营养与肿瘤

恶性肿瘤是严重危害人民生命与健康的常见病之一,一般死亡率为所有疾病死亡率的前三位,我国也是如此。在中国,恶性肿瘤在男性占笫二位,女性占第三位。肿瘤的发病率中以胃癌为最高,占所有肿瘤的1/4,其次是食管癌、肝癌、宫颈癌、肺癌、肠癌、白血病、鼻咽癌、乳腺癌等。以上9种占全部恶性肿癌发病率的90％,胃癌发病以男性为多,男性为女性的2.1倍。肿瘤的发病率及死亡率在30岁以前很低,35岁开始明显上升,随年龄的增加而增加。70岁以后变低,在中国肿瘤的平均发病年龄为62岁。在国内发病率最高的9种肿瘤中,几乎有一半,即胃癌,肝癌、食管癌、肠癌属于消化系     

肿瘤-睾丸-脑抗原家族新成员PNMA5的克隆和表达谱分析

综合运用几种生物信息学数据库 ,分析了人类X染色体上可能的未知基因 ,筛选获得一个新的肿瘤抗原基因并克隆鉴定了它的全长cDNA .该基因全长为 3194bp ,编码一个 4 48个氨基酸残基的蛋白质 ,它与肿瘤 睾丸 脑抗原家族成员PNMA1、PNMA2及PNMA3有很高的同源性 ,命名为PNMA5 .在 16种人正常组织中 ,PNMA5仅在睾丸与脑中表达 ;而在所检测的肝癌、胃癌、肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌与头颈部肿瘤 ,PNMA5在肠癌中表达 .PNMA5是肿瘤 睾丸 脑抗原家族的一个新成员 .认识这些肿瘤 睾丸 脑抗原的意义在于它们在肿瘤组织的表达可能是肿瘤破坏机体免疫耐受的一种机制 ,其相关神经副肿瘤综合症可能是一些隐匿肿瘤的早期表现 .     

我院2006-2008年恶性肿瘤检出率及发病趋势分析

目的:了解近三年恶性肿瘤发病规律和特征.方法:整理并分析我院病理科2006-2008年肿瘤诊断登记资料.结果:三年中我院检出恶性肿瘤9319例.粗发率22.96%,并呈逐年上升趋势.男性平均发病年龄为(53.9±17.9)岁,前五位恶性肿瘤为:胃癌、肺癌、肠癌、鼻咽癌、食管癌;女性平均发病年龄为(49.7±17.7)岁,前五位恶性肿瘤为:乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、宫颈癌、肠癌.结论:我院三年来恶性肿瘤发病呈逐年上升趋势.     

乌珠穆沁牛的染色体研究

用C带、G带、核仁组织者区的银染色(Ag-NOR)技术,研究了内蒙古的4头乌珠穆沁公牛(蒙古牛的一类型)的染色体。乌珠穆沁牛2n=60, X是一大的亚中着丝点染色体,Y为小的亚中着丝点染色体,臂比1.78。乌珠穆沁牛的Ag-NORs定位于2、3、4、11和28号染色体末端,平均每细胞中Ag-NORs出现频率为5.48。     

维吾尔,哈萨克及汉三民族rRNA基因活性及随体联合的比较研究

应用核仁组织区银染技术对维吾尔、哈萨克及汉族共90人的染色体银染核仁形成区(Ag-Nucleolar Organizing Region,Ag-NOR)频率和近端着丝粒染色体随体联合频率的研究发现:维吾尔、哈萨克群体Ag-NOR及随体联合的细胞数与次数均高于汉族群体(P＜0.01),具有显著性差异。维吾尔、哈萨克群体间上述的频率无显著性差异(P＞0.05),支持了两民族遗传上的相近性。这与民族起源和过去用民族学、人类学研究结果是一致的。     

肿瘤免疫

<正> 肿瘤是常见病和多发病,每年发病率约为全人口的2‰。不同国家肿瘤发病率统计如表1。 由于各国生活习惯、地理条件、环境污染情况不同,各器官的肿瘤发病率也不尽相同,但大体上男子以胃癌、肺癌,女子以乳腺癌和子宫颈癌最为多见。如表2。     

人14p＋标记染色体的分子细胞遗传学研究

一例23岁女性患者因近五、六年来出现胡须、四肢多毛及偶有月经不规则而就诊。细胞遗传学检查发现一个短臂明显增大的亚中着丝粒的14号标记染色体14p ·p 区域GTG显带呈浅染,C-带暗染,都呈均匀的染色区。硝酸银染色在p 远侧端显现一个Ag-NOR,其大小与正常近端着丝粒染色体的无明显差异。应用~3H标记的7.3 kb长的rRNA基因探针进行染色体原位杂交,自显影银颗粒沿整个p 区域分布,p 上的银颗粒数是正常近端着丝粒染色体短臂上银颗粒平均数的5倍。这些结果排除了Y或其他染色体参加的重排形成p 的可能性,并表明Ag-NOR的大小或NOR的数目并不一定与rRNA基因的数量成正比。研究Dp 或Gp 类型的染色体变异,对了解人二倍体细胞内rRNA基因表达的调控有重要意义。     

Pin1和Cyclin D1在人类5种常见肿瘤中的表达及其意义

目的研究人类的肽基脯氨酰异构酶(Pin1)在人类几种重要的肿瘤(肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌和胃癌)中的表达及与细胞周期蛋白CyclinD1的关系,并探讨它们在肿瘤的发病机制、诊断和治疗中的意义。方法随机收集33例正常组织和171例癌组织(包括37例肺癌、35例前列腺癌、31例乳腺癌、36例宫颈癌和32例胃癌)。采取免疫组织化学Envision法显示Pin1和CyclinD1的表达。结果Pin1和CyclinD1在正常组织中不表达或者低表达,而在各种癌组织中有普遍性的高表达,在肺癌组织、前列腺癌组织、乳腺癌组织、胃癌组织和宫颈癌组织中,Pin1的表达率分别为48·7%、65·7%、48·4%、15·6%和69·4%,CyclinD1的表达率分别为56·8%、60·0%、54·8%、40·6%和58·3%。Pin1和CyclinD1在癌组织中的表达明显高于正常组织中的表达(P<0·05)。Pin1和CyclinD1蛋白在肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌和宫颈癌中表达呈显著正相关(P<0·05)。而Pin1和CyclinD1蛋白在胃癌中的表达相关性不显著(P>0·05)。结论Pin1和CyclinD1在多种肿瘤的发生、发展过程中具有重要作用,如肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌和胃癌,Pin1与细胞周期代谢或调控有关。Pin1在某些肿瘤(如肺癌、前列腺癌等)中可作为肿瘤标记的参考指标。     

新乳腺癌风险因子

研究人员在近日在线出版的《自然-遗传学》上报告说,第5号染色体上2种普通基因的变异可能会增加患某种乳腺癌的风险。     

用蛇毒治癌取得疗效

据报道,辽宁省清原县解放军蛇毒临床应用研究中心开展蛇毒的抗癌作用研究,现已开始过渡到临床应用。该中心与十几家医院协作,临床应用蛇毒治疗一千多例癌症患者,包括胃癌、肝癌、肺癌、肠癌等,均有不同程度好转。大部分癌症患者自觉症状有所减轻,食欲增加,睡眠好转,有的肿块缩小。研究中心主任覃公平、付主任胡征林介绍,蛇毒抗癌作用的机理主要是:蛇毒的细胞毒能破坏肿瘤细胞、抑制肿瘤生长;蛇毒的神经毒有较强的镇     

Mapping of the 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the fish Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz, 1829 (Characiformes,Prochilodontidae)

A single NOR-bearing chromosome pair was identified by silver nitrate staining in a previous study of the fish Prochilodus argenteus from the S ã o Francisco River (MG, Brazil), with a third metacentric chromosome sporadically bearing active NOR. The present study focused on an analysis of the chromosomal localization of both the major (45S) and the minor (5S) rRNA genes using FISH. The use of the 18S rDNA probe confirmed the previous Ag-NOR sites interstitially located in a large metacentric pair and also identified up to three other sites located in the telomeric regions of distinct chromosomes, characterizing an interindividual variation of these sites. In addition, the 5S rDNA site was revealed adjacent to the major NOR site, identified at the end of the large Ag-NOR bearing metacentric chromosome. In a few metaphases, an additional weak hybridization signal was observed in a third chromosome, possibly indicating the presence of another 5S rDNA cluster. Despite a lower karyotype diversification (2n=54 and FN=108) often observed among species of Prochilodontidae, variations involving both 45S and 5S rRNA genes could play an important role in their chromosome diversification.     

树突状细胞对胃癌前病变的免疫保护分析

摘要 目的：探究树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DC)对胃癌的免疫保护作用。方法：选择2016年1月至2018年1月于我院接受治疗的145例胃癌、39例慢性萎缩性胃炎、21例不典型增生、27例肠上皮化生以及20例正常对照组患者为研究对象,分别采集其胃粘膜标本进行染色,记录和比较其胃粘膜中S100⁺、CD4⁺和CD8⁺细胞的数量、平均面积以及平均吸光度,并将胃癌患者分为中分化腺癌(49例)、低分化腺癌(53例)和未分化癌(43例)进行对比。结果：(1)胃癌组、慢性萎缩性胃炎组、不典型增生、肠上皮化生组的胃粘膜S100⁺阳性细胞计数明显高于正常对照组（P<0.05）,胃癌组平均吸光度低于对照组,其他3组平均吸光度显著高于对照组,(P<0.05);胃癌组平均面积与正常对照组相比无差异(P>0.05),其他三组平均面积显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;(2)慢性萎缩性胃炎组、肠上皮化生组、不典型增生组患者CD4⁺细胞数均低于对照组(P<0.05);胃癌组、慢性萎缩性胃炎组、肠上皮化生组患者平均面积均低于对照组(P<0.05);胃癌组、慢性萎缩性胃炎组、不典型增生、肠上皮化生组平均吸光度均低于对照组(P<0.05);(3)慢性萎缩性胃炎组、肠上皮化生组、不典型增生组患者CD8⁺细胞数明显高于对照组(P<0.05),胃癌组稍低于对照组(P>0.05);胃癌组患者平均面积低于对照组(P<0.05);胃癌组患者平均吸光值低于对照组,慢性萎缩性胃炎组、肠上皮化生组患者高于对照组(P均<0.05);(4)随着胃癌分化程度的降低,胃癌患者DC细胞数有降低趋势。结论：胃癌前病变患者胃粘膜中DC数量会显著增多,免疫功能加强,DC细胞数量会随胃癌分化程度的降低而减少,分析其原因与DC细胞能够抑制癌前病变有关。     

Ribosomal RNA expression in a mammalian hybrid,the hinny

The expression of nucleolus organizer region (NOR) activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model mammalian hybrid system, the hinny (female ass x male horse), by sequential Ag-NOR and chromomycin A3/distamycin A/DAPI (CDD) staining in lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the majority of cases we found non-expression of the horse-derived NOR chromosomes in the hinny. However, in one case there was strong NOR expression on horse-derived chromosome no. 1.     

Evidence for a compensatory mechanism regulating Ag-NOR activity in families with de novo 21;21 translocation Down syndrome

Nucleolus organizing region (NOR) activity in seven probands with Down syndrome due to a de novo (21;21) translocation and their parents was analyzed on the basis of total Ag-NOR size per cell, mean Ag-NOR size per cell (Xc), mean Ag-NOR size per acrocentic (Xa), and the characteristic Ag-NOR number of each subject. The results showed intercellular variations in total Ag-NOR size per cell in all subjects, as well as interindividual variations in mean Ag-NOR size per cell. When the subjects were grouped according to their characteristic Ag-NOR number and the mean Ag-NOR size per cell for each group (GXc) and the mean Ag-NOR size per acrocentric for each group (GXa) were calculated, a number of interesting and significant correlations were found: (1) GXc correlated perfectly with the group's characteristic Ag-NOR number, (2) GXa varied inversely with the group's characteristic Ag-NOR number, and (3) GXc and GXa varied inversely with each other. These results suggest that if the Ag-NOR number of a cell decreases, the total NOR activity of the cell also decreases, but the NOR activity of its chromosomes increases. This finding supports the existence of a compensatory mechanism that regulates NOR activity on the cellular level.     

Karyotypic evolution of ribosomal sites in buffalo subspecies and their crossbreed

Domestic buffaloes are divided into two group based on cytogenetic characteristics and habitats: the “river buffaloes” with 2n = 50 and the “swamp buffaloes”, 2n = 48. Nevertheless, their hybrids are viable, fertile and identified by a 2n = 49. In order to have a better characterization of these different cytotypes of buffaloes, and considering that NOR-bearing chromosomes are involved in the rearrangements responsible for the karyotypic differences, we applied silver staining (Ag-NOR) and performed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments using 18S rDNA as probe. Metaphases were obtained through blood lymphocyte culture of 21 individuals, including river, swamp and hybrid cytotypes. Ag-NOR staining revealed active NORs on six chromosome pairs (3p, 4p, 6, 21, 23, 24) in the river buffaloes, whereas the swamp buffaloes presented only five NOR-bearing pairs (4p, 6, 20, 22, 23). The F1 cross-breed had 11 chromosomes with active NORs, indicating expression of both parental chromosomes. FISH analysis confirmed the numerical divergence identified with Ag-NOR. This result is explained by the loss of the NOR located on chromosome 4p in the river buffalo, which is involved in the tandem fusion with chromosome 9 in this subspecies. A comparison with the ancestral cattle karyotype suggests that the NOR found on the 3p of the river buffalo may have originated from a duplication of ribosomal genes, resulting in the formation of new NOR sites in this subspecies.     

An update on the current epidemiological status of metastatic neoplasms to the thyroid

Secondary tumours to the thyroid gland are uncommon with an overall prevalence of 5.9% in autopsy studies. In recent clinical series, secondary thyroid cancer is seen in only 1.9% of malignant thyroids. There is no gender predominance both overall (female to male 1.07:1) and when stratified by common histological subtypes (renal cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma). The median age of patients diagnosed with metastatic thyroid tumours in major studies ranges from 54 to 68 years. Metastases are more frequent in patients with pre-existing or concurrent thyroid pathology. In autopsy studies, the most common primary sites are breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma predominate in clinical series. Upper aerodigestive tract primaries often directly infiltrate the thyroid gland. The underlying frequency of a histological subtype, geographic prevalence and aggressiveness of primary cancer likely contributes to the incidence of metastasis in the thyroid gland. This is seen in case series from Asia where gastric and oesophageal primary cancers predominate. Secondary thyroid cancer can present metachronously (60%), synchronously (34%), or as the first presentation of the underlying cancer (6%). Late metastases and first clinical presentations of disease often originate from renal cell carcinomas while synchronous cases tend to originate from the lungs. Other common primary sites for first presentation of secondary thyroid cancer include the lung and oesophagus. Although rare, secondary thyroid cancer should be considered as a differential particularly in patients with previous malignancy, such as from the kidney, lung, or breast.     

Chromosomal differentiation of Hyla nana and Hyla sanborni (Anura,Hylidae) with a description of NOR polymorphism in H. nana

Specimens of Hyla nana and Hyla sanborni from a syntopic population were studied cytogenetically. These species are morphologically very similar and are frequently misidentified, confused with each other. Both species had a diploid chromosome number, 2n = 30. However, the karyotypes of H. nana and H. sanborni differed considerably from each other in the number of submetacentric and telocentric chromosomes. The two species also differed in their primary NOR-bearing chromosomes (metacentric pair 13 in H. nana and telocentric pair 12 in H. sanborni). Additional nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were detected by Ag-NOR staining and FISH in chromosome pairs 1, 5, 6, 12, and 14 in seven specimens of H. nana. Thus, a total of six patterns of NOR were identified. These differences in karyotype and in NOR location allowed the unambiguous identification of syntopic individuals of the two species. However, the chromosomal morphology of both species differed from that reported for populations from other geographic regions, suggesting that a systematic reevaluation of this group of Hyla may be necessary.     

Genetic factors in the development of gastric precancerous lesions--a role of Helicobacter pylori ?

Helicobacter pylori is believed to predispose to gastric cancer by inducing gastric precancerous alterations. There is a well known predisposition to gastric cancer and the risk of developing it is greater in relatives of patients with familial cases of this malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastric precancerous lesions (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) and their association with Hp infection in first-degree relatives in patients with noncardia gastric cancer. METHODS: Hp status and gastric histology assessed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, biopsies from the antral and body region, the rapid urease test and staining for Hp, inflammation, activity, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia (prevalence and grading) were studied in 108 first-degree relatives of patients with noncardia gastric cancer and compared with 73 controls with mild non-ulcer dyspepsia who had no cancer relatives and were examined in the same way. RESULTS: subjects with and without cancer relatives had a similar prevalence of Hp infection (49 vs. 47%). Endoscopy revealed a few asymptomatic duodenal ulcers and small hiatus hernias in Hp positive subjects of both groups. Hp positive relatives of gastric cancer had a markedly higher prevalence of atrophy than those with Hp negativity without cancer relatives (29 vs. 9%) and those with Hp negativity and cancer relatives (29 vs. 3%. Prevalence of intestinal metaplasia was also higher in those with Hp positivity and cancer relatives than in those without cancer relatives (15 vs. 5% and was not present in Hp negative subjects with cancer relatives. Inflammation and activity showed similar scores in subjects with and without cancer relatives with higher scores in both Hp positive groups. The prevalence of precancerous lesions in the relatives of gastric cancer was nearly always confined to those with Hp positivity. One year after eradication the prevalence of atrophy in cancer relatives decreased from 29 to 14%; prevalence of intestinal metaplasia remained without substantial changes. Scores for inflammation and activity were also lower after eradication. CONCLUSIONS: First-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer have an increased prevalence of gastric precancerous abnormalities which are strongly confined to those with Hp infection. Eradication of Hp in these subjects with cancer relatives reduces the prevalence of precancerous lesions (atrophy) and grades of inflammation and activity. In view of these results, eradication of Hp should be offered to such subjects.     

银杏雌株染色体Ag-NOR的研究

本文以银杏雌株的幼小胚珠为材料,对其体细胞染色体进行了Ag-NOR染色研究。发现其Ag-NOR(随体)的数目均为4个,大小则有同形和异形两种类型。认为NOR(随体)的数目和形态不能作为性染色体的识别特征,并对NOR的杂合性和多态性进行了讨论。 Abstract:In this paper,the Ag-NOR of somatic chromosomes of young ovulum in Ginkgo biloba was studied.It was found that the number of Ag-NORs(satellite)were four constantly,though there were two kinds in size,homoeotype and heterotype.So we considered that the number and morphology of NOR(satellite)can not be used as identification markers of sex chromosome in Ginkgo biloba.In addition,the heterozygosity and polymorphism of NOR are discussed.     

Expression of FHL1 in gastric cancer tissue and its correlation with the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer

This study was performed to analyze the expression of four and a half LIM domains 1 (FHL1) in gastric carcinoma tissue and its correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer. In addition, the role of FHL1 in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells was investigated to provide an experimental basis for future treatments of gastric cancer. FHL1 mRNA and protein expression in gastric carcinoma and the adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissue were determined using RT-PCR and western blots. Correlations of FHL1 expression with the incidence, progression, and clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer were analyzed. Changes in the invasion and metastatic potential of MKN45 human gastric cancer cells were observed after the transient transfection with an eukaryotic expression vector containing full-length FHL1. Expression of FHL1 mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissue was significantly lower than that in the adjacent normal tissue (P < 0.05). FHL1 expression in gastric carcinoma tissue from patients who were positive for lymph node metastasis was significantly lower than those in patients who were negative for lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Lower FHL1 expression was correlated with lower degrees of differentiation, higher TNM stages, and greater invasive potential of the gastric cancer (P < 0.05). The FHL1 mRNA and protein expression patterns were similar in gastric cancer. FHL1 protein expression in gastric carcinoma tissue was significantly lower than that in the surrounding normal tissue (P < 0.05). FHL1 protein expression was significantly lower in gastric carcinoma tissue from patients who were positive for lymph node metastasis than that detected in patients with no lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Lower FHL1 protein expression was correlated with lower degrees of differentiation, higher TNM stages, and greater invasive potential in gastric cancer (P < 0.05). However, the expression of FHL1 was independent of the patient's gender, age, and tumor size (P > 0.05). Overexpression of FHL1 in the MKN45 human gastric cancer cell line using an eukaryotic expression vector resulted in a significant reduction in the invasiveness and metastatic ability of these cells as determined using the Transwell chamber invasion assay (P < 0.05). The decrease in or loss of FHL1 expression may be related to the incidence, progression, invasiveness, and metastatic potential of gastric cancer.