Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂的体外和动物模型实验抗癌实验研究进展

Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂（BBI）是一种植物丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,能同时抑制胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶。体外及动物实验都证实：BBI纯品或BBI浓缩物均有较强的抗癌活性。本文综述了近年来有关BBI的一些抗癌研究进展,包括BBI的结构、临床前研究及可能的分子机制等。     

黑豆种子中一种耐热型胰蛋白酶抑制剂的分离及性质表征

应用硫酸铵分级沉降、弱阳交换色谱CM-Sephadex C-50、凝胶过滤 色谱Sephacryl S-200HR、强阳离子高效液相色谱POROS HS-20,从黑豆种 子中分离纯化一种耐热型蛋白酶抑制剂,命名为TSTI.该蛋白的Ｎ末端序列 为DEYSKPCCDLCMCTRRCPPQ,与豆科植物Bowman-Birk型胰蛋白酶抑制剂具有 高度同源性,推测其属于Bowman-Birk型胰蛋白酶抑制剂.SDS－PAGE和IEF 测出TSTI分子量和等电点分别为23.9 kD 和6.2.TSTI对胰蛋白酶有很强的 抑制作用,当二者摩尔比达到1时,胰蛋白酶活力被完全抑制.此外,该蛋 白酶抑制剂具有很强的热稳定性和pH稳定性,在高达100 ℃温度及pH2-12 范围内处理,其活性均不会受到太大影响.TSTI对植物致病菌苹果轮纹病菌 、瓜果腐霉病菌、白菜黑斑病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌和葡萄灰霉病菌具有抑制 作用.     

一种简便、快捷的胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因的分离与克隆方法

从 3个豇豆品种幼嫩叶片中分离出核基因组 DNA,参照已知的几种 Bowman-Birk型胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因序列 ,设计合成了 2 7bp,且含有 Bam H I位点的寡核苷酸引物 ,分别以 3种豇豆核基因组 DNA为模板 ,PCR扩增 ,均得到长度约为 3 40 bp的 DNA片段。产物 DNA片段经 DNA序列分析 ,结果表明三者的碱基序列相同 ,与报道的胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因相比 ,同源性为 1 0 0 %和 99.7%。     

6个山黧豆品种的β-ODAP含量与蛋白酶抑制剂活性及其关系分析北大核心CSCD

山黧豆(Lathyrus spp.)种质资源评价与筛选长期聚焦于获得低β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸(β-N-oxalyl-L-α,β-diaminopropionicacid,β-ODAP)含量或低蛋白酶抑制剂活性的品种。为了研究β-ODAP含量与蛋白酶抑制剂活性之间的潜在关系,该研究利用SDS-PAGE、酶活检测和相关性分析等方法对家山黧豆(L.sativus)、扁荚山黧豆(L.cicera)等6个山黧豆品种的蛋白酶抑制剂活性、β-ODAP含量及二者之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同山黧豆品种的醇溶蛋白和可溶蛋白电泳图谱呈现出显著的差异。(2)不同山黧豆种子的胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性介于100~190 TIU之间,胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂活性介于5~9 CIU之间。(3)β-ODAP含量与丝氨酸乙酰基转移酶活性的皮尔逊相关系数可达0.76,呈显著正相关关系。(4)山黧豆转录组数据(SRP145030)中的β-ODAP生物合成关键基因与Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂(Bowman-Birk inhibitor, BBi)基因表达水平呈显著负相关关系。该研究结果为进一步探讨分析山黧豆β-ODAP和BBi生物合成的调控与平衡,改善山黧豆的含硫氨基酸水平等奠定了基础。     

用圆二色性探测绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的构象

绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的紫外圆二色谱与一般球状蛋白质不同,属典型的Bowman-Birk抑制剂的图形,具有231nm正峰,245nm肩,275nm负峰及202nm大负峰。异硫氰酸苯酯修饰Lys活力中心后,使抑制剂失去一半活力,但CD谱变化不大。溴化氰处理后,抑制剂Arg活力区破坏,231nm峰消失,202nm峰变小。这两个峰可能与抑制剂特定的硫-硫键构象有关。研究了此抑制剂及上述衍生物与羊胰蛋白酶形成的络合物的CD谱。从CD谱看,羊胰蛋白酶属无规卷曲。络合物CD谱与两游离组分CD谱的加和谱比,有一些不同,但大体上是相似的。因此,络合物中两组分的构象与游离时的构象大体上相似。     

用圆二色性探测绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的构象

绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的紫外圆二色谱与一般球状蛋白质不同,属典型的Bowman-Birk抑制剂的图形,具有231nm正峰,245nm肩,275nm负峰及202nm大负峰。异硫氰酸苯酯修饰Lys活力中心后,使抑制剂失去一半活力,但CD谱变化不大。溴化氰处理后,抑制剂Arg活力区破坏,231nm峰消失,202nm峰变小。这两个峰可能与抑制剂特定的硫-硫键构象有关。研究了此抑制剂及上述衍生物与羊胰蛋白酶形成的络合物的CD谱。从CD谱看,羊胰蛋白酶属无规卷曲。络合物CD谱与两游离组分CD谱的加和谱比,有一些不同,但大体上是相似的。因此,络合物中两组分的构象与游离时的构象大体上相似。     

绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂与猪胰蛋白酶复合物分子在四方和三方两种不同晶体中的取向关系

用Crowther的快速旋转函数研究了绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂(MBI)-猪胰蛋白酶(PTRY)复合物的四方晶体和三方晶体中胰蛋白酶分子的取向关系,并得出了它们之间的旋转矩阵。此旋转矩阵能和从胰蛋白酶模型分子为出发点在四方和三方晶体中所求得的胰蛋白酶分子的取向相互印证。此结果将促进绿豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂与胰蛋白酶的复合物立体结构及它们在不同晶形中的差异的研究。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂Bowman-Birk基因家族新等位变异分析

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂主要有Kunitz型胰蛋白酶抑制剂（KTi）和Bowman-Birk型胰蛋白酶抑制剂（BBI）．BBI家族已经克隆的有BBI-A,BBI-C和BBI-D三类抑制剂,而KTi型家族包含有Ti^2,Ti^b,Ti^c,Ti^d,Ti^e,Ti^f,Ti^g和ti共8个多基因共显性控制单位点的多态类型及KTi1／2,KTi3等成员．本研究对大豆品种“绥农14”鼓粒期籽粒cDNA文库随机测序,组装出的175个contigs（或singletons）,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂有关的contigs有17个,其中12个序列组装成的4个contigs,如contig5,contig35,contig8和contig9分别与BBI家族成员BBI-A1,BBI-A2,BBI-C和BBI-D有关,序列之间的相似性达到98％以上,均包含完整的可读框（ORF）,并且存在新的等位变异,通过cDNA和基因组PCR扩增,克隆了BBI家族4个成员,证实了新等位变异的存在．通过比较分析籽粒形成时期的cDNA文库,发现大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因表达随籽粒的发育和成熟而呈现由低到高变化趋势．大豆、水稻、花生、玉米和豇豆的Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂基因的序列聚类分析,表明禾谷类和豆科植物BBI家族具有共同的祖先．     

改性甲壳素固定化胰蛋白酶直接纯化牛肺Kunitz抑制剂的研究

通过对天然甲壳素 (或壳聚糖 )进行化学改性并修饰作为载体 ,再经氯代环氧丙烷活化偶联 ,制成固定化胰蛋白酶亲和吸附剂 (蛋白酶偶联率为 6 2 1% ,酶活性回收率为 5 7 8% ) ,直接亲和层析牛肺提取液中Kunitz抑制剂。纯化的产品每毫克蛋白酶抑制剂活力相当于 5 82 0BAEETTU/mg蛋白质 ,纯化率为 40 7。提高了Kunitz抑制剂的稳定性能和回收率 ,简化了工业化生产程序 ,具开发前景     

大豆脂肪氧化酶及Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失种质的创新

脂肪氧化酶和胰蛋白酶抑制剂是大豆蛋白中2种重要的抗营养因子。以黄淮海主栽品种鲁豆4号、中品661、豫豆8号、91D15、潍8640作母本,美国引进缺失Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂品种P．I．L83-4387和优良品种Century缺失脂肪氧化酶的近等位基因系Century-2、Century-2．3和Century-1．3作父本进行有性杂交,利用大豆脂肪氧化酶缺失基因及胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失基因的生化标记对杂种后代进行多年辅助选择,培育脂肪氧化酶缺失基因(lx1、lx2、lx3)、胰蛋白酶抑制剂缺失基因(ti)等优质多基因聚合的大豆新种质,为我国大豆品质育种、生产及加工利用提供优异种质材料。     

Enzymatic cyclization of a potent bowman-birk protease inhibitor,sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1, and solution structure of an acyclic precursor peptide

The most potent known naturally occurring Bowman-Birk inhibitor, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), is a bicyclic 14-amino acid peptide from sunflower seeds comprising one disulfide bond and a cyclic backbone. At present, little is known about the cyclization mechanism of SFTI-1. We show here that an acyclic permutant of SFTI-1 open at its scissile bond, SFTI-1[6,5], also functions as an inhibitor of trypsin and that it can be enzymatically backbone-cyclized by incubation with bovine beta-trypsin. The resulting ratio of cyclic SFTI-1 to SFTI-1[6,5] is approximately 9:1 regardless of whether trypsin is incubated with SFTI-1[6,5] or SFTI-1. Enzymatic resynthesis of the scissile bond to form cyclic SFTI-1 is a novel mechanism of cyclization of SFTI-1[6,5]. Such a reaction could potentially occur on a trypsin affinity column as used in the original isolation procedure of SFTI-1. We therefore extracted SFTI-1 from sunflower seeds without a trypsin purification step and confirmed that the backbone of SFTI-1 is indeed naturally cyclic. Structural studies on SFTI-1[6,5] revealed high heterogeneity, and multiple species of SFTI-1[6,5] were identified. The main species closely resembles the structure of cyclic SFTI-1 with the broken binding loop able to rotate between a cis/trans geometry of the I7-P8 bond with the cis conformer being similar to the canonical binding loop conformation. The non-reactive loop adopts a beta-hairpin structure as in cyclic wild-type SFTI-1. Another species exhibits an iso-aspartate residue at position 14 and provides implications for possible in vivo cyclization mechanisms.     

Solution structures by 1H NMR of the novel cyclic trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 from sunflower seeds and an acyclic permutant

SFTI-1 is a recently discovered cyclic peptide trypsin inhibitor from sunflower seeds comprising 14 amino acid residues. It is the most potent known Bowman-Birk inhibitor and the only naturally occurring cyclic one. The solution structure of SFTI-1 has been determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and compared with a synthetic acyclic permutant. The solution structures of both are remarkably similar. The lowest energy structures from each family of 20 structures of cyclic and acyclic SFTI-1 have an rmsd over the backbone and heavy atoms of 0.29 A and 0.66 A, respectively. The structures consist of two short antiparallel beta-strands joined by an extended loop containing the active site at one end. Cyclic SFTI-1 also has a hairpin turn completing the cycle. Both molecules contain particularly stable arrangements of cross-linking hydrogen bonds between the beta-strands and a single disulfide bridge, making them rigid and well defined in solution. These stable arrangements allow both the cyclic and acyclic variants of SFTI-1 to inhibit trypsin with very high potencies (0.5 nM and 12.1 nM, respectively). The cyclic nature of SFTI-1 appears to have evolved to provide higher trypsin inhibition as well as higher stability. The solution structures are similar to the crystal structure of the cyclic inhibitor in complex with trypsin. The lack of a major conformational change upon binding suggests that the structure of SFTI-1 is rigid and already pre-organized for maximal binding due to minimization of entropic losses compared to a more flexible ligand. These properties make SFTI-1 an ideal platform for the design of small peptidic pharmaceuticals or pesticides.     

Discovery, structural determination, and putative processing of the precursor protein that produces the cyclic trypsin inhibitor sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1

Backbone-cyclized proteins are becoming increasingly well known, although the mechanism by which they are processed from linear precursors is poorly understood. In this report the sequence and structure of the linear precursor of a cyclic trypsin inhibitor, sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1 (SFTI-1) from sunflower seeds, is described. The structure indicates that the major elements of the reactive site loop of SFTI-1 are present before processing. This may have importance for a protease-mediated cyclizing reaction as the rigidity of SFTI-1 may drive the equilibrium of the reaction catalyzed by proteolytic enzymes toward the formation of a peptide bond rather than the normal cleavage reaction. The occurrence of residues in the SFTI-1 precursor susceptible to cleavage by asparaginyl proteases strengthens theories that involve this enzyme in the processing of SFTI-1 and further implicates it in the processing of another family of plant cyclic proteins, the cyclotides. The precursor reported here also indicates that despite strong active site sequence homology, SFTI-1 has no other similarities with the Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitors, presenting interesting evolutionary questions.     

Solution Structure of a Novel C<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Symmetrical Bifunctional Bicyclic Inhibitor Based on SFTI-1

A novel bifunctional bicyclic inhibitor has been created that combines features both from the Bowman–Birk inhibitor (BBI) proteins, which have two distinct inhibitory sites, and from sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1 (SFTI-1), which has a compact bicyclic structure. The inhibitor was designed by fusing together a pair of reactive loops based on a sequence derived from SFTI-1 to create a backbone-cyclized disulfide-bridged 16-mer peptide. This peptide has two symmetrically spaced trypsin binding sites. Its synthesis and biological activity have been reported in a previous communication [Jaulent and Leatherbarrow, 2004, PEDS 17, 681]. In the present study we have examined the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. We find that the new inhibitor, which has a symmetrical 8-mer half-cystine CTKSIPP′I′ motif repeated through a C₂ symmetry axis also shows a complete symmetry in its three-dimensional structure. Each of the two loops adopts the expected canonical conformation common to all BBIs as well as SFTI-1. We also find that the inhibitor displays a strong and unique structural identity, with a notable lack of minor conformational isomers that characterise most reactive site loop mimics examined to date as well as SFTI-1. This suggests that the presence of the additional cyclic loop acts to restrict conformational mobility and that the deliberate introduction of cyclic symmetry may offer a general route to locking the conformation of β-hairpin structures. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

Disulfide bond mutagenesis and the structure and function of the head-to-tail macrocyclic trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1

SFTI-1 is a novel 14 amino acid peptide comprised of a circular backbone constrained by three proline residues, a hydrogen-bond network, and a single disulfide bond. It is the smallest and most potent known Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor and the only one with a cyclic peptidic backbone. The solution structure of [ABA(3,11)]SFTI-1, a disulfide-deficient analogue of SFTI-1, has been determined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The lowest energy structures of native SFTI-1 and [ABA(3,11)]SFTI-1 are similar and superimpose with a root-mean-square deviation over the backbone and heavy atoms of 0.26 +/- 0.09 and 1.10 +/- 0.22 A, respectively. The disulfide bridge in SFTI-1 was found to be a minor determinant for the overall structure, but its removal resulted in a slightly weakened hydrogen-bonding network. To further investigate the role of the disulfide bridge, NMR chemical shifts for the backbone H(alpha) protons of two disulfide-deficient linear analogues of SFTI-1, [ABA(3,11)]SFTI-1[6,5] and [ABA(3,11)]SFTI-1[1,14] were measured. These correspond to analogues of the cleavage product of SFTI-1 and a putative biosynthetic precursor, respectively. In contrast with the cyclic peptide, it was found that the disulfide bridge is essential for maintaining the structure of these open-chain analogues. Overall, the hydrogen-bond network appears to be a crucial determinant of the structure of SFTI-1 analogues.     

The absolute structural requirement for a proline in the P3'-position of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors is surmounted in the minimized SFTI-1 scaffold

SFTI-1 is a small cyclic peptide from sunflower seeds that is one of the most potent trypsin inhibitors of any naturally occurring peptide and is related to the Bowman-Birk family of inhibitors (BBIs). BBIs are involved in the defense mechanisms of plants and also have potential as cancer chemopreventive agents. At only 14 amino acids in size, SFTI-1 is thought to be a highly optimized scaffold of the BBI active site region, and thus it is of interest to examine its important structural and functional features. In this study, a suite of 12 alanine mutants of SFTI-1 has been synthesized, and their structures and activities have been determined. SFTI-1 incorporates a binding loop that is clasped together with a disulfide bond and a secondary peptide loop making up the circular backbone. We show here that the secondary loop stabilizes the binding loop to the consequences of sequence variations. In particular, full-length BBIs have a conserved cis-proline that has been shown previously to be required for well defined structure and potent activity, but we show here that the SFTI-1 scaffold can accommodate mutation of this residue and still have a well defined native-like conformation and nanomolar activity in inhibiting trypsin. Among the Ala mutants, the most significant structural perturbation occurred when Asp14 was mutated, and it appears that this residue is important in stabilizing the trans peptide bond preceding Pro13 and is thus a key residue in maintaining the highly constrained structure of SFTI-1. This aspartic acid residue is thought to be involved in the cyclization mechanism associated with excision of SFTI-1 from its 58-amino acid precursor. Overall, this mutational analysis of SFTI-1 clearly defines the optimized nature of the SFTI-1 scaffold and demonstrates the importance of the secondary loop in maintaining the active conformation of the binding loop.     

In vivo biosynthesis of an Ala-scan library based on the cyclic peptide SFTI-1

We present the in vivo biosynthesis of wild-type sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1 (SFTI-1) inside E. coli cells using an intramolecular native chemical ligation in combination with a modified protein splicing unit. SFTI-1 is a small backbone cyclized polypeptide with a single disulfide bridge. A small library containing multiple Ala mutants was also biosynthesized and its activity was assayed using a trypsin-binding assay. This study clearly demonstrates the exciting possibility of generating large cyclic peptide libraries in live E. coli cells, and is a critical first step for developing in vivo screening and directed evolution technologies using the cyclic peptide SFTI-1 as a molecular scaffold.     

Albumins and their processing machinery are hijacked for cyclic peptides in sunflower

The cyclic peptide sunflower trypsin inhibitor 1 (SFTI-1) blocks trypsin and is a promising drug lead and protein engineering scaffold. We show that SFTI-1 and the newfound SFT-L1 are buried within PawS1 and PawS2, precursors for seed storage protein albumins. Proalbumins are matured by asparaginyl endopeptidase, which we show is required to liberate both ends of SFTI-1 as well as to mature PawS1 albumin. Thus, these peptides emerge from within an albumin precursor by the action of albumin's own processing enzyme.     

Identification and characterization of a new family of cell-penetrating peptides: cyclic cell-penetrating peptides

Cell-penetrating peptides can translocate across the plasma membrane of living cells and thus are potentially useful agents in drug delivery applications. Disulfide-rich cyclic peptides also have promise in drug design because of their exceptional stability, but to date only one cyclic peptide has been reported to penetrate cells, the Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor II (MCoTI-II). MCoTI-II belongs to the cyclotide family of plant-derived cyclic peptides that are characterized by a cyclic cystine knot motif. Previous studies in fixed cells showed that MCoTI-II could penetrate cells but kalata B1, a prototypic cyclotide from a separate subfamily of cyclotides, was bound to the plasma membrane and did not translocate into cells. Here, we show by live cell imaging that both MCoTI-II and kalata B1 can enter cells. Kalata B1 has the same cyclic cystine knot structural motif as MCoTI-II but differs significantly in sequence, and the mechanism by which these two peptides enter cells also differs. MCoTI-II appears to enter via macropinocytosis, presumably mediated by interaction of positively charged residues with phosphoinositides in the cell membrane, whereas kalata B1 interacts directly with the membrane by targeting phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipids, probably leading to membrane bending and vesicle formation. We also show that another plant-derived cyclic peptide, SFTI-1, can penetrate cells. SFTI-1 includes just 14 amino acids and, with the exception of its cyclic backbone, is structurally very different from the cyclotides, which are twice the size. Intriguingly, SFTI-1 does not interact with any of the phospholipids tested, and its mechanism of penetration appears to be distinct from MCoTI-II and kalata B1. The ability of diverse disulfide-rich cyclic peptides to penetrate cells enhances their potential in drug design, and we propose a new classification for them, i.e. cyclic cell-penetrating peptides.     

Chemical synthesis and kinetic study of the smallest naturally occurring trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 isolated from sunflower seeds and its analogues

The smallest known naturally occurring trypsin inhibitor SFTI-1 (14 amino acid residues head-to-tail cyclic peptide containing one disulfide bridge) and its two analogues with one cycle each were synthesized by the solid phase method. Their trypsin inhibitory activity was determined as association equilibrium constants (K(a)). Additionally, hydrolysis rates with bovine beta-trypsin were measured. Among all three peptides, the wild SFTI-1 and the analogue with the disulfide bridge only had, within the experimental error, the same activity (the K(a) values 1.1 x 10(10) and 9.9 x 10(9) M(-1), respectively). Both peptides displayed unchanged inhibitory activity up to 6 h. The trypsin inhibitory activity of the analogue with the head-to-tail cycle only was 2.4-fold lower. It was also remarkably faster hydrolyzed (k = 1.1 x 10(-4) mol(peptide) x mol(enzyme)(-1) x s(-1)) upon the incubation with the enzyme than the other two peptides. This indicates that the head-to-tail cyclization is significantly less important than the disulfide bridge for maintaining trypsin inhibitory activity.