柳杉凋落物在中国亚热带和热带的分解

柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)为我国特有种,具有很高的经济价值,而且在吸收二氧化碳和净化空气方面具有重要作用。为探究全球气候变暖对森林凋落物分解速率的影响,分别在中亚热带的千岛湖、南亚热带的鼎湖山和热带的尖峰岭,用分解袋法对柳杉凋落物进行分解实验,3个实验样地的主要差异为温度。结果表明:凋落物在3个样地的分解速率顺序为尖峰岭、鼎湖山、千岛湖,且不同样地之间的分解速率具有显著差异(P0.01)。在千岛湖样地分解速率常数k值与初始C/N呈显著相关(P0.05);在鼎湖山样地分解速率常数k值与初始碳含量呈极显著相关(P0.01);在尖峰岭样地,凋落物的分解速率常数k值与凋落物各初始化学元素含量相关性均不显著,推测可能是气候起主要作用。     

不同起源时间的植物叶凋落物在中亚热带的分解特性

选择9种起源时间不同的植物的凋落叶,采用分解袋法,在浙江千岛湖地区从2006年6月到2008年6月进行了分解试验,试图探索植物进化过程中凋落物分解特性的演变趋势.所选的9种植物分属于4个类群,按起源时间由早到晚依次为蕨类植物(芒萁和桫椤)、裸子植物(苏铁、水杉、杉木和马尾松)、双子叶植物(木荷和青冈)及单子叶植物(毛竹).每隔一个月取样,每种凋落物3次重复.结果表明:不同植物类群凋落物基质的氮(N)、木质素(Lignin)含量及Lignin/N比值与分解速率具有良好的相关性.起源时间越晚的植物凋落物的基质N含量越高,为单子叶植物>双子叶植物>裸子植物>蕨类植物.Lignin含量和Lignin/N比值的趋势一致,均为起源时间越晚而值越低,即蕨类植物>裸子植物>双子叶植物>单子叶植物.凋落物分解系数k值的范围在0.25～0.63之间,表现出毛竹>青冈>木荷>水杉>马尾松>杉木>苏铁>桫椤>芒萁的趋势.4个植物类群的凋落物分解速率的均值为单子叶植物>双子叶植物>裸子植物>蕨类植物.试验结果初步表明:植物凋落物分解的进化趋势是由分解缓慢逐渐演变为分解较快.     

中亚热带森林群落不同演替阶段优势种凋落物分解试验

选择我国亚热带森林群落3个主要演替阶段的7个优势种（其中马尾松代表演替初期优势种,木荷和香樟代表演替中期优势种,甜槠、小叶青冈栎、青冈和乐昌含笑代表演替后期优势种）的凋落物,采用网袋法进行分解试验. 结果表明:马尾松凋落物分解得最慢,年分解速率为0.51;木荷和香樟居中,分别为0.55和0.61;小叶青冈栎和乐昌含笑分解得最快,分别为0.89和1.12.沿着植被顺向演替的梯度,凋落物分解速度呈现加快的趋势. 分解速率同凋落物的初始P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值呈极显著相关(P<0.01),同C/N比值有显著相关关系(P<0.05).凋落物的P、N和木质素含量及木质素/N比值是预测凋落物分解快慢的良好指标.     

模拟降雨减少对马尾松人工林凋落物量及其化学性质的短期影响

为研究气候变化背景下降水格局变化对森林生长和碳固持的影响,2012年在我国南亚热带地区选择广泛分布的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林为研究对象,分别设置3块20 m×20 m的模拟降雨减少50%和对照样地,每个样地随机设置5个距地面40 cm的1 m×1 m的凋落物收集框,2016年1—12月每隔1月收集各样地林冠层凋落物,比较研究减水处理对凋落物组分产量和基本化学性质的短期影响。结果表明:马尾松人工林针叶凋落物量及其所占比例显著高于其他凋落物组分(P0.05),减雨处理对马尾松人工林凋落叶和总量无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照相比,减雨处理分别增加凋落针叶含碳量和凋落果含氮量27.4 g/kg和5.1 g/kg,以及凋落针叶的木质素含量、阔叶纤维素含量和皮半纤维素含量3.9%、5.2%和4.0%(P0.05),但显著降低凋落皮碳、纤维素含量和凋落果的碳氮比(P0.05)。凋落物N、P含量具有协同性,含碳量与木质素含量显著正相关(P0.05)。模拟降雨减少处理初期并未显著改变南亚热带马尾松人工林总凋落物量,但增加了凋落针叶的木质素含量和含碳量。本研究预示短期穿透雨减少可能降低南亚热带马尾松人工林凋落物的分解能力,由此降低马尾松人工林土壤中凋落物源性碳的输入量。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林区凋落叶木质素和纤维素在不同雨热季节的降解特征

采用凋落物分解袋法研究了亚热带常绿阔叶林区6个典型树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)和麻栎(Quercus acutissima)凋落叶木质素与纤维素第1年降解特征。结果表明:6种凋落叶质量损失率的大小顺序依次为红椿(72.09%)柳杉(58.61%)杉木(51.07%)麻栎(50.38%)马尾松(31.08%)香樟(27.75%);6种凋落叶木质素浓度动态不一致,纤维素浓度则整体上呈现一直下降的变化动态;第1个分解年,木质素降解率大小顺序依次为红椿(88.36%)麻栎(61.21%)柳杉(56.41%)杉木(55.44%)香樟(37.10%)马尾松(24.10%),纤维素降解率大小顺序依次为红椿(99.22%)杉木(90.58%)柳杉(86.84%)麻栎(84.70%)香樟(76.40%)马尾松(71.30%);季节性降雨极显著地影响凋落叶木质素和纤维素降解率(P0.01),6种凋落叶木质素和纤维素在雨季时期均有较大的降解量;亚热带常绿阔叶林6种凋落叶木质素和纤维素第1年降解主要发生在雨季,凋落叶木质素和纤维素在分解初期旱季的降解速率基本一致,而在季节性降雨期,纤维素降解速率快于木质素的降解速率。     

模拟酸雨对亚热带典型树种叶凋落物分解的影响

通过在酸雨胁迫下中国亚热带典型树种马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、木荷(Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.)、青冈 (Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunberg) oersted)叶凋落物分解的比较研究,试图分析亚热带区域日益严重的酸雨是否会对森林凋落物的分解产生影响,从而揭示酸雨胁迫下凋落物分解的变化规律.利用网袋法进行试验,共设计有3个区组:酸雨对照处理(pH5.6)、中度酸雨胁迫(pH4.0)、重度酸雨胁迫(pH2.5).试验结果表明:酸雨对3种亚热带树种凋落叶片的影响比较显著,通常会减慢凋落分解的速率.酸雨对照处理(pH5.6)、中度酸雨胁迫(pH4.0)和重度酸雨胁迫(pH2.5)三个处理对分解系数的影响,马尾松的分别为:0.49、0.34、0.25;木荷的分别为:0.70、0.34、0.32;青冈的分别为:0.64、0.23、0.21;酸雨对马尾松、木荷、青冈叶的凋落物的干重剩余率影响的大小为:pH(2.5)>pH(4.0)>pH(5.6).中度酸雨处理(pH4.0)和重度酸雨处理(pH2.5)影响叶凋落物分解95%的时间分别推迟了:马尾松2.697a、5.869a;木荷4 531a、5.082a;青冈8.344a、9.584a.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林6个常见树种凋落叶在不同降雨期的分解特征

地处长江上游的四川盆地亚热带常绿阔叶林具有典型雨热同季的气候特点,季节性干湿交替可能显著影响凋落物分解,但迄今缺乏相应的报道。因此,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了常绿阔叶林区最具代表性的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、红椿(Toona ciliata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)等6种凋落叶在第1年不同雨热季节的分解特征。结果表明,经历1a的分解,6种凋落叶质量残留率大小顺序依次为:红椿(27.90%)柳杉(41.39%)杉木(48.93%)麻栎(49.62%)马尾松(68.82%)香樟(72.23%),6种凋落叶在不同干湿季节质量损失差异显著(P0.05)。阔叶树种在旱季(MRS、SRS和WRS)的质量损失显著高于针叶树种。雨季(ERS和LRS)对6种凋落叶质量损失的贡献率(69.73%—89.68%)均明显大于旱季(10.32%—30.27%)。6种凋落叶在不同时期中质量损失速率差异显著(P0.05),且6种凋落叶在雨季的质量损失速率明显高于旱季。相关分析结果表明,凋落叶质量损失及其速率均与降雨量和温度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系。凋落叶质量损失与初始C、木质素含量及C/N、木质素/N极显著(P0.01)负相关,与N含量极显著(P0.01)正相关。这些结果表明亚热带地区森林凋落物分解的质量损失主要发生在雨季,雨季温湿度的改变可显著影响凋落物分解过程。     

退化红壤丘陵区森林凋落物初始化学组成与分解速率的关系

通过小盆+凋落袋控制试验,研究了我国南方退化红壤丘陵区8种森林凋落物和4种混合凋落物初始化学组成与分解速率的关系.结果表明:阔叶凋落物中的氮、磷、钾、镁含量显著高于针叶凋落物,木质素、碳含量显著低于针叶凋落物;凋落物分解速率与凋落物初始氮、磷、钾、镁含量呈显著正相关,与凋落物初始碳、木质素含量以及木质素/氮、木质素/磷和碳/磷值呈显著负相关;木质素含量解释了凋落物分解速率变异的54.3%,是影响分解速率的最关键因子,凋落物碳、氮、磷含量也与分解速率密切相关,它们与木质素含量一起可解释分解速率变异的81.4%.在退化红壤丘陵区植被恢复过程中,低木质素含量、高氮磷含量的阔叶物种的引入有利于加速凋落物的分解速率和土壤肥力的恢复进程.     

中亚热带4种森林凋落物量、组成、动态及其周转期

为研究亚热带次生林保护对森林生态系统养分循环等功能过程的影响。采用凋落物直接收集法,比较湘中丘陵区3种次生林(马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、南酸枣落叶阔叶林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林)和杉木人工林的凋落物量、组成特征及其周转期。结果表明:4种林分年凋落物量在414.4—818.2 g m-2a-1之间,3种次生林显著高于杉木人工林,3种次生林两两之间差异不显著,落叶对林分凋落物量的贡献最大,占林分凋落物量的59.9%—66.6%。杉木人工林和南酸枣落叶阔叶林的凋落物量月动态变化呈"双峰型",马尾松+石栎针阔混交林、石栎+青冈常绿阔叶林呈"不规则型"。优势树种的凋落物量对其林分凋落物量的贡献随林分树种多样性的增加而下降,杉木、马尾松凋落物量的月动态与其林分凋落物量的月动态基本呈一致变化趋势,但南酸枣、青冈、石栎没有一致的变化趋势。杉木人工林凋落物分解率最低(0.31),周转期最长(3.2 a),南酸枣落叶阔叶林分解率最高(0.45),周转期最低(2.2 a),凋落物的分解速率和周转随林分树种多样性增加而加快。可见,次生林凋落物量大,且分解快,周转期短,有利于养分归还和具有良好地力维持的能力。     

中亚热带主要树种凋落叶在杉木人工林中分解及氮磷释放过程

采用分解网袋法研究了马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cycloblanopsis glauca)等树种凋落叶在21年生杉木人工林内的分解速率和养分释放过程。经过13个月的分解实验,4种供试凋落叶以青冈分解最快,质量失重率为33.5%,其次为桤木和木荷,马尾松分解最慢,其质量失重率仅为29.9%。4种凋落叶分解50%和95%所需要的时间分别为21～26个月和94～112个月。在凋落叶分解过程中,除桤木凋落叶中氮含量下降外,其他3种凋落叶的氮含量均增加,但凋落叶的C/N均降低;在凋落叶分解的前3个月,凋落物中磷含量快速下降,此后变化很小,C/P呈增加趋势。在凋落叶分解过程中,马尾松凋落叶对氮素表现为固持作用,而其他3种凋落叶对氮素表现为净释放,4种凋落叶的磷素均表现为净释放。4种供试材料中桤木较适合与杉木混交种植。     

基于“三类分区框架”的黄河流域生物多样性保护策略

黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展已上升为重大国家战略, 研究黄河流域的生物多样性保护策略具有重要意义。本文将“为实现生物多样性保护和可持续利用的全球三类分区”实施框架(简称“三类分区框架”)应用于黄河流域。该框架将国土空间分为城市与农田(C1景观)、共享景观(C2景观)和大面积荒野(C3景观)三类分区。基于该框架, 首先描述了黄河流域三类分区的空间格局; 进而基于文献研究, 识别了黄河流域三类分区中5类生物多样性的直接威胁因素, 包括栖息地丧失和退化、气候变化、污染、过度开发与不可持续的利用和外来物种入侵; 最后以系统性的思路从国土空间规划、自然保护地、生态城市、生态农业、生态工程和河流生态系统6个方面, 提出黄河流域的生物多样性保护策略。本文的分析框架也有潜力应用于其他区域的生物多样性保护策略研究。     

Chitotriosidase,a prematurely orphan enzyme

Human Chitotriosidase (CHIT) is a member of the chitinase family and is synthesized by activated macrophages. Recently, a genetic polymorphism was found to be responsible for the common deficiency in CHIT activity, frequently encountered in different population. We analyzed the CHIT gene in some ethnic groups from Mediterranean and frican area, to evaluate whether the CHIT gene polymorphism correlates with the changes in environmental features and the disappearance of parasitic diseases. We evaluate the plasma CHIT activity and analyzed, by PCR, the Chit gene polymorphism in 100 Sicilian, 107 Sardinian and 99 Sub-Saharan subjects. We found an heterozygote frequency for a duplication of 24 base pair in exon 10 of 44,54% in Sicily and 32,71 % in Sardinia, whereas homozygous chit deficient were 5,45 % and 3,73%, respectively. On the contrary in Burkina Faso, a mesoendemic regio nforPlasmodium falciparum malaria and other intestinal parasites, a low incidence of CHIT mutation was found (heterozygous 2%) and any subject was homozygous for CHIT deficiency. Our results suggest that in sub-Saharan population the intact CHIT gene seems essential for sustaining resistance against chitin-coated parasitic disease, whereas the presence of CHIT gene polymorphism in Mediterranean population could be the result of a recent positive selection due to improved environmental conditions, which makes prematurely orphan this enzyme.     

Morphological patterns of the intraparietal sulcus and the anterior intermediate parietal sulcus of Jensen in the human brain

Distinct parts of the intraparietal sulcal cortex contribute to sensorimotor integration and visual spatial attentional processing. A detailed examination of the morphological relations of the different segments of the complex intraparietal sulcal region in the human brain in standard stereotaxic space, which is a prerequisite for detailed structure-to-function studies, is not available. This study examined the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the related sulcus of Jensen in magnetic resonance imaging brain volumes registered in the Montreal Neurological Institute stereotaxic space. It was demonstrated that the IPS is divided into two branches: the anterior ramus and the posterior ramus of the IPS, often separated by a submerged gyral passage. The sulcus of Jensen emerges between the anterior and posterior rami of the IPS, and its ventral end is positioned between the first and second caudal branches of the superior temporal sulcus. In a small number of brains, the sulcus of Jensen may merge superficially with the first caudal branch of the superior temporal sulcus. The above morphological findings are discussed in relation to previously reported functional neuroimaging findings and provide the basis for future exploration of structure-to-function relations in the posterior parietal region of individual subjects.     

马尾松-栎类天然混交林群落最小面积确定及方法比较

用种面积曲线和群落系数面积曲线的方法对宜昌梅子垭地区一种主要植物群落类型的最小面积进行了研究。结果表明,对所研究的植被类型,样地布置为 １０ｍ ×１０ｍ 及２０ｍ ×２０ｍ 可满足不同研究精度的要求。群落系统面积曲线和种面积曲线一样,比较直观。虽然取样调查时工作量稍大,但运用群落系数面积曲线的方法可更多地包含种类组成及群落结构随面积而变化的信息,所确定的最小面积也能够真实地反映整个群落种类组成及结构的特征。     

Relationships between foliage and conducting xylem in Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Summary The relationship of leaf biomass and leaf area to the conductive area of stems and branches was investigated in Picea abies. A total of 30 trees were harvested to determine if these relationships were different in different crown zones and in trees growing with and without competition for light. Two methods were compared. In the first, data were accumulated from crown zones situated at the top of trees to the bottom; in the second, data were used from individual crown zones. The results indicated that the latter method is much more sensitive in detecting differences in the relationship of leaf biomass or leaf area to conductive area. The analysis also indicated that ratios such as leaf area/sapwood area are frequently size-dependent. This size-dependency can in some cases result in the differences being abscured, but more often leads to the false impression that the relationship between the variables changes. The relationship between leaf biomass and leaf area and conductive area of stems or branches was different in different crown zones and under different growth conditions. The slopes of these regressions appear to increase with decreasing transpirational demand and decrease with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The intercepts are probably related to the amount of identified sapwood actually involved in water conductance.     

Allometric co-variation of xylem and stomata across diverse woody seedlings

Leaf stomatal density is known to co-vary with leaf vein density. However, the functional underpinning of this relation, and how it scales to whole-plant water transport anatomy, is still unresolved. We hypothesized that the balance of water exchange between the vapour phase (in stomata) and liquid phase (in vessels) depends on the consistent scaling between the summed stomatal areas and xylem cross-sectional areas, both at the whole-plant and single-leaf level. This predicted size co-variation should be driven by the co-variation of numbers of stomata and terminal vessels. We examined the relationships of stomatal traits and xylem anatomical traits from the entire plant to individual leaves across seedlings of 53 European woody angiosperm species. There was strong and convergent scaling between total stomatal area and stem xylem area per plant and between leaf total stomatal area and midvein xylem area per leaf across all the species, irrespective of variation in leaf habit, growth-form or relative growth rate. Moreover, strong scaling was found between stomatal number and terminal vessel number, whereas not in their respective average areas. Our findings have broad implications for integrating xylem architecture and stomatal distribution and deepen our understanding of the design rules of plants' water transport network.     

白洋淀和太湖地区鸟类绦虫区系的比较研究

本文对白洋淀和太湖地区鸟类绦虫区系进行了比较研究,并对太湖鸟类绦虫区系作了初步分析。结果表明,鸟类绦虫区系分布与宿主区系分布密切相关,亲缘关系相近的宿主有许多相同的或亲缘相近的绦虫,这种现象为研究宿主与寄生虫的演化提供了可靠途径;发现鸟的越冬地绦虫种类比迁徙地种类丰富,分析其原因,除温、湿度、中间宿主等生态条件之外,与鸟的迁徙有一定关系。太湖地区的绦虫具有北方型和随遇型,亦有世界性种类和东半球广布种,提出了两地区家禽和野生鸟类所寄生的共同种类的绦虫。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Picea</Emphasis> seedlings show apparent acclimation to drought with increasing altitude in the eastern Himalaya

Abstract We measured plant structural and physiological responses of two sympatric Picea species, Picea likiangensis (Franchet) E. Pritzel var. balfouriana and Picea asperata Masters var. retroflexa to altitude close to the treeline in the eastern Himalaya. Most measured tree characteristics differed between different altitudes, between different ages, and between shaded and un-shaded treatments. Both P. likiangensis and P. asperata had lower foliage area/stem cross-sectional area ratios, smaller specific leaf areas, higher root mass/foliage area ratios, and less negative ¹³C at 3,900 m than at 3,600 m altitude, and in the un-shaded treatment than in the shaded treatment. The 7- and 9-year-old seedlings also showed lower foliage area/stem cross-sectional area ratios, higher root mass/foliage area ratios and less negative ¹³C than younger seedlings. Shading resulted in an increase of biomass accumulation at all altitudes. A close relationship, independent of altitude, was observed between ¹³C and specific leaf area, suggesting that internal resistance could limit CO₂ diffusion to the site of carboxylation. The results indicate that, in spite of greater water availability, trees at higher altitudes show quite a number of apparent acclimations to drought.     

油菜绿色面积指数动态模拟模型

准确模拟绿色面积指数是作物生长模拟模型可靠预测作物生长和产量的关键。该研究的目的是以生理生态过程为基础,构建油菜(Brassica napus)叶面积指数和角果面积指数变化动态的模拟模型。油菜叶面积指数模型综合考虑了库或源限制下的叶面积增长模式,其中库限制下叶面积指数的增长呈指数方程,且受到温度、水分和氮素因子的影响;源限制下叶面积指数增长用比叶面积法来模拟。油菜角果面积指数由比角果面积和角果干物重来决定。比叶面积和比角果面积均为生理发育时间的函数。利用不同类型品种的播期试验及氮肥试验资料分别对模型进行了校正和检验,结果表明模型能较好地模拟不同条件下油菜叶面积指数和角果面积指数。     

Organization of cortical processing for facial movements during licking in cats

We proposed that cortical organization for the execution of adequate licking in cats was processed under the control of two kinds of affiliated groups for face and jaw & tongue movements (Hiraba H, Sato T. 2005A. Cerebral control of face, jaw, and tongue movements in awake cats: Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during lateral feeding Somatosens Mot Res 22:307–317). We assumed the cortical organization for face movements from changes in MRN (mastication-related neuron) activities recorded at area M (motor cortex) and orofacial behaviors after the lesion in the facial SI (facial region in the primary somatosensory cortex). Although we showed the relationship between facial SI (area 3b) and area M (area 4δ), the property of area C (area 3a) was not fully described. The aim of this present study is to investigate the functional role of area C (the anterior part of the coronal sulcus) that transfers somatosensory information in facial SI to area M, as shown in a previous paper (Hiraba H. 2004. The function of sensory information from the first somatosensory cortex for facial movements during ingestion in cats Somatosens Mot Res 21:87--97). We examined the properties of MRNs in area C and changes in orofacial behaviors after the area C or area M lesion. MRNs in area C had in common RFs in the lingual, perioral, and mandibular parts, and activity patterns of MRNs showed both post- and pre-movement types. Furthermore, cats with the area C lesion showed similar disorders to cats with the area M lesion, such as the dropping of food from the contralateral mouth, prolongation of the period of ingestion and mastication, and so on. From these results, we believe firmly the organization of unilateral cortical processing in facial SI, area C, and area M for face movements during licking.