太白山独叶草6个海拔居群的遗传多样性SSR分析

采用SSR分子标记对独叶草(Kingdonia uniflora)6个海拔居群的遗传多样性进行分析,研究其居群遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。结果表明:(1)独叶草居群具有较低的遗传多样性,平均多态位点百分率(PPB)、Shannon多样性指数(I)、Nei’s多样性指数(H)分别为47.04%、0.241 6、0.161 4,总基因多样性(Ht)、居群内基因多样性(Hs)分别为0.419 0、0.163 7,基因流(Nm)为0.527 4。(2)6个居群遗传多样性变化规律随海拔增加先降低后升高。(3)AMOVA分析显示,居群间遗传变异占总遗传变异的66%,与基因分化系数(Gst=0.611 8)相一致。(4)聚类分析将6个居群聚为2支,海拔相近区域的居群优先聚类,但各海拔居群并不严格按照地理距离的远近聚类,与Mantel(r=0.341,P0.05)相关性检测结果相吻合。     

湖南新田野生大豆自然居群遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术对8个来自湖南新田的野生大豆自然居群遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)所分析的材料中73对SSR引物共检测到397个等位变异,等位变异数范围为2～10个,平均为5.4个;期望杂合度(He)的变化范围从0.16～0.82,平均为0.64.(2)分子方差分析发现,居群间存在着严重的遗传分化,群体69%的变异存在于居群间,31%的遗传变异存在于居群内.(3)新田的8个居群中桑梓路边(SZLB)和桑梓(SZ)两个居群的遗传多样性比其他群体的高,而新田1 km处(XT1)、新田2 km处(XT2)和新田6 km处(XT6)野生大豆居群的遗传多样性较低.(4)根据遗传距离可将8居群分为3类:新田1 km处和新田2 km处为一类;新田6 km处单独为一类;大冠岭上龙秀、龙秀后山、桑梓、桑梓路边和青龙等处为一类.(5)居群遗传距离和地理距离之间存在线性相关,相关系数为0.837(P<0.01);海拔与期望杂合度呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.92(P=0.001).研究结果表明,湖南新田野生大豆具有较高的遗传多样性,但不同居群的遗传多样性差异很大;位于该县高海拔山区大冠岭一带的野生大豆居群是湖南新田地区的一个多样性中心.     

云南长尖叶蔷薇自然居群遗传多样性分析北大核心CSCD

采用SSR标记对云南地区的8个长尖叶蔷薇天然居群进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:所选用的14对SSR引物,共检测到77个等位位点;在物种水平上,总居群的Nei's基因多样性指数(He)和香农指数(I)分别为0.3139和0.4747;该居群内遗传变异(65.47%)大于居群间遗传变异(34.53%),说明居群内变异是其居群的主要变异来源;利用Popgene计算出两两居群间的Nei's遗传一致度(I)和遗传距离(D),其范围分别为0.7879～0.8986和0.1070～0.2384,依据遗传距离可将8个居群分为3组,8个居群并没有严格依据地理距离的远近而聚类;海拔与Nei's基因多样性的相关系数为0.8771,呈显著正相关。研究结果表明,云南地区的长尖叶蔷薇居群遗传多样性较高,居群间遗传变异存在中度的遗传分化。基于得到的居群遗传信息,建议采取就地保护为主的保护策略,但当个别居群野外的生存环境被自然或者人为因素破坏时,建议采取迁地保护的保护策略。     

承德光秃山不同海拔油松居群遗传多样性

为了解光秃山不同海拔下天然油松居群之间的遗传差异及探求遗传多样性与土壤因子的关联,为油松种源筛选和管理提供参考,本研究运用ISSR技术,对位于河北承德辽河源光秃山4个不同海拔油松天然居群共118个植株个体的遗传多样性进行分析。13个引物共扩增出177条清晰的条带,种群多态位点百分比(PPL)为60.2775%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(h)为0.2171,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3222;不同种群遗传变异水平随海拔差异呈规律性变化,表现为沿海拔升高而呈低-高-低的分布规律,其中1354～1274 m范围的遗传多样性水平最高;在物种水平上油松具有较高的遗传多样性(PPL=98.33%,h=0.38142,I=0.5550),种群间的遗传分化系数Gst=0.6562。利用AMOVA软件对遗传变异的等级剖分结果表明,种群间有显著的遗传分化,约2/5的遗传变异存在种群间,种群内占3/5。Pearson相关分析表明,油松居群内遗传多样性与海拔、土壤养分(有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量)之间存在显著或一定的相关关系。Mantel检验结果显示,油松居群遗传距离与海拔差距、土壤养分因子的分异存在一定相关性。以上结果表明不同海拔区域的生态因子、低基因流等对油松居群间的遗传分化影响较大。     

云南长尖叶蔷薇自然居群遗传多样性分析

采用SSR标记对云南地区的8个长尖叶蔷薇天然居群进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示:所选用的14对SSR引物,共检测到77个等位位点;在物种水平上,总居群的Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)和香农指数(I)分别为0.3139和0.4747;该居群内遗传变异(65.47%)大于居群间遗传变异(34.53%),说明居群内变异是其居群的主要变异来源;利用Popgene计算出两两居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度(I)和遗传距离(D),其范围分别为0.7879～0.8986和0.1070～0.2384,依据遗传距离可将8个居群分为3组,8个居群并没有严格依据地理距离的远近而聚类;海拔与Nei’s基因多样性的相关系数为0.8771,呈显著正相关。研究结果表明,云南地区的长尖叶蔷薇居群遗传多样性较高,居群间遗传变异存在中度的遗传分化。基于得到的居群遗传信息,建议采取就地保护为主的保护策略,但当个别居群野外的生存环境被自然或者人为因素破坏时,建议采取迁地保护的保护策略。     

侯晨曦：附表1-附表2

本研究基于7个叶绿体DNA片段（cpDNA）和2个核DNA片段（ITS和PZ8）的测序数据,对龙血树柴胡（Bupleurum dracaenoides Huan C.Wang,Z.R.He&H.Sun）8个居群的153个样本进行了遗传多样性和分布式样研究。cpDNA片段分析结果显示：龙血树柴胡在物种水平具有较高的遗传多样性（H_d=0.862;P_i=0.00567）,但居群内遗传多样性低,遗传变异主要存在于居群间,遗传分化显著（F_st=0.959）;而核DNA片段ITS和PZ8的数据分析结果显示,其遗传多样性较低（H_d=0.532,P_i =0.00121和H_d=0.349,P_i=0.00060）,遗传变异主要存在于居群内,居群间仅存在一定程度的遗传分化。中性检验和失配分布分析结果发现龙血树柴胡没有经历过近期种群扩张事件,8个居群的153个样本从遗传成份上可被分为两组。研究结果将为龙血树柴胡的资源保护和发掘提供参考。     

珍稀濒危植物硬叶兜兰的遗传多样性及遗传结构研究

由于人为采集、走私贩卖以及生境的破坏,分布于中国西南石灰岩地区的野生硬叶兜兰居群受到严重的干扰与威胁。为有效地保护这种珍稀野生植物,本研究采用ISSR和SRAP两种分子标记对15个硬叶兜兰野生居群进行遗传多样性及遗传结构的研究。结果表明,硬叶兜兰在物种水平上具有较高的遗传多样性（ISSR：PPB=91．66％,He=0．3839;SRAP：PPB=99．29％,Hc=0．2806）。硬叶兜兰居群间存在一定程度的遗传分化（ISSR：Gs1： 0．2577;SRAP：Gst=0．2383）,可能由于较低的基因流（ISSR：Nm=0．7201;SRAP：Nm=0．7991）所致。UPGMA聚类分析以及主成分分析均把15个居群分成2个主要分支。居群间的地理距离和海拔差距是引起居群遗传分化的自然因素。     

基于ISSR的豚草和三裂叶豚草遗传多样性研究

[目的]研究不同地理种群的豚草和三裂叶豚草的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。[方法]应用筛选的13条ISSR引物对8个豚草居群和7个三裂叶豚草居群共240个样品进行分子标记。[结果]8个豚草居群128个样品,共扩增出304条带,多态性位点比率为98.68%;Shannon''s信息指数为0.6716,Nei''s基因多样性指数为0.4788。7个三裂叶豚草居群112个样品,共扩增出266条带,多态性位点比率为95.86%;Shannon''s信息指数为0.6593,Nei''s基因多样性指数为0.4670。豚草和三裂叶豚草各居群遗传距离较近。[结论]豚草和三裂叶豚草在居群间具有一定的遗传稳定性;居群内具有丰富的遗传多样性。豚草和三裂叶豚草遗传变异主要来源于居群内部。豚草各居群遗传距离和地理距离有显著相关性,三裂叶豚草各居群遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性。     

滇东南硬叶兜兰核心种质区群体遗传结构

本研究选取国内主要种质采集区-滇东南石灰岩地区7个不同干扰居群为研究对象,旨在对其居群内和居群间遗传变异进行比较研究,以期对其保护措施的提出提供理论依据。通过利用SRAP标记对167个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构研究,结果表明：10对SRAP引物共扩增出288个位点,多态位点比率（PPB）达81.25%,香侬指数（I）为0.3709,在种水平上的具有较高遗传多样性;而居群水平上的多态位点比率仅为47.92%, 香侬指数为0.2348, 居群间平均Nei’s遗传距离为0.1268。经分子遗传变异方差分析（AMOVA）表明,有66.27%的遗传变异来源于居群内,居群间变异占总变异33.73%,此结果与遗传分化系数（Gst=0.3568）结果吻合,居群间基因流（Nm）为0.902, 不同地区间硬叶兜兰居群存在较高的遗传分化; 7个居群的UPGMA聚类在遗传相似性系数达0.863,聚为两支;经Mantel检测（r =0.298, P＞0.05）,表明居群间遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性。居群当前较高的遗传分化与其交配系统有关,其次,外在因素：人为采集、生境破坏和片断化造成居群内遗传多样性的丧失,加剧居群间的遗传分化,再次,遗传漂变也是另一重要影响因素;此外,适应性进化亦可能加剧了居群间的遗传分化,而基因流对遗传分化的影响不大。     

珍稀濒危植物天目木兰（Magnolia amoena）遗传多样性的RAPD分析

运用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术,对天目木兰(Magnolia amoena)居群的遗传多样性进行了研究．从40个10-mer随机引物中筛选出14个能得到清晰、稳定扩增带的引物进行扩增,14个引物共检测了94个位点,其中多态性位点为23,占24．4％,计算了12个居群之间的遗传相似度和遗传距离,并运用UPGMA法进行了聚类分析,结果显示相同严地个体间(居群内)的遗传距离较小,遗传多样性水平很低;不同产地个体间(居群间)遗传距离较大,遗传多样性水平较前者高,即天目木兰个体间遗传多样性水平与它的地理分布有关,天目木兰总体较低的遗传多样性是导致它濒危的原因之一。     

天目山不同海拔檫木群体遗传多样性和遗传结构

采用13对SSR引物,运用Bioptic Qsep100全自动核酸分析系统,分析了天目山5个海拔檫木群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构及其在不同海拔下的变化模式.结果表明: 天目山檫木群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平,其中期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.84和0.61.根据Shannon指数,天目山檫木中海拔(500～800 m)群体的遗传多样性水平大于低海拔(200 m)和高海拔(1100～1400 m)群体的遗传多样性水平.由基因分化系数和AMOVA分析可知,檫木种群的遗传变异主要存在于群体内.STRUCTURE分析和UPGMA聚类分析表明,中、低海拔被划为一个群体,而高海拔被划为另一个群体.低海拔和中海拔檫木群体遗传距离的差异表明,人为干扰对物种多样性具有负面效应,而自然保护区对物种多样性的保护起到了积极作用.     

Patterns of Genetic Variation across Altitude in Three Plant Species of Semi-Dry Grasslands

Background

Environmental gradients caused by altitudinal gradients may affect genetic variation within and among plant populations and inbreeding within populations. Populations in the upper range periphery of a species may be important source populations for range shifts to higher altitude in response to climate change. In this study we investigate patterns of population genetic variation at upper peripheral and lower more central altitudes in three common plant species of semi-dry grasslands in montane landscapes.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In Briza media, Trifolium montanum and Ranunculus bulbosus genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic relatedness of individuals within populations and genetic differentiation among populations was characterized using AFLP markers. Populations were sampled in the Swiss Alps at 1800 (upper periphery of the study organisms) and at 1200 m a.s.l. Genetic diversity was not affected by altitude and only in B. media inbreeding was greater at higher altitudes. Genetic differentiation was slightly greater among populations at higher altitudes in B. media and individuals within populations were more related to each other compared to individuals in lower altitude populations. A similar but less strong pattern of differentiation and relatedness was observed in T. montanum, while in R. bulbosus there was no effect of altitude. Estimations of population size and isolation of populations were similar, both at higher and lower altitudes.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results suggest that altitude does not affect genetic diversity in the grassland species under study. Genetic differentiation of populations increased only slightly at higher elevation, probably due to extensive (historic) gene flow among altitudes. Potentially pre-adapted genes might therefore spread easily across altitudes. Our study indicates that populations at the upper periphery are not genetically depauperate or isolated and thus may be important source populations for migration under climate change.     

不同海拔高度大血藤群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析及其与环境因子的相关性

利用 RAPD技术分析了分布于浙江省天台山 3个不同海拔高度的天然大血藤群体的遗传多样性、遗传分化以及与环境因子的相关性。 13种随机引物在 3 6株个体中共检测到 88个可重复的位点 ,其中多态位点 74个 ,总多态位点百分率为84.0 9% ,大血藤具有丰富的遗传多样性。 Shannon信息指数显示的遗传多样性以海拔 950 m的群体为最高 ,其次是海拔 73 0 m的群体 ,最低的是海拔 52 0 m的群体 ;群体内的遗传多样性占总遗传多样性的 43 .68% ,群体间的遗传多样性占 56.3 2 %。 Nei指数估计大血藤群体间的遗传分化系数为 0 .540 6,大血藤群体间的基因流很低。大血藤海拔 73 0 m群体与海拔 52 0 m群体的遗传相似度较高 ,海拔 950 m群体与其它两群体的遗传相似度较低。大血藤群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总氮呈极显著的正相关。     

Genetic Differentiation of Quercus mongolica and Q. liaotungensis Based on Morphological Observation,Isozyme and DNA Analysis

The Liaodong oak ( Quercus liaotungensis Koidz. ) is a close relative of the Mongolia oak ( Q. mongolica Fisch. ) which were separated by some morphological characters, such as the number of leaf lobes and the squamate form of cupula. Recently some authors observed that morphological diversity made the Liaodong oak unable to separate clearly from the Mongolia one, therefore, plant materials have been collected from Maoer Mountain of Heilongjiang province as a typical Q. mongolica population, and from Guandi Mountain of Shanxi Province which represented the typical Liaodong oak population to compare isozyme and DNA diversity between both species. The winter bud samples were also analysed from Dongling Mountain near Beijing City since Dongling population is an intermediate form between the Maoer population and the Guandi population morphologically. Statistics of 13 putative loci belonging to 5 enzymes showed a high level of diversity within all populations. The value of genetic distance among populations was low, and showed that the Dongling population genetically located at the middle of both typical species. DNA data also showed that both typical oak populations shared similar variation with the Dongling population. Among 172 polymorphic RAPD and DAF loci, no population-specific band has been found. A significant difference in frequency of amplified products existed in 26 loci. Except for 3 irregular ones, frequency distribution of 23 loci seems clinal. The Dongling population also genetically located at the middle of both flanking populations. It was worth to note that the OPD-08434 was probably unique to the Dongling oak since its frequency in the Guandi population has been estimated up to 100% and decreased to 0 in the Maeer population. The Dongling population received this unique DNA from the Guandi population probably by introgression. The strong gene flow in both directions implied a long history of distributive continuity for both oak species. High levels of morphological, isozymatic and DNA diversity supplied enough genetic basis for reconstruction of degraded oak ecosystems.     

蒙古栎,辽东栎的遗传分化：从形态到DNA

通过植物群落结构、壳斗、叶脉形态特征、同工酶及ＤＮＡ等多方面调查与测定,分析了帽儿山的蒙古栎（ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＦｉｓｃｈ．）和东灵山、关帝山的辽东栎（Ｑ．ｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＫｏｉｄｚ．）的遗传分化及多样性。各种水平的研究一致说明：两种植物的遗传分化较小,东灵山种群是典型蒙古栎、辽东栎种群的中间类型。确切地说,从东北到山西组成一个地理渐变群,存在大范围、强大的双向基因流     

色季拉山不同海拔高度的藏川杨种群遗传多样性的研究

为研究青藏高原海拔变化与藏川杨遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的关系,以青藏高原东南部色季拉山分布的藏川杨群体为材料,用24对微卫星标记对其进行遗传分析。在469个个体中共检测到126个等位基因,每个位点的平均等位基因数(Na)为5.25;多态性位点百分率(PPL)为100%,期望杂合度(He)在高、低海拔的群体中都处于较高水平,分别为0.48和0.49;分子方差分析(AMOVA)的结果表明,种群间分化占总变异的6.38%,遗传变异主要集中在群体内不同个体之间;基因分化系数(FST)为0.02,也证实群体分化处于较低水平,而检测到群体间的基因流动(Nm)处于较高水平,为9.89。上述结果表明,海拔因素未对生长在色季拉山高低海拔的藏川杨群体造成地理隔离,从而产生种群分化;在此地区藏川杨遗传背景一致,藏川杨种质资源的保存无需考虑海拔的差异。本研究结果为研究高海拔适应机制材料的选择提供了很大的便利,并为藏川杨的可持续利用与保护提供了一定的理论依据。     

湖南龙山不同海拔中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析

【目的】利用11对微卫星标记对湖南龙山中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana种群遗传多样性进行分析,评估种群内遗传变异和种群间的遗传分化。【方法】从湖南省龙山县采集不同海拔(1 080和665 m)中华蜜蜂各30群,共60群。从每群10~20头成年工蜂中随机挑选1头提取DNA作为模板,利用11对微卫星引物进行PCR。基于PCR扩增产物,通过Microsatellite-Toolkit软件计算高海拔种群(G)和低海拔种群(D)各基因位点的优势等位基因频率(Pi)、期望杂合度(He)、多态信息含量(PIC)。根据FSTAT程序计算种群内近交系数(Fis)。用SPSS 25.0软件分析两个种群(G和D)间Pi, He, PIC和Fis的差异显著性。【结果】湖南省龙山县中华蜜蜂高海拔种群(G)和低海拔种群(D)的Pi分析表明,两个种群均具有较高的遗传多样性;高海拔种群的He, PIC和Fis平均值分别为0.593, 0.556和0.121,均略低于低海拔种群的0.631, 0.587和0.187。两个种群间Pi, He, PIC和Fis无显著性差异(P_Pi=0.721＞0.05,P_He=0.759＞0.05, P_PIC=0.802＞0.05, P_Fis=0.767＞0.05)。【结论】位于武陵山区龙山县地域高海拔与低海拔中华蜜蜂种群具有较高遗传多样性,但遗传分化程度不高,提示海拔因素可能不直接影响中华蜜蜂种群遗传多样性。     

Genetic diversity analysis of Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae) located on Changbai Mountain using ISSR and RAPD markers

Rhododendron aureum Georgi (Ericaceae) is a perennial alpine shrub endemic to Changbai Mountain in China. We used ISSR and RAPD markers to describe the diversity and genetic structure within and among four natural populations located at different altitudes. DNA from 66 individuals was amplified with ten ISSR markers and seven RAPD markers. High genetic diversity was observed by these two techniques at the species level. The genetic diversity of populations increased with altitudinal gradients from low to high. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G_ST 0.3652 in ISSR and 0.2511 in RAPD) and AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic diversity was distributed within populations (61.96% in ISSR and 70.23% in RAPD). The estimate of gene flow based on G_ST was 0.8690 in ISSR and 1.4910 in RAPD. The UPGMA clustering results using ISSR and RAPD showed that all individuals from the same altitude were gathered together, and the two populations (TYD2a and YHLa) from middle altitudes always clustered together. Compared with populations from different altitudes, similar genetic diversity and low genetic differentiation were obtained from populations at the same altitudes, as revealed by ISSR markers. In addition to the reproductive strategy of R. aureum, these data highlight that local environmental conditions may play an important role in shaping the diversity and genetic structure of this species.     

Population genetic structure of Monimopetalum chinense (Celastraceae), an endangered endemic species of eastern China

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Monimopetalum chinense (Celastraceae) standing for the monotypic genus is endemic to eastern China. Its conservation status is vulnerable as most populations are small and isolated. Monimopetalum chinense is capable of reproducing both sexually and asexually. The aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of M. chinense and to suggest conservation strategies. METHODS: One hundred and ninety individuals from ten populations sampled from the entire distribution area of M. chinense were investigated by using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). KEY RESULTS: A total of 110 different ISSR bands were generated using ten primers. Low levels of genetic variation were revealed both at the species level (Isp=0.183) and at the population level (Ipop=0.083). High clonal diversity (D = 0.997) was found, and strong genetic differentiation among populations was detected (49.06 %). CONCLUSIONS: Small population size, possible inbreeding, limited gene flow due to short distances of seed dispersal, fragmentation of the once continuous range and subsequent genetic drift, may have contributed to shaping the population genetic structure of the species.