小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基Glu-B1位点沉默基因的克隆与序列分析

二粒小麦（Triticum turgidum L．var．dicoccoides）具有极其丰富的遗传多样性,是栽培小麦品种改良的巨大基因库。在高分子量谷蛋白基因的组成上,它具有许多栽培小麦不存在的变异类型,在Glu—B1位点上的变异更大。我们利用种子贮藏蛋白的SDS—PAGE方法从原产于伊朗的二粒小麦材料PI94640中观察到缺失Glu—B1区的高分子量谷蛋白亚基。利用Glu-1Bx基因保守序列设计PCR引物,对该材料的总DNA扩增,获得了X型亚基编码基因（Glu-1Bxm）的全序列,其全长为3442bp含1070bp的启动子区。序列比较发现,Glu-1Bxm在启动子区序列与Glu—1Bx7的最为相似。而在基因编码区,我们发现Glu—1Bxm仅编码212个氨基酸,由于开放阅读框中起始密码子后第637位核苷酸发生了点突变,即编码谷酰胺的CAA突变为终止密码TAA,可能直接导致了该高分子量谷蛋白亚基的失活,这是我们在小麦Glu—B1位点基因沉默分子证据的首次报道。将Glu—1Bxm全序列与Glu—B1位点其他等位基因进行了系统树分析,发现Glu—1Bxm是较为古老的类型。本文还对该特异高分子量谷蛋白亚基变异类型对品质遗传改良研究的意义进行了讨论。     

胶质瘤相关癌基因蛋白在肿瘤发生中的作用

胶质瘤相关癌基因蛋白(glioma-associated oncogene1,Gli)是Hedgehog(Hh)信号通路的转录因子,定位于细胞核和细胞浆,将信号传送至核内。脊椎动物中已鉴定出3个成员,分别为Gli 1、Gli2和Gli3,该蛋白家族成员只有在维持全长时才具有转录激活子的功能,羧基端被蛋白酶体水解后,就形成了转录抑制子。近年来,Gli与肿瘤的关系日益受到人们的重视,以前普遍认为的Gli目的基因的调控和Gli蛋白的转录后修饰是通过Hh通路实现受到挑战,越来越多的研究证明有许多非经典机制可以不通过Hh通路来调节Gli目的基因的表达。Gli研究将有助于我们对肿瘤的认知和治疗。     

中国特有小麦Gli—1、Cli—2和Glu—1位点的遗传多样性

运用APAGE和SDS－PAGE方法,研究了32份中国特有小麦Gli-l,Gli-2和Glu-l位点的遗传多样性,在14份云南铁壳麦（Triticum aestivum ssp.yunnanese King)中,共出现8种醇溶蛋白事才4种高分子谷蛋白带型,在9份新疆稻麦（T.petropavlovskyi Udacz.et Migusch)中,观察到9种醇溶蛋白带型和5种高分子谷蛋白带型,其中1份新疆稻麦（稻麦2）具有Glu0-DI编码的新亚基2．1＋10．1,在这3种中国特有小麦群体中,Gli-l位点分别检测出10,14和11个等位基因,Gli－2位点各具有11,14,和12个等位基因,Glu-1位点也分别出现5,6和8个等位基因,云南铁壳麦,西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的Nei's遗传变异系数分别为0.3798,0.5625和0．5693,这些结果说明,与云南铁壳麦相比,西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的遗传变异相对较大。     

GLI3、EN1基因在单纯性马蹄内翻足发生中的功能研究

为了探讨人类GLI3基因在单纯性马蹄内翻足(Idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus, ICTEV)发生时所起的作用, 文章构建了大鼠Gli3基因启动子区域荧光素酶报告基因表达载体来分析Gli3基因启动子的活性, 并利用P-Match软件预测大鼠Gli3基因启动子区域可能的调控元件, 应用ChIP实验加以验证。并利用RT-PCR、免疫组化和Western blotting的方法分析大鼠En1与ICTEV的相关性。经P-Match软件预测, Gli3基因启动子区域有３个转录因子En1的可能结合位点, 经ChIP实验证实位点1是真正结合位点。RT-PCR、免疫组化和Western blotting方法都证实En1基因在马蹄内翻足模型鼠中表达下降。结果提示大鼠的转录因子 En1可能是Gli3基因的上游负调控元件。在ICTEV患者中, 很可能是由于EN1基因表达水平的下降导致了GLI3基因表达水平的上升, 最终导致ICTEV的发生。     

KAI1/CD82和Gli1在胃腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的检测胃腺癌(gastric adenocarcinoma,GAC)组织中KAI1/CD82蛋白和Gli1蛋白的表达及其临床病理意义。方法应用免疫组织化学ElivisionTmplus法检测96例GAC组织和20例正常胃组织中KAI1/CD82蛋白和Gli1蛋白的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果胃癌组织中KAI1/CD82蛋白和Gli1蛋白的阳性表达率分别为38.5%、68.8%,正常胃黏膜组织中KAI1/CD82蛋白和Gli1蛋白阳性表达率分别为90%、0,两组之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);且KAI1/CD82蛋白和Gli1蛋白的阳性表达水平在肿瘤的不同分化程度、浸润深度、临床分期和淋巴结转移与否间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman相关分析发现KAI1/CD82蛋白表达与Gli1蛋白表达之间呈负相关关系(rs=0.343,P0.005)。结论 KAI1/CD82蛋白和Gli1蛋白可能参与了胃癌的发生发展过程,早期联合检测KAI1/CD82和Gli1蛋白可以作为评估胃癌浸润、转移重要的指标。     

SLA—DQB和DRB的生物信息学分析

对Genbank中猪的白细胞抗原（SLA）Ⅱ类抗原基因DQB及DRB序列进行了SNP及氨基酸序列多态性分析,并对SLA—DQB及DRB分子进行了蛋白质序列模式分析（Prostie motif search）。结果表明：β1功能区存在较大的变异,特别是位于抗原肽结合槽的氨基酸位点中,其变异程度更大。SLA—DQB及DRB蛋白质序列中,主要存在8种类型的蛋白质序列模式位点,其中3种类型的磷酸化位点存在蛋白模序的改变,都位于β1功能区（前94个氨基酸）,且多数位点突变频率较高。     

四川小麦地方品种Gli-1、Gli-2和Glu-1位点的遗传多样性(英文)

运用APAGE和SDS_PAGE方法 ,研究了 89个四川小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)地方品种Gli_1、Gli_2和Glu_1位点的遗传多样性。在这些地方品种中 ,总共发现 32种醇溶蛋白带型和 3种高分子谷蛋白带型。在Gli_1、Gli_2和Glu_1位点上 ,分别检测出 14、15和 5个等位基因。在每一个位点上 ,出现频率最高的等位基因分别为Gli_A1a(89% ) ,Gli_B1h (46 % ) ,Gli_D1a (6 5 % ) ,Gli_A2a (6 4% ) ,Gli_B2j (45 % ) ,Gli_D2a (48% ) ,Glu_A1c (99% ) ,Glu_B1b (99% )和Glu_D1a (10 0 % )。四川小麦地方品种的Nei’s遗传变异系数平均为 0 .370 6 ,变幅为 0到 0 .70 87;其中Gli_B2位点的遗传多样性最高 ,而Glu_D1位点最低。同时 ,Gli位点的遗传多样性高于Glu_1位点的遗传多样性 ,但又低于现代品种Gli位点的遗传多样性。这些结果说明四川地方小麦品种的遗传基础狭窄。在研究中 ,“成都光头”与“中国春”的醇溶蛋白和高分子谷蛋白的带型完全一致 ,进一步证实“中国春”是“成都光头”的一个选系。     

Gli1蛋白和PDGFRα在大肠癌组织中的表达及临床意义

Gli1蛋白和血小板衍生生长因子受体α(PDGFRα)的表达在大肠癌的发生发展过程中的作用还不清楚.通过免疫组化法检测60例大肠癌及30例正常组织中Gli1和PDGFRα的表达,并与临床病理因素进行相关性分析,研究两者在大肠癌中的作用.研究发现,Gli1和PDGFRα蛋白在大肠癌组织中的阳性率分别为73.7%和78.3%,明显高于正常组织的表达(P<0.05).Gli1和PDGFRα蛋白表达与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学类型等均无关(P>0.05),但是Gli1蛋白和PDGFRα表达与淋巴结转移状况和Duke分期相关(P<0.05).Spear-man相关分析显示,Gli1与PDGFRα蛋白表达正相关(r=0.298,P<0.05).结果表明Gli1和PDGFRα在大肠癌发生、发展中呈协同和相互调节作用,Gli1和PDGFRα的表达参与大肠癌的侵袭和转移过程.联合检测可作为判断大肠癌预后,筛选高危转移患者的有效指标,同时也可用于指导大肠癌的靶向药物治疗.     

Gli1与β-catenin相互作用促进二者在结肠癌细胞中的协同核输入（英文）

Wnt信号通路和Hedgehog(Hh)信号通路在胚胎和干细胞的发育中发挥重要作用.此外,这两条信号途径在结肠癌复发和浸润的过程也至关重要.然而,Wnt信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路二者之间具体的交互作用机制目前仍不清楚.本文发现,这两条途径的关键分子Gli1和β-联蛋白之间存在蛋白质相互作用.Gli1与β-联蛋白之间的分子相互作用有助于二者的核输入.同时发现,在肠癌细胞系中,Gli1与β-联蛋白协同上调表达.Li Cl激活细胞Wnt信号通路使Gli1表达水平增加,RNA干扰抑制Wnt信号通路,Gli1的表达水平下降.同时,Gli1的过表达也提高了细胞内β-联蛋白的表达水平,并且用Hedgehog信号通路抑制剂GANT61处理细胞,降低Gli1的表达后细胞内β-联蛋白的表达相应下降.本研究揭示了Gli1和β-联蛋白的相互作用及二者协助核输入在Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路交互调节中发挥重要作用,Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路交互作用为大肠癌发生发展研究提供了细胞水平交互调控机制.     

Gli1与β-catenin相互作用促进二者在结肠癌细胞中的协同核输入

Wnt信号通路和Hedgehog（Hh）信号通路在胚胎和干细胞的发育中发挥重要作用.此外,这两条信号途径在结肠癌复发和浸润的过程也至关重要.然而,Wnt信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路二者之间具体的交互作用机制目前仍不清楚.本文发现,这两条途径的关键分子Gli1和β-联蛋白之间存在蛋白质相互作用.Gli1与β-联蛋白之间的分子相互作用有助于二者的核输入.同时发现,在肠癌细胞系中,Gli1与β-联蛋白协同上调表达. LiCl激活细胞Wnt信号通路使Gli1表达水平增加, RNA干扰抑制Wnt信号通路,Gli1的表达水平下降.同时,Gli1的过表达也提高了细胞内β-联蛋白的表达水平,并且用Hedgehog信号通路抑制剂GANT61处理细胞,降低Gli1的表达后细胞内β 联蛋白的表达相应下降.本研究揭示了Gli1 和 β-联蛋白的相互作用及二者协助核输入在Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路交互调节中发挥重要作用,Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路交互作用为大肠癌发生发展研究提供了细胞水平交互调控机制.     

Characterisation and chromosomal localisation of C-type low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring

Low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits are classically divided into the B, C and D groups. Most attention has been paid to the characterisation of the B and D groups, whereas C subunits, although represented by a large number of protein components, have not been thoroughly characterised, mainly because they tend to separate with the gliadins in many fractionation procedures. Here we describe a procedure for obtaining a fraction strongly enriched in C subunits that has allowed us to determine the chromosomal location of these subunits in the bread wheat cultivar Chinese Spring. This analysis has shown that these subunits are coded on chromosome groups 1 and 6. Comparison between N-terminal amino acid sequencing of B and C subunits has shown that, whereas the former group includes mainly subunits with typical LMW-GS type sequences (76%), the C subunit group is made up almost completely of subunits with gliadin-like sequences (95%), including the alpha-type. These results indicate that the LMW-GSs are likely to be coded not only by the typical Glu-3 loci, but also by loci tightly linked to, and possibly included within, the Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci.     

Genetic Diversity of Gli-1，Gli-2 and Glu-1 Alleles Among Chinese Endemic Wheats

Genetic diversity at Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-1 loci was investigated in 32 accessions of Chinese endemic wheat by using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE. There were 8 gliadin and 3 high-molecular-weight (HMW)-glutenin patterns in 14 Yunnan hulled wheat ( Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanese King) accessions, 9 gliadin and 4 HMW-glutenin patterns in 9 Tibetan weedrace ( T. aestivum ssp. tibetanum Shao ) accessions, and 9 gliadin and 5 HMW-glutenin patterns in 9 Xinjiang rice wheat ( T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.) accessions. One accession (i.e. Daomai 2) carried new subunits 2.1+10.1 encoded by Glu-D1 . Among the three Chinese endemic wheat groups, a total of 10, 14 and 11 alleles at Gli-1 locus; 11, 14 and 12 alleles at Gli-2 locus; and 5, 6 and 8 alleles at Glu-1 locus were identified, respectively. Among Yunnan hulled wheat, Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat, the Nei's genetic variation indexes were 0.3798, 0.5625 and 0.5693, respectively. These results suggested that Tibetan weedrace and Xinjiang rice wheat had higher genetic diversity than Yunnan hulled wheat.     

Genetic Diversity of Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-1 Alleles in Sichuan Wheat Landraces

Genetic diversity at Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-1 loci was investigated in 89 Sichuan wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) landraces by using acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (APAGE) and SDS-PAGE. In these landraces, a total of 32 gliadin and 3 high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin patterns were observed. In total, 14, 15 and 5 alleles were identified at Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-1, respectively. At each locus, the alleles in higher frequency were Gli-A1a (89%), Gli-B1 h (46%), Gli-D1a (65%), Gli-A2a (64%), Gli-B2j (45%), Gli-D2 a (48%), Glu-A1c (99%), Glu-B1b (99%) and Glu-D1a (100%). The Nei's genetic variation index (H) of Sichuan wheat landraces was 0.3706, varying from 0 to 0.7087. The highest genetic diversity was found at Gli-B2 locus, while the lowest was found at Glu-D1 . The genetic diversity at Gli loci was higher than that of Glu-1 loci among these landraces, but it was much lower than that of modern wheat cultivars. These results indicated a narrow genetic base of Sichuan wheat landraces. In this study, “Chengdu-guangtou” had the identical gliadin and HMW-glutenin patterns with “Chinese Spring”, further supporting the proposal that “Chinese Spring” is a strain of “Chengdu-guangtou”.     

Linkage mapping of genes controlling endosperm storage proteins in wheat

Summary A translocation mapping procedure was used to map gene-centromere distances for the genes controlling endosperm proteins on the short arm of each of the chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D in wheat. The genes controlling triplet proteins (tentatively designated Tri-1) were found to be closely linked to the centromere on chromosome arms 1AS and 1DS and loosely linked to the gliadin genes (Gli-1) on the same arms. The Gli-1 genes segregated independently or were very loosely linked to their respective centromeres. The Gli-B1-centromere map distance on 1BS was also estimated using conventional telocentric mapping and the result was similar to that obtained with the translocation mapping. A simple two-step one-dimensional electrophoretic procedure is described which allows the low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits to be separated from the gliadin bands, thus facilitating the genetic analysis of these LMW subunits. No recombination was observed between the genes (designated Glu-3) controlling some major LMW glutenin subunits and those controlling gliadins on chromosome arms 1AS and 1DS. However, in a separate experiment, the genes controlling LMW glutenin subunits on 1BS (Glu-B3) showed a low frequency of recombination with the gliadin genes.Portion of the Ph.D. thesis submitted by the senior author     

Inheritance of B subunits of glutenin and ω-and γ-gliadins in tetraploid wheats

A double-1RS wheat-rye translocation line lacking all B subunits of glutenin was produced in durum wheat cv ‘Langdon’ for use in backcrosses and testcrosses in the study of the inheritance of low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits in tetraploid wheats. The B subunits of glutenin and γ-and ω-gliadin bands present in parents derived from Triticum durum and T. dicoccoides, encoded by Glu-3 and Gli-1 loci, respectively, were found to be inherited mainly as units (blocks), as reported previously. Two rare recombination events between the Glu-A3 and Gli-A1 loci were detected in testcross progeny from ‘Edmore’ x T. dicoccoides landrace 19–27. Several rare recombinants were also detected within the 1BS-controlled B subunits of glutenin blocks, suggesting that there are two separate tightly linked loci (3.07±1.35 cM) within the Glu-B3 ‘locus’. Evidence was also obtained for the presence of an additional locus coding for a B subunit of glutenin in ‘Edmore’ that is loosely linked (20.9±3.18%) with the main Glu-B3 ‘locus’.     

Linkage relationships between prolamin genes on chromosomes 1A and 1B of durum wheat

Gliadin and glutenin electrophoresis of F₂ progeny from four crosses of durum wheat was used to analyse the linkage relationships between prolamin genes on chromosomes 1A and 1B. The results showed that these genes are located at the homoeoallelic lociGlu-1,Gli-3,Glu-3 andGli-1. The genetic distances between these loci were calculated more precisely than had been done previously for chromosome 1B, and the genetic distances betweenGli-A3,Glu-A3 andGli-A1 on chromosome 1A were also determined. Genes atGli-B3 were found to control some-gliadins and one B-LMW glutenin, indicating that it could be a complex locus.     

A search for high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum timopheevi</Emphasis> Zhuk. in the lines of common wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum timopheevi</Emphasis> Zhuk.)

The study is a continuation of investigation of prolamins in brown rust-resistant introgressive lines of common wheat, produced with participation of Triticum timopheeevi Zhuk. [1]. Two wheat lines with a substitution of the Glu-1 loci of T. timopheevi were identified. Line 684 had high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits encoded by 1Ax, as well as by 1Ay gene, which was silent in commercial lines. It was demonstrated that line 684 could serve as a source of the Glu-A _t ¹ locus. Line 186 carried the Glu-B1/Glu-G1 substitution. Comparative analysis of storage proteins from the introgression lines of common wheat Triticum aestivum L. with those from parental forms demonstrated polymorphism among the lines, resulted from natural varietal polymorphism, and introgression of the Glu-3 and Gli-1 loci from the genome of T. timopheevi.     

In vitro mutated beta subunits from the F1-ATPase of the thermophilic bacterium, PS3, containing glutamine in place of glutamic acid in positions 190 or 201 assembles with the alpha and gamma subunits to produce inactive complexes

Using site-directed mutagenesis, Glu-190 or Glu-201 of the beta subunit of the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 were replaced with glutamine. It was possible to reconstitute complexes of the mutated beta subunits with alpha and gamma subunits, but the complexes did not have ATPase activity. It is concluded that carboxylic acid side chains of Glu-190 and Glu-201 of the beta subunit are essential for catalytic activity of F1-ATPase.     

Kinetic consequences of site-specific mutation of Glu-239----Gln in E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase: comparison with catalytic subunits and Phe-240 mutant enzyme

The kinetic characteristics of E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase, altered by site-specific mutagenesis of Glu-239----Gln, have been determined by equilibrium isotope-exchange kinetics and compared to the wild-type system. In wild-type enzyme, residue Glu-239 helps to stabilize the T-state structure by multiple bonding interactions with Tyr-165 and Lys-164 across the c1-c4 subunit interface; upon conversion to the R-state, these bonds are re-formed within c-chains. Catalysis of both the [14C]Asp in equilibrium C-Asp and [32P]ATP in equilibrium Pi exchanges by mutant enzyme occurs at rates comparable to those for wild-type enzyme. Saturation with different reactant/product pairs produced kinetic patterns consistent with strongly preferred order binding of carbamyl-P prior to Asp and carbamyl-Asp release before Pi. The kinetics for the Gln-239 mutant enzyme resemble those observed for catalytic subunits (c3), namely a R-state enzyme (Hill coefficient nH = 1.0) and Km (Asp) approximately equal to 6 mM. The Glu-239----Gln mutation appears to destablize both the T- and R-states, whereas the Tyr-240----Phe mutation destablizes only the T-state.     

Weakening of the interface between adjacent catalytic chains promotes domain closure in Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase.

Aspartate transcarbamoylase from Escherichia coli is a dodecameric enzyme consisting of two trimeric catalytic subunits and three dimeric regulatory subunits. Asp-100, from one catalytic chain, is involved in stabilizing the C1-C2 interface by means of its interaction with Arg-65 from an adjacent catalytic chain. Replacement of Asp-100 by Ala has been shown previously to result in increases in the maximal specific activity, homotropic cooperativity, and the affinity for aspartate (Baker DP, Kantrowitz ER, 1993, Biochemistry 32:10150-10158). In order to determine whether these properties were due to promotion of domain closure induced by the weakening of the C1-C2 interface, we constructed a double mutant version of aspartate transcarbamoylase in which the Asp-100-->Ala mutation was introduced into the Glu-50-->Ala holoenzyme, a mutant in which domain closure is impaired. The Glu-50/Asp-100-->Ala enzyme is fourfold more active than the Glu-50-->Ala enzyme, and exhibits significant restoration of homotropic cooperativity with respect to aspartate. In addition, the Asp-100-->Ala mutation restores the ability of the Glu-50-->Ala enzyme to be activated by succinate and increases the affinity of the enzyme for the bisubstrate analogue N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA). At subsaturating concentrations of aspartate, the Glu-50/Asp-100-->Ala enzyme is activated more by ATP than the Glu-50-->Ala enzyme and is also inhibited more by CTP than either the wild-type or the Glu-50-->Ala enzyme. As opposed to the wild-type enzyme, the Glu-50/Asp-100-->Ala enzyme is activated by ATP and inhibited by CTP at saturating concentrations of aspartate. Structural analysis of the Glu-50/Asp-100-->Ala enzyme by solution X-ray scattering indicates that the double mutant exists in the same T quaternary structure as the wild-type enzyme in the absence of ligands and in the same R quaternary structure in the presence of saturating PALA. However, saturating concentrations of carbamoyl phosphate and succinate only convert a fraction of the Glu-50/Asp-100-->Ala enzyme population to the R quaternary structure, a behavior intermediate between that observed for the Glu-50-->Ala and wild-type enzymes. Solution X-ray scattering was also used to investigate the structural consequences of nucleotide binding to the Glu-50/Asp-100-->Ala enzyme.