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1.
Goal and Scope The potential environmental impacts associated with two landfill technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW),
the engineered landfill and the bioreactor landfill, were assessed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. The system
boundaries were expanded to include an external energy production function since the landfill gas collected from the bioreactor
landfill can be energetically valorized into either electricity or heat; the functional unit was then defined as the stabilization
of 600 000 tonnes of MSW and the production of 2.56x108 MJ of electricity and 7.81x108 MJ of heat.
Methods Only the life cycle stages that presented differences between the two compared options were considered in the study. The four
life cycle stages considered in the study cover the landfill cell construction, the daily and closure operations, the leachate
and landfill gas associated emissions and the external energy production. The temporal boundary corresponded to the stabilization
of the waste and was represented by the time to produce 95% of the calculated landfill gas volume. The potential impacts were
evaluated using the EDIP97 method, stopping after the characterization step.
Results and Discussion The inventory phase of the LCA showed that the engineered landfill uses 26% more natural resources and generates 81% more
solid wastes throughout its life cycle than the bioreactor landfill. The evaluated impacts, essentially associated with the
external energy production and the landfill gas related emissions, are on average 91% higher for the engineered landfill,
since for this option 1) no energy is recovered from the landfill gas and 2) more landfill gas is released untreated after
the end of the post-closure monitoring period. The valorization of the landfill gas to electricity or heat showed similar
environmental profiles (1% more raw materials and 7% more solid waste for the heat option but 13% more impacts for the electricity
option).
Conclusion and Recommendations The methodological choices made during this study, e.g. simplification of the systems by the exclusion of the identical life
cycle stages, limit the use of the results to the comparison of the two considered options. The validity of this comparison
could however be improved if the systems were placed in the larger context of municipal solid waste management and include
activities such as recycling, composting and incineration. 相似文献
2.
我国生活垃圾产量大但处理能力不足,产生多种环境危害,对其资源化利用能够缓解环境压力并回收资源。为探讨生活垃圾资源化利用策略,综合生命周期评价与生命周期成本分析方法,建立生态效率模型。以天津市为例,分析和比较焚烧发电、卫生填埋-填埋气发电、与堆肥+卫生填埋3种典型生活垃圾资源化利用情景的生态效率。结果表明,堆肥+卫生填埋情景具有潜在最优生态效率;全球变暖对总环境影响贡献最大,而投资成本对经济影响贡献最大。考虑天津市生活垃圾管理现状,建议鼓励发展生活垃圾干湿组分分离及厨余垃圾堆肥的资源化利用策略。 相似文献
3.
J. W. Owens 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》1997,1(1):37-49
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a technique for systematically analyzing a product from cradle-to-grave, that is, from resource extraction through manufacture and use to disposal. LCA is a mixed or hybrid analytical system. An inventory phase analyzes system inputs of energy and materials along with outputs of emissions and wastes throughout life cycle, usually as quantitative mass loadings. An impact assessment phase then examines these loadings in light of potential environmental issues using a mixed spectrum of qualitative and quantitative methods. The constraints imposed by inventory's loss of spatial, temporal, dose-response, and threshold information raise concerns about the accuracy of impact assessment. The degree of constraint varies widely according to the environmental issue in question and models used to extrapolate the inventory data. LCA results may have limited value in two areas: (I) local and/ortransient biophysical processes and (2) issues involving biological parameters, such as biodiversity, habitat alteration, and toxicity. The end result is that impact assessment does not measure actual effects or impacts, nor does it calculate the likelihood of an effect or risk Rather, LCA impact assessment results are largely directional environmental indicaton. The accuracy and usefulness of indicators need to be assessed individually and in a circumstance-specific manner prior to decision making. This limits LCAs usefulness as the sole basis for comprehensive assessments and the comparisons of alternatives. In conclusion, LCA may identify potential issues from a systemwide perspective, but more-focused assessments using other analytical techniques are often necessary to resolve the issues. 相似文献
4.
Rozenn Le Borgne Pascal Feillard 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):167-176
The aim of this article is to show how, at PSA peugeot-citroën, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a tool to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with a product, a process or an activity by identifying and quantifying energy, material used and wastes released to the environment. In this paper, the LCA methodology is applied to a practical case study: the comparison of various end-of-life scenarios (recycling versus incineration with or without energy recovery with landfill as a reference) for a polypropylene (PP) bumper skin. All the LCA steps (goal, inventory, impacts assessment, interpretation) are developed in this study. It is shown that in the particular case of PP, incineration with energy recovery is on an environmental point of view between 30 and 60% recycling. However, due to some uncertainties on data quality, the absolute values of the inputs/outputs for the inventory step may not be sufficient to allow strong decision making and the use of the factorial experiments (Taguchi) is then proposed to select the dominant parameters of the study. Strong environmental conclusions can then be drawn from the study. 相似文献
5.
Comparative life cycle assessments of incineration and non-incineration treatments for medical waste
Wei Zhao Ester van der Voet Gjalt Huppes Yufeng Zhang 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(2):114-121
Background, aim, and scope Management of the medical waste produced in hospitals or health care facilities has raised concerns relating to public health,
occupational safety, and the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a decision-supporting tool in waste management practice;
but relatively little research has been done on the evaluation of medical waste treatment from a life cycle perspective. Our
study compares the environmental performances of two dominant technologies, hazardous waste incineration (HWI) as a type of
incineration technology and steam autoclave sterilization with sanitary landfill (AL) as a type of non-incineration technology,
for specific medical waste of average composition. The results of this study could support the medical waste hierarchy.
Materials and methods This study implemented the ISO 14040 standard. Data on steam autoclave sterilization were obtained from an on-site operations
report, while inventory models were used for HWI, sanitary landfill, and residues landfill. Background data were from the
ecoinvent database. The comparative LCA was carried out for five alternatives: HWI with energy recovery efficiencies of 0%,
15%, and 30% and AL with energy recovery efficiencies of 0% and 10%.
Results The assumptions on the time frame for landfill markedly affect the impact category scores; however, the orders of preference
for both time frames are almost the same. HWI with 30% energy recovery efficiency has the lowest environmental impacts for
all impact categories, except freshwater ecotoxicity. Incineration and sanitary landfill processes dominate global warming,
freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, and eutrophication of incineration and non-incineration alternatives, respectively. Dioxin
emissions contribute about 10% to human toxicity in HWI without energy recovery alternatives, and a perturbation analysis
yielded identical results. As regards eutrophication, non-incineration treatments have an approximately sevenfold higher impact
than incineration treatments.
Discussion The differences between short-term and long-term time frame assumptions mainly are decided by heavy metals dissolved in the
future leachate. The high heat value of medical waste due to high contents of biomass, plastic, and rubber materials and a
lower content of ash, results in a preference for incineration treatments. The large eutrophication difference between incineration
and non-incineration treatments is caused by different N element transformations. Dioxin emission from HWI is not the most
relevant to human toxicity; however, large uncertainties could exist.
Conclusions From a life cycle perspective, the conventional waste hierarchy, implying incineration with energy recovery is better than
landfill, also applies to the case of medical waste. The sanitary landfill process is the key issue in non-incineration treatments,
and HWI and the subsequent residues landfill processes are key issues in incineration treatments.
Recommendations and perspectives Integrating the medical waste hierarchy and constructing a medical waste framework require broader technologies to be investigated
further, based on a life cycle approach.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
6.
The environmental impact assessment existing in the Russian Federation at the present moment cannot provide potential scenarios
of consequences for the environment from examined processes, since its goal is to calculate the money equivalent of emissions
to the environment. Also, it cannot help the environmental specialist to choose the most environmentally sustainable scenario
or process, proceeding from the whole life cycle of the object, because it is usually performed only for the use phase of
an object.
This study also aims to show possibilities for applying LCA methodology, as accepted in the ISO standards series 14040, and
as applied to Russian conditions. The main purpose was to investigate a possibility of using the existing environmental impact
assessment as the inventory stage in the LCA. As the minor goal, normalisation and weighting factor data for the Russian Federation
were calculated on the basis of energy consumption extrapolation.
In this paper, the environmental impacts are associated with a sewage wastewater facility. The inventory analysis is performed
with data obtained from the MosvodokanalNIIproject (Moscow Research Institute for sewage wastewater treatment facilities)
and supplemented with the SimaPro 5.0 database (the Netherlands). The environmental impact categories included and discussed
in this study are eutrophication, global warming, landfill, acidification, ozone layer depletion and photochemical ozone creation.
This study was performed for several design alternatives or scenarios of the wastewater facility. According to the LCA performed
in this study, the most environmentally sustainable scenario is that which has the most effective and complicated treatment
of sewage water and sludge. 相似文献
7.
Julie Godin Jean-François Ménard Sylvain Hains Louise Deschênes Réjean Samson 《人类与生态风险评估》2004,10(6):1099-1116
The subject of this study is a spent pot lining (SPL) landfill. The aim of this study was to identify the site remediation option, among four alternatives, that minimizes overall environmental impacts based on: 1) a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA); and 2) modeling of contaminant transport in groundwater. The four options were: leaving the landfill in place (Option 1); excavation of the landfill, with on-site disposal of the excavated materials in a secure cell (Option 2); excavation of the landfill, with treatment of the SPL fraction (Option 3); and excavation of the landfill, with incineration of the SPL fraction in a cement kiln (Option 4). The LCA was performed following the guidelines provided by the International Standard Organization (ISO). Furthermore, to improve the relevance of LCA to site remediation sector, impacts caused by residual in-situ contamination were assessed by applying a simulation of contaminant transport in groundwater, using site-specific data. The LCA identified Option 1 as having the least environmental impacts. However, the transport modeling concluded that contaminant concentrations 50 years from the present could be approximately 30 to 40 times the regulatory criteria if this option is retained. In addition, this study demonstrated that LCA can be used as a screening tool to help identify significant environmental issues; the LCA identified acute and chronic water ecotoxicity categories as being the dominant impact categories of the environmental profile and consequently, it is recommended that a complete environmental risk assessment (ERA) be performed for Option 1. 相似文献
8.
Günter Fleischer Karin Gerner Heiko Kunst Kerstin Lichtenvort Gerald Rebitzer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):149-156
Intention, Goal and Scope: Dealing with data gaps, data asymmetries, and inconsistencies in life cycle inventories (LCI) is
a general prohlem in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies. An approach to deal with these difficulties is the simplification
of LCA. A methodology that lowers the requirements for data quality (accuracy) for process emissions within a simplified LCA
is introduced in this article. Background: Simplification is essential for applying LCA in the context of design for environment
(DfE). The tool euroMat is a comprehensive DfE software tool that is based on a specific, simplified LCA approach, the Iterative
Screening LCA (IS-LCA). Within the scope of the IS-LCA, there is a quantitative assessment of energy-related processes, as
well as a semi-quantitative assessment of non-energy related emissions which supplement each other. Objectives: The semi-quantitative
assessment, which is in the focus of this article, aims at lowering the requirements for the quality of non-energy related
emissions data through combined use of qualitative and quantitative inventory data. Methods: Potential environmental impacts
are assessed based on ABC-categories for qualities (harmfulness) of emissions and XYZ-categories for quantities of emitted
substances. Employing statistical methods assignment rules for the ABC/XYZ-categories were derived from literature data and
databases on emissions to air, water, and soil. Statistical tests as well as a DfE case study (comparing the materials aluminum
and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy for a lightweight container to be used in an aerospace application) were conducted in order
to evaluate the level of confidence and practicality of the proposed, simplified impact assessment. Results: Statistical and
technical consistency checks show that the method bears a high level of confidence. Results obtained by the simplified assessment
correlate to those of a detailed quantitative LCA. Conclusions: Therefore, the application of the ABC/XYZ-categories (together
with the cumulative energy demand) can be considered a practical and consistent approach for determining the environmental
significance of products when only incomplete emission data is available. Future Prospects: The statistical base of the method
is expanded continuously since it is an integral part of the DfE software tool euroMat, which is currently being further developed.
That should foster the application of the method. Outside DfE, the method should also be capable of facilitating simplified
LCAs in general. 相似文献
9.
Background, aim, and scope
Many studies evaluate the results of applying different life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods to the same life cycle inventory (LCI) data and demonstrate that the assessment results would be different with different LICA methods used. Although the importance of uncertainty is recognized, most studies focus on individual stages of LCA, such as LCI and normalization and weighting stages of LCIA. However, an important question has not been answered in previous studies: Which part of the LCA processes will lead to the primary uncertainty? The understanding of the uncertainty contributions of each of the LCA components will facilitate the improvement of the credibility of LCA.Methodology
A methodology is proposed to systematically analyze the uncertainties involved in the entire procedure of LCA. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to analyze the uncertainties associated with LCI, LCIA, and the normalization and weighting processes. Five LCIA methods are considered in this study, i.e., Eco-indicator 99, EDIP, EPS, IMPACT 2002+, and LIME. The uncertainty of the environmental performance for individual impact categories (e.g., global warming, ecotoxicity, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical smog, human health) is also calculated and compared. The LCA of municipal solid waste management strategies in Taiwan is used as a case study to illustrate the proposed methodology.Results
The primary uncertainty source in the case study is the LCI stage under a given LCIA method. In comparison with various LCIA methods, EDIP has the highest uncertainty and Eco-indicator 99 the lowest uncertainty. Setting aside the uncertainty caused by LCI, the weighting step has higher uncertainty than the normalization step when Eco-indicator 99 is used. Comparing the uncertainty of various impact categories, the lowest is global warming, followed by eutrophication. Ecotoxicity, human health, and photochemical smog have higher uncertainty.Discussion
In this case study of municipal waste management, it is confirmed that different LCIA methods would generate different assessment results. In other words, selection of LCIA methods is an important source of uncertainty. In this study, the impacts of human health, ecotoxicity, and photochemical smog can vary a lot when the uncertainties of LCI and LCIA procedures are considered. For the purpose of reducing the errors of impact estimation because of geographic differences, it is important to determine whether and which modifications of assessment of impact categories based on local conditions are necessary.Conclusions
This study develops a methodology of systematically evaluating the uncertainties involved in the entire LCA procedure to identify the contributions of different assessment stages to the overall uncertainty. Which modifications of the assessment of impact categories are needed can be determined based on the comparison of uncertainty of impact categories.Recommendations and perspectives
Such an assessment of the system uncertainty of LCA will facilitate the improvement of LCA. If the main source of uncertainty is the LCI stage, the researchers should focus on the data quality of the LCI data. If the primary source of uncertainty is the LCIA stage, direct application of LCIA to non-LCIA software developing nations should be avoided. 相似文献10.
Life cycle assessment of a multi-material car component 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Catarina Ribeiro José V. Ferreira Paulo Partidário 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(5):336-345
Background, Aims and Scope In recent years, the automotive industry has been experiencing an increasing concern with environmental requirements. A particular
focus is being given to light-weighting of cars, to reducing fuel consumption and to the use of different recycling materials.
Consequently, decisions on product design and development must involve economic and technological as well as environmental
considerations. In adequate conditions, the LCA methodology enables one to assist an effective integration of the environmental
considerations in the decision-making process [1]. In this paper, a multi-material car component which is part of the current
automotive brake system, has been modified by its original manufacturer. Such a modification included the use of a new multi-material
injection moulding process and the consumption of recyclable materials. The new and the current component were comparatively
assessed throughout their life cycles in order to evaluate their respective environmental impacts and, thus, to verify if
the new component offers a lower environmental load. The results described in this paper are part of the outcome of a broader
research project involving industrial companies, university, technological centres and research institutes based in Portugal,
Spain and Germany.
Main Features The car component under focus has four subcomponents whose base materials consist of steel and plastic. The LCA methodology
is used to evaluate two scenarios describing the new car component, on the one hand, and the reference scenario, which consists
of the existing car component, on the other. The former results from the selection of new subcomponents materials, aiming
to use a new production process together with a recycling strategy.
Results and Discussion The inventory analysis shows a lower energy consumption in the alternative scenario (4.2 MJ) compared to the reference scenario
(6.1 MJ). Most of that energy is still non-renewable, relating in particular to crude consumption in the car use phase and
in the production phase (transports and plastics production). The life cycle inventory analysis indicates also that the alternative
scenario has lower air emissions of CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, NM VOC and PM10, as well as lower solid wastes and water emissions of oils and BOD5. Otherwise, the water emissions of undissolved
substances and COD are higher for the alternative scenario. Most of the energy consumed and the air pollutants inventoried
occur as a consequence of the use phase. Otherwise, for most of the life cycle water emissions inventoried and solid wastes,
the production phase is the major contributor. The impact assessment, performed with the CML method, allows one to conclude
that the alternative scenario exhibits lower results in all the impact categories. Both scenarios have similar environmental
profiles, being: (i) the use phase, the major contributor for the abiotic depletion, global warming, photochemical oxidation,
acidification and eutrophication; and (ii) the production phase, the main contributor for ozone depletion, human toxicity,
fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The sensitivity analysis, with respect
to the fuel consumption reduction value, the impact assessment method and the final disposal scenario, performed in this study
allows one to confirm, as a main conclusion, that the alternative scenario is environmentally preferable to the reference
scenario.
Conclusion The results obtained through the application of the LCA methodology enable one to conclude that the alternative component
has a lower environmental load than the reference component.
Recommendations and Perspectives Considering that the time required for the inventory data collection is a critical issue in LCA practise, the insights provided
by this particular case study are likely to be useful to product developers in the car component manufacturing industry, particularly
to brake system manufacturers supporting the environmental design within the sector. 相似文献
11.
Angelica Mendoza Beltran Brian Cox Chris Mutel Detlef P. van Vuuren David Font Vivanco Sebastiaan Deetman Oreane Y. Edelenbosch Jeroen Guinée Arnold Tukker 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2020,24(1):64-79
Prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) needs to deal with the large epistemological uncertainty about the future to support more robust future environmental impact assessments of technologies. This study proposes a novel approach that systematically changes the background processes in a prospective LCA based on scenarios of an integrated assessment model (IAM), the IMAGE model. Consistent worldwide scenarios from IMAGE are evaluated in the life cycle inventory using ecoinvent v3.3. To test the approach, only the electricity sector was changed in a prospective LCA of an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) and an electric vehicle (EV) using six baseline and mitigation climate scenarios until 2050. This case study shows that changes in the electricity background can be very important for the environmental impacts of EV. Also, the approach demonstrates that the relative environmental performance of EV and ICEV over time is more complex and multifaceted than previously assumed. Uncertainty due to future developments manifests in different impacts depending on the product (EV or ICEV), the impact category, and the scenario and year considered. More robust prospective LCAs can be achieved, particularly for emerging technologies, by expanding this approach to other economic sectors beyond electricity background changes and mobility applications as well as by including uncertainty and changes in foreground parameters. A more systematic and structured composition of future inventory databases driven by IAM scenarios helps to acknowledge epistemological uncertainty and to increase the temporal consistency of foreground and background systems in LCAs of emerging technologies. 相似文献
12.
Life cycle assessment of Australian automotive door skins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Prateek Puri Paul Compston Victor Pantano 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(5):420-428
Background, aim, and scope Policy initiatives, such as the EU End of Life Vehicle (ELV) Directive for only 5% landfilling by 2015, are increasing the
pressure for higher material recyclability rates. This is stimulating research into material alternatives and end-of-life
strategies for automotive components. This study presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on an Australian automotive component,
namely an exterior door skin. The functional unit for this study is one door skin set (4 exterior skins). The material alternatives
are steel, which is currently used by Australian manufacturers, aluminium and glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene composite.
Only the inputs and outputs relative to the door skin production, use and end-of-life phases were considered within the system
boundary. Landfill, energy recovery and mechanical recycling were the end-of-life phases considered. The aim of the study
is to highlight the most environmentally attractive material and end-of-life option.
Methods The LCA was performed according to the ISO 14040 standard series. All information considered in this study (use of fossil
and non fossil based energy resources, water, chemicals etc.) were taken up in in-depth data. The data for the production,
use and end-of-life phases of the door skin set was based upon softwares such as SimaPro and GEMIS which helped in the development
of the inventory for the different end-of-life scenarios. In other cases, the inventory was developed using derivations obtained
from published journals. Some data was obtained from GM-Holden and the Co-operative research Centre for Advanced Automotive
Technology (AutoCRC), in Australia. In cases where data from the Australian economy was unavailable, such as the data relating
to energy recovery methods, a generic data set based on European recycling companies was employed. The characterization factors
used for normalization of data were taken from (Saling et. al. Int J Life Cycle Assess 7(4):203–218 2002) which detailed the method of carrying out an LCA.
Results The production phase results in maximum raw material consumption for all materials, and it is higher for metals than for the
composite. Energy consumption is greatest in the use phase, with maximum consumption for steel. Aluminium consumes most energy
in the production phase. Global Warming Potential (GWP) also follows a trend similar to that of energy consumption. Photo
Oxidants Creation Potential (POCP) is the highest for the landfill scenario for the composite, followed by steel and aluminium.
Acidification Potential (AP) is the highest for all the end-of-life scenarios of the composite. Ozone Depletion Potential
(ODP) is the highest for the metals. The net water emissions are also higher for composite in comparison to metals despite
high pollution in the production phases of metallic door skins. Solid wastes are higher for the metallic door skins.
Discussion The composite door skin has the lowest energy consumption in the production phase, due to the low energy requirements during
the manufacturing of E-glass and its fusion with polypropylene to form sheet molding compounds. In general, the air emissions
during the use phase are strongly dependent on the mass of the skins, with higher emissions for the metals than for the composite.
Material recovery through recycling is the highest in metals due to efficient separation techniques, while mechanical recycling
is the most efficient for the composite. The heavy steel skins produce the maximum solid wastes primarily due to higher fuel
consumption. Water pollution reduction benefit is highest in case of metals, again due to the high efficiency of magnetic
separation technique in the case of steel and eddy current separation technique in the case of aluminium. Material recovery
in these metals reduces the amount of water needed to produce a new door skin set (water employed mainly in the ingot casting
stage). Moreover, the use of heavy metals, inorganic salts and other chemicals is minimized by efficient material recovery.
Conclusions The use of the studied type of steel for the door skins is a poor environmental option in every impact category. Aluminium
and composite materials should be considered to develop a more sustainable and energy efficient automobile. In particular,
this LCA study shows that glass-fiber composite skins with mechanical recycling or energy recovery method could be environmentally
desirable, compared to aluminium and steel skins. However, the current limit on the efficiency of recycling is the prime barrier
to increasing the sustainability of composite skins.
Recommendations and perspectives The study is successful in developing a detailed LCA for the three different types of door skin materials and their respective
recycling or end-of-life scenarios. The results obtained could be used for future work on an eco-efficiency portfolio for
the entire car. However, there is a need for a detailed assessment of toxicity and risk potentials arising from each of the
four different types of door skin sets. This will require greater communication between academia and the automotive industry
to improve the quality of the LCA data. Sensitivity analysis needs to be performed such as the assessment of the impact of
varying substitution factors on the life cycle of a door skin. Incorporation of door skin sets made of new biomaterials need
to be accounted for as another functional unit in future LCA studies.
Discussion contributions to this article from the readership would the highly welcome. The authors 相似文献
13.
Remediation of contaminated sites provides a cleaner local environment, but may also have negative environmental impacts on the local, regional, and global scales. Methods based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are designed to take the negative effects into consideration when deciding how to treat a site, and to improve the environmental efficiency of remediation techniques. This paper reviews nine case studies that use LCA tools to evaluate alternative remediation techniques to summarize the findings of methodologies and results. The methodologies were found to differ in the limitation of the LCA for space, time and secondary processes. This strongly influenced the results. Bioremediation was the worst when the secondary process of producing electron acceptors was included; otherwise it was the best. The choice of impact categories heavily affected the results. Inclusion of land use was especially important in site remediation studies. In general, the negative impact of site remediation was due to energy consumption. For excavation combined with ex-situ treatment, the transport of contaminated soil to the treatment facility or landfill required the most energy. For in-situ treatment of soil and groundwater, pumping consumed the most energy. It is proposed that different methods be applied to the same site. 相似文献
14.
Henrik Wenzel 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(5):281-288
The reason to perform an LCA is essentially to use it in support of a decision. A decision gives rise to a change somewhere
in society compared to a scenario in which this decision was not taken. The key requirement for the LCA in any application
is therefore, that it shall reflect the environmental change caused by the decision. It is found, that the need to differentiate
LCA methodology for the use in different applications is born by a few key characteristics of the decision to be supported.
The first key characteristic is the environmental consequence of the decision, i.e. the nature and extent of the environmental
change caused by the decision. When modelling the environmental change, its extent in time and space will differ between decision
types, thus giving rise to different requirements, primarily for the scoping and inventory phases of the LCA. Furthermore,
some decisions will imply trade-offs between different impact categories, while others will not, thus causing different requirements
for the impact assessment. The second key characteristic is the social and economic consequence of the decision, the magnitude
of which will influence the need for certainty, transparency and documentation. The third characteristic is the context in
which the decision is taken, including the decision maker and interested parties, implicitly influencing the impact assessment
and weighting. 相似文献
15.
Saeed Morsali 《农业工程》2018,38(3):242-247
This study provides an introduction and a novel view of the impacts of oil refineries industry on human health, ecosystem quality and resources. The scope and issues for dealing with these challenges are rather wide and complex because the Oil refineries are complex facilities. Several processes, such as distillation, vacuum distillation, or steam reforming are required to produce a large variety of oil products such as gasoline, light fuel oil or bitumen. The goals, perspectives and expectation for the environmental practice and control have changed dramatically over the last couple of decades. Hence the required approach has to be multidisciplinary, based on established scientific concepts and sound engineering principles. The environmental impacts of oil refineries are assessed using the technique of life cycle assessment (LCA). In this paper, only the material production phase of the bitumen LCA is considered. To improve the quality of the LCA, a regionalized life cycle inventory (LCI) database for the Oil refineries and commercial LCI databases are used to validate and model unit processes with an LCA software. 相似文献
16.
Ivan Muñoz Joan Rieradevall Xavier Domènech Cristina Gazulla 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2006,11(5):323-334
Goal, Scope and Background The new European legislation concerning End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) will allow, in 2015, the landfilling of only 5% of the
average vehicle weight, which means that the automotive industry must make a great effort in order to design their products
taking into account their recyclability when they become waste. In the present work, LCA is used to assess an existing automotive
component, a plastic door panel, and to compare it with a designed-for-recycling prototype panel, based on compatible polyolefins.
Main Features A \\\'cradle to grave\\\' LCA is carried out for the panel currently produced and the prototype. The following scenarios
are analyzed for plastic waste: landfilling (current practice in Spain), energy recovery in a MSW incinerator or in a cement
kiln, and mechanical recycling.
Results and Discussion The production and use phases together contribute more than 95% in most impact indicators. When the current and prototype
products are compared, a decrease in the environmental impact appears for the prototype in the production phase and also at
end-of-life if recycling is considered with full substitution of virgin polymers. The overall impact reduction ranges from
18% in the toxicity indicators to 80% in landfill use. Energy recovery in cement kilns appears as a good alternative to recycling
in some indicators, such as landfill use or resource depletion. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the quality of recycled
plastic, and the results suggest that the benefits of recycling are substantially reduced if full substitution is not achieved.
Conclusion LCA has been shown to be a very useful tool to validate from an environmental point of view a redesigned automotive component;
in addition, it has allowed one to identify not only the benefits from increased recyclability, but also improvements in other
life cycle phases which were not previously expected.
Recommendation and Perspective From this case study several recommendations to the company have been drawn in order to design environmentally friendly components
for car interiors, and ecodesign is expected to be introduced in the company procedures.
- Glossary
ABS: Acrilonitrile-butadiene-styrene; ASR: Automobile shredder residue; DEHP: Di(ethylhexyl)phtalate; ELV: End-of-life vehicles;
EPDM: Ethylene propylene diene monomer; MSW: Municipal solid waste; MSWI: Municipal solid waste incinerator; NEDC: New European
driving cycle; PA GF: Polyamide glass fiber reinforced; PE: Polyethylene; PES: Polyester; POM: Polyoxymethylene; PP T16: Polypropylene
16% talc filled; PUR: Polyurethane; PVC: Polyvinyl chloride; TPO: Thermoplastic olefin 相似文献
17.
Eric Copius Peereboom René Kleijn Saul Lemkowitz Sven Lundie 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》1998,2(3):109-130
This study compared six widely used European life-cycle assessment (LCA) inventory data sets, identified those, data elements that introduce major differences, and quantitatively determined the influence of these data elements for a cradle-to-gate LCA o f polyvinyl chloride (PVC).Large differences in data (10- I 100%) were found. Data on substances with recognized high environmental impact and easily determined emissions and environmental impacts, like those related to energy, show the least differences. Process-specific emissions show larger differences. Substantially more substances emitted t o air than t o water or soil are reported, and differences between the values are less. Furthermore, various inventory data sets donot always cover the same substances. Often, individual substances, such as specific (chlorinated) hydrocarbons and metals, are collectively categorized rather than individually reported. Specific data elements o f the inventory causing many differences were geographical, temporal, and technological representativeness; categorization o f substances; naming of substance categories; use of different category definitions: system boundaries; and allocation method. The influence of these differences on LCA results, determined through sensitivity analysis, was significant, typically 10- 100%. Results emphasize the importance of appropriate and explicitly described data sets and the necessity o f sensitivity analyses. Results also show the need for a regularly updated and openly available database with high quality data. The availability of such a database would improve the reliability of LCA and thereby stimulate its application. 相似文献
18.
A Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Assessment (LCA) database for laundry detergents of the Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) was
constructed using SimaPro software. The input data needed to conduct a product LCI came from several different, supporting
databases to cover supplier (extraction and manufacturing of raw materials), manufacturing of the detergent product, transportation,
packaging, use and disposal stages. Manufacturing, packaging and transportation stages are usually representative of European
conditions while the use and disposal stages are country specific and represent how consumers are using a specific product
and how wastes are disposed of. The database has been constructed to allow Procter & Gamble managers to analyse detergent
products from a system-wide, functional unit point of view in a consistent, transparent and reproducible manner. For demonstrative
purpose, a life cycle inventory and a life cycle impact assessment of a P&G laundry detergent used in Belgium is presented.
The analysis showed that more than 80% of the energy consumption occurs during the consumer use stage (mainly for heating
of the water). Air and solid waste follow the same pattern, most of these being associated with die energy generation for
the use stage. More than 98% of the biological oxygen demand, however, is associated with the disposal stage even after accounting
for removal during treatment. Future challenges are the completion and/or updating of all detergent ingredient inventories. 相似文献
19.
Environmental policy is oriented toward integrated pollution prevention, taking into consideration all environmental media (air, water, land) and energy consumption. Therefore, methods for assessing environmentally relevant installations are needed which take economic, technical, and especially ecological criteria into account simultaneously. Mass and energy flow models are used for the representation of production processes and form the basis for the inventory phase in life-cycle assessment (LCA). For the interpretation of LCA results and the weighting of the aggregated impact assessment indicators, approaches of multicriterion analysis (MCA) have been proposed. These can analyze ecological aspects as well as economic and technical criteria. Recent developments in LCA focus on decision support for policy makers or decision boards. Appropriate support for investment decisions on environmentally relevant installations, however, is rare.
Based on a case study of the sector called surface coating, an MCA of environmentally relevant installations is described. With the help of a mass and energy flow management system, alternative scenarios, depicting the use of solvent-reduced materials and environmentally friendly techniques, are modeled for the job coater processes in case studies of coating of mobile phones and coating of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) parts destined for the automobile industry. The modeled scenarios are further analyzed by using a multicriterion decision support module. The application of the outranking approach PROMETHEE is illustrated. A further investigation of the derived ranking can be obtained through sensitivity analyses. Moreover, the results derived by PROMETHEE are compared with the outcomes of the multicriterion approaches multiattribute utility theory and analytical hierarchy process. 相似文献
Based on a case study of the sector called surface coating, an MCA of environmentally relevant installations is described. With the help of a mass and energy flow management system, alternative scenarios, depicting the use of solvent-reduced materials and environmentally friendly techniques, are modeled for the job coater processes in case studies of coating of mobile phones and coating of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) parts destined for the automobile industry. The modeled scenarios are further analyzed by using a multicriterion decision support module. The application of the outranking approach PROMETHEE is illustrated. A further investigation of the derived ranking can be obtained through sensitivity analyses. Moreover, the results derived by PROMETHEE are compared with the outcomes of the multicriterion approaches multiattribute utility theory and analytical hierarchy process. 相似文献
20.
Stefano Cucurachi Coen C. van der Giesen Reinout Heijungs Geert R. de Snoo 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2017,21(1):70-81
The portfolio of impacts that are quantified in life cycle assessment (LCA) has grown to include rather different stressors than those that were the focus of early LCAs. Some of the newest life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) models are still in an early phase of development and have not yet been included in any LCA study. This is the case for sound emissions and noise impacts, which have been only recently modeled. Sound emissions are matter‐less, time dependent, and bound to the physical properties of waves. The way sound emissions and the relative noise impacts are modeled in LCA can show how new or existing matter‐less impacts can be addressed. In this study, we analyze, through the example of sound emissions, the specific features of a matter‐less impact that does not stem from the use of a kilogram of matter, nor is related to the emission of a kilogram of matter. We take as a case study the production of energy by means of wind turbines, contradicting the commonly held assumption that windmills have no emissions during use. We show how to account for sound emissions in the life cycle inventory phase of the life cycle of a wind turbine and then calculate the relative impacts using a noise LCIA model. 相似文献