肝癌细胞增殖,促进分化和凋亡,使恶性细胞逆转成良性细胞。     

维生素A酸诱导小鼠F9胚胎性癌细胞分化的超微结构观察

恶性肿瘤细胞具有迅速增殖和分化阻滞的特点。胚胎性癌细胞(简称EC细胞)是恶性畸胎瘤的干细胞,具有恶性生长和未分化早期胚胎细胞的性质。就发育潜能而言,F9 EC细胞曾被认为是无能的;但近年来不少证据表明,这类细胞可被维生素A酸(简称RA)诱导而分化为内胚层样细胞和其他细胞。用生化和免疫学     

细胞终末分化过程中三维基因组结构与功能调控的分子机制

真核细胞中的染色质DNA高度折叠形成复杂的三维结构,其空间组织方式对精准调控基因的表达和细胞发挥正常功能都起着重要的作用。细胞终末分化成熟过程中形态及基因表达谱常发生显著改变,同时伴随着明显的基因组三维结构变化。本文在简单介绍三维基因组多层次组织结构(染色质领域、A/B区室、拓扑相关结构域和成环构象等)基础上,重点综述了细胞终末分化过程中三维基因组结构变化与功能调控方面的研究进展,并探讨了当前三维基因组研究在解析细胞分化成熟过程时存在的问题和前景。     

家兔晶状体拉曼光谱空间分布研究

晶状体透明性的维持与其蛋白的结构成分极为密切,因此研究晶状体内的蛋白空间分布变化有重要意义.由实验中得到的450 cm~(-1)～2 000 cm~(-1)范围内健康家兔晶状体拉曼光谱,计算了家兔晶状体蛋白中三条氨基酸侧链和两条蛋白质主链拉曼谱峰沿赤道部和视轴部的光谱强度,根据实验结果讨论了这五条拉曼光谱在家兔晶状体中的空间分布特性.     

Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases are significantly increased in malignant mesothelioma.

Tumorigenesis is associated with the activation of mitogenic signal transduction pathways. The expression of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) may play an important role in cell proliferation of malignant mesothelioma (MM). We compare the expression of p-ERK in 50 biopsy specimens of MM, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and normal lung tissue. We hypothesized that phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase is increased in MM. We stained the sections by immunohistochemistry for activated ERK-1 and -2 and performed the quantification of the stained nuclei. Quantitative analysis of p-ERK showed a high percentage score in MM (30.3 +/- 4.6%) as compared with NSCLC (12.2 +/- 2.1%) (p<0.01) and control lung tissue (6.4 +/- 1.3%) (p=0.0002). Furthermore, p-ERK was found significantly higher in poorly differentiated NSCLC (17.7 +/- 3.1%) as compared with well-differentiated NSCLC (5.4 +/- 1.2%) (p<0.01). Our data show that the nuclear quantification of p-ERK is significantly increased in MM and poorly differentiated NSCLC in comparison to well-differentiated NSCLC and normal lung tissue. These results corroborate previous experimental studies that suggest a critical role of p-ERK in cell proliferation of malignant disease and may represent new targets for therapeutic agents.     

Stage-specific alterations of DNA methyltransferase expression, DNA hypermethylation, and DNA hypomethylation during prostate cancer progression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model

We analyzed DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) protein expression and DNA methylation patterns during four progressive stages of prostate cancer in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, including prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, well-differentiated tumors, early poorly differentiated tumors, and late poorly differentiated tumors. Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b protein expression were increased in all stages; however, after normalization to cyclin A to account for cell cycle regulation, Dnmt proteins remained overexpressed in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and well-differentiated tumors, but not in poorly differentiated tumors. Restriction landmark genomic scanning analysis of locus-specific methylation revealed a high incidence of hypermethylation only in poorly differentiated (early and late) tumors. Several genes identified by restriction landmark genomic scanning showed hypermethylation of downstream regions correlating with mRNA overexpression, including p16INK4a, p19ARF, and Cacna1a. Parallel gene expression and DNA methylation analyses suggests that gene overexpression precedes downstream hypermethylation during prostate tumor progression. In contrast to gene hypermethylation, genomic DNA hypomethylation, including hypomethylation of repetitive elements and loss of genomic 5-methyldeoxycytidine, occurred in both early and late stages of prostate cancer. DNA hypermethylation and DNA hypomethylation did not correlate in TRAMP, and Dnmt protein expression did not correlate with either variable, with the exception of a borderline significant association between Dnmt1 expression and DNA hypermethylation. In summary, our data reveal the relative timing of and relationship between key alterations of the DNA methylation pathway occurring during prostate tumor progression in an in vivo model system.     

Tissue microarray-determined expression profiles of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma: association with clinicopathological parameters

Accumulated evidence reveals that increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the development of colorectal cancer. Our purpose was to quantitate COX-2 expression in colorectal cancers using tissue microarray analysis and look for an association with clinicopathological stage. Immunohistochemical analysis of COX-2 was performed in tissue microarray slides containing 90 specimens including 32 well-differentiated, 35 moderately differentiated, and 23 poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas. All colorectal adenocarcinomas showed significant immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 when compared to normal colon epithelia. However, there was no significant difference in immunostaining scores between poorly, moderately, and well-differentiated tumors (195 +/- 28, 214 +/- 26 and 200 +/- 24, respectively). The COX-2 immunostaining score correlated significantly with T stage (P < 0.05) but not with N or M stage. The positive expression rates of CK20 were 97% for well-differentiated, 94% for moderately differentiated, and 65% for poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas, suggesting that CK20 may not be an effective discriminator between poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma.     

A1 reduction in intact cyanobacterial photosystem I particles studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy and isotope labeling

Time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy, with 5 mus time resolution, has been used to produce P700(+)A(1)(-)/P700A(1) FTIR difference spectra in intact photosystem I particles from Synechococcus sp. 7002 and Synechocystis sp. 6803 at 77 K. Corresponding spectra were also obtained for fully deuterated photosystem I particles from Synechococcus sp. 7002 as well as fully (15)N- and (13)C-labeled photosystem I particles from Synechocystis sp. 6803. Static P700(+)/P700 FTIR difference spectra at 77 K were also obtained for all of the unlabeled and labeled photosystem I particles. From the time-resolved and static FTIR difference spectra, A(1)(-)/A(1) FTIR difference spectra were constructed. The A(1)(-)/A(1) FTIR difference spectra obtained for unlabeled trimeric photosystem I particles from both cyanobacterial strains are very similar. There are some mode frequency differences in spectra obtained for monomeric and trimeric PS I particles. However, the spectra can be interpreted in an identical manner, with the proposed band assignments being compatible with all of the data obtained for labeled and unlabeled photosystem I particles. In A(1)(-)/A(1) FTIR difference spectra obtained for unlabeled photosystem I particles, negative bands are observed at 1559 and 1549-1546 cm(-)(1). These bands are assigned to amide II protein vibrations, as they downshift approximately 86 cm(-)(1) upon deuteration and approximately 13 cm(-)(1) upon (15)N labeling. Difference band features at 1674-1677(+) and 1666(-) cm(-)(1) display isotope-induced shifts that are consistent with these bands being due to amide I protein vibrations. The observed amide modes suggest alteration of the protein backbone (possibly in the vicinity of A(1)) upon A(1) reduction. A difference band at 1754(+)/1748(-) cm(-)(1) is observed in unlabeled spectra from both strains. The frequency of this difference band, as well as the observed isotope-induced shifts, indicate that this difference band is due to a 13(3) ester carbonyl group of chlorophyll a species, most likely the A(0) chlorophyll a molecule that is in close proximity to A(1). Thus A(1) reduction perturbs A(0), probably via a long-range electrostatic interaction. A negative band is observed at 1693 cm(-)(1). The isotope shifts associated with this band are consistent with this band being due to the 13(1) keto carbonyl group of chlorophyll a, again, most likely the 13(1) keto carbonyl group of the A(0) chlorophyll a that is close to A(1). Semiquinone anion bands are resolved at approximately 1495(+) and approximately 1414(+) cm(-)(1) in the A(1)(-)/A(1) FTIR difference spectra for photosystem I particles from both cyanobacterial strains. The isotope-induced shifts of these bands could suggest that the 1495(+) and 1414(+) cm(-)(1) bands are due to C-O and C-C modes of A(1)(-), respectively.     

Modified basement membrane composition during bronchopulmonary tumor progression.

During tumor progression, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and particularly the basement membrane (BM) appear to be dynamic structures that are not only degraded but also deposited around tumor clusters. In this study we examined by immunohistochemistry the localization of three chains of Type IV collagen (alpha1, alpha3 and alpha5), Type VII collagen, and laminin 5 at different stages of bronchopulmonary cancers. In normal tissues, alpha1(IV) chain was detected in all BMs (bronchial, vascular, alveolar, and glandular), alpha5(IV) chain was present only in vascular BM, and laminin 5 and Type VII collagen were co-localized in bronchial and glandular BMs, whereas alpha3(IV) immunolabeling was totally absent from normal bronchi. In well-differentiated carcinomas, alpha3(IV) chain staining was found in some neosynthetized BMs interfacing the tumor cell and the stromal compartment, contrasting with the total absence of labeling in normal tissues. alpha1(IV) chain showed strong reactivity in all BM. Laminin 5 and Type VII collagen were also detected in neosynthetized BM. In poorly differentiated invasive cancers, alpha3(IV) chain and Type VII collagen were not found, whereas laminin 5 and alpha1(IV) chain persisted. The most important modifications in BM composition during tumor progression therefore appear to be the appearance of the alpha3 (IV) chain in well-differentiated carcinomas and its subsequent disappearance in poorly differentiated carcinomas, together with the loss of type VII collagen. alpha5(IV) chain distribution was restricted in vascular BM of well- and poorly differentiated carcinomas. These results show that the composition of BM is modified during the progression of bronchopulmonary tumor, emphasizing that the BM represents a dynamic element in tumor progression and has an important role in tumor cell invasiveness.     

Numerical simulations of Raman spectra of guanine-cytosine Watson-Crick and protonated Hoogsteen base pairs

Large changes in the Raman spectra of calf thymus DNA are observed upon lowering the pH. In order to gain a better insight into these effects, several simulations of the Raman spectra of the guanine-cytosine (GC) Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairs are performed. By comparing the Raman bands of GC base pairs in calf thymus DNA at high and low pH with the theoretical simulations of GC base pairs, it is found that the intensity changes in the theoretical bands located between 400 and 1000 cm(-1) are small compared to the experimental ones. The behavior of the cytosine band at 1257 cm(-1) upon lowering the pH is not reproduced in the GC theoretical spectra. The bands located above 1300 cm(-1) in the theoretical spectra display intensity changes that are similar to those found for GC base pairs in calf thymus DNA spectra.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of distamycin complexes with poly(dA)-poly(dT) and poly(dA-dT): role of H-bonding

Raman spectra are reported for distamycin, excited at 320 nm, in resonance with the first strong absorption band of the chromophore. Qualitative band assignments to pyrrole ring and amide modes are made on the basis of frequency shifts observed in D2O. When distamycin is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethylformamide, large (30 cm-1) upshifts are seen for the band assigned to amide I, while amides II and III shift down appreciably. Similar but smaller shifts are seen when distamycin is bound to poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA)-poly(dT). Examination of literature data for N-methylacetamide in various solvents shows that the amide I frequencies correlate well with solvent acceptor number but poorly with solvent donor number. This behavior implies that acceptor interactions with the C = O group are more important than donor interactions with the N-H group in polarizing the amide bond and stabilizing the zwitterionic resonance form. The resonance Raman spectra therefore imply that the distamycin C = O groups, despite being exposed to solvent, are less strongly H-bonded in the polynucleotide complexes than in aqueous distamycin, perhaps because of orienting influences of the nearby backbone phosphate groups. In this respect, the poly(dA-dT) and poly(dA)-poly(dT) complexes are the same, showing the same RR frequencies. Resonance Raman spectra were also obtained at 200-nm excitation, where modes of the DNA residues are enhanced. The spectra were essentially the same with and without distamycin, except for a perceptable narrowing of the adenine modes of poly(dA-dT), suggesting a reduction in conformational flexibility of the polymer upon drug binding.