丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种的遗传多样性及进化关系

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病是一种严重威胁猕猴桃生产的毁灭性病害,在世界各大猕猴桃产区发病严重。引起该病的病原菌为丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.Actinidiae,Psa)。综合当前国内外关于该病原菌的相关研究,就其分类地位、遗传多样性及起源进化等方面进行了系统综述。     

陕西省猕猴桃溃疡病病原菌分离鉴定及分型研究

明确陕西省猕猴桃主产区丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种（Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae，Psa）的变型，从而有针对性地制定猕猴桃溃疡病的综合防治策略，采集陕西省猕猴桃主产区周至、眉县、灞桥、渭南、长安和鄠邑不同年份发病样本进行病原菌的分离，对病原菌进行初步鉴定后再应用特异性PCR进行分子鉴定，并进行回接实验。从鉴定出的Psa菌株中选出16株不同年份不同地区的代表性菌株应用7个管家基因进行MLSA分型分析。共分离鉴定出86株不同地区不同年份的Psa菌株，并通过回接实验验证了其致病性。MLSA分型结果表明16株代表性Psa菌株均属于Psa3，且Psa3与Psa6的遗传距离最近。陕西省猕猴主产区的Psa变型为Psa3，近十年未发生变异。研究结果为今后Psa的检测鉴定及防治研究提供参考。     

辽宁省番茄细菌性斑疹病的病原鉴定

[目的]对在辽宁部分地区采集的番茄细菌性病害病原菌进行鉴定.[方法]对病原菌进行革兰氏染色、培养性状、生理生化特性、16S rRNA基因序列测定以及hrpZpst基因特异性扩增.[结果]鉴定该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种[Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato (Okabe) Young,Dye & Wilkie].[结论]利用hrpZpst基因特异性扩增可以快速鉴定病原菌.     

猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病生防菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效初探

从健康猕猴桃植株中筛选具有生防潜力的内生放线菌,为猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病防治提供材料。采用平板渗透法筛选对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病具有拮抗作用的内生放线菌,通过测定不同拮抗内生放线菌发酵液对猕猴桃溃疡病病原菌(Pseudomonas syringae pv.Actinidiae,Psa)的最低抑制浓度(Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations,MIC)筛选高抗性菌株;采用喷雾法及注干法进行高抗性菌株的田间防治试验;结合形态、生理生化特征及16S r DNA序列分析,明确高抗性菌株分类地位。从431株内生放线菌中筛选出7株具有明显抗性的菌株,其中菌株M109的抑菌效果最强(MIC值为0.91 mg/m L)。田间试验表明,菌株M109的喷雾法防效为72.1%,注干法防效为84.6%。分类鉴定结果显示菌株M109为肉桂地链霉菌(Streptomyces cinnamonensis)。试验表明,肉桂地链霉菌S.cinnamonensis M109对猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病防效显著,具有应用潜力。     

噬菌体鸡尾酒对猕猴桃溃疡病的田间防治效果及叶际细菌群落结构的影响

【背景】噬菌体鸡尾酒可作为一种杀灭猕猴桃溃疡病病原菌(Pseudomonassyringaepv.actinidiae, Psa)的生物制剂,但关于噬菌体鸡尾酒在田间的防治效果和对猕猴桃植株叶际内生细菌群落结构影响的研究依然较少。【目的】探究噬菌体鸡尾酒在田间防控猕猴桃溃疡病的效果,以及噬菌体鸡尾酒对猕猴桃茎内叶际细菌微生态的影响。【方法】使用猕猴桃溃疡病病原菌感染健康植株,对比施用噬菌体鸡尾酒和传统铜制剂后溃疡病的发病情况,利用高通量测序技术分析猕猴桃叶际内生细菌群落结构的变化。【结果】与铜制剂相比,噬菌体鸡尾酒可更有效地控制猕猴桃溃疡病,改变叶际细菌群落的丰富度与多样性,增强群落结构的稳定性,改善群落物种功能基因丰度情况,一定程度使叶际细菌群落恢复至健康状态。【结论】噬菌体鸡尾酒在杀灭病原菌的同时具有良好的微生态调节功能,在猕猴桃溃疡病的生物防治中具有巨大的应用潜力。     

丁香假单胞大豆致病变种两个III型效应因子的克隆及功能分析

为了研究Ⅲ型泌出效应因子在丁香假单胞大豆致病变种中的作用,利用反向PCR技术,首次从丁香假单胞大豆致病变种全基因组中克隆得到两个效应因子HopAB1和HopAF1基因的同源物,分别命名为HopAB1s和HopAF1s。生物信息学分析表明,HopAB1s基因全长是1 572 bp,编码523个氨基酸;HopAF1s基因全长是855 bp,编码284个氨基酸。即基因的登录号分别为JF826562和JF826563。保守功能区预测显示HopAB1s在N末端包含一个E3泛素连接酶功能区。将这2个基因克隆到PVX二元表达载体并转化农杆菌,利用农杆菌介导的瞬时侵染技术在本生烟中表达,发现2个效应因子均能抑制由鼠凋亡因子激发的细胞程序性死亡;将烟草疫霉接种在表达效应基因的区域,发现效应因子能促进烟草疫霉侵染烟草,因此本研究得到的两个效应因子是免疫抑制因子,为进一步研究该菌的致病机理奠定基础。     

儿童孢子丝菌病的临床分析及致病菌的基因型检测

目的 对吉林省扶余县35例儿童孢子丝菌病进行临床分析并对部分菌株进行基因测定,了解该地区孢子丝菌病的致病菌菌株基因是否发生变异而致致病力增强及发病率增高.方法 收集2011年1月1日～4月30日来自扶余县就诊于我科并确诊为孢子丝菌病的患儿35例,进行临床分析;从中选取8株菌,对其核糖体保守区及内转录间隔区(ITS)、非转录间隔区(NTS)区进行基因测定,了解基因水平上的异同.结果 8株孢子丝菌菌株中5株NTS区可见较大范围的碱基缺失.结论 吉林省扶余县孢子丝菌菌株可能由于NTS区碱基较大范围缺失而致致病力增强,导致该地区短时间内发病率增高.     

一株羊源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌的全基因组测序及生物学特性分析

[背景] 多杀性巴氏杆菌（Pasteurella multocida,Pm）是一种革兰氏阴性菌,可引起动物和人类的呼吸道疾病和败血症等。本实验室前期分离鉴定一株A型Pm HN02菌株。[目的] 通过对HN02菌株的全基因组测序及生物信息学分析,扩充多杀性巴氏杆菌的基因组数据库信息;通过毒力基因鉴定和系统进化树分析,明确该菌株含有的毒力基因和遗传进化关系,为临床预防和诊断提供理论依据。[方法] 使用单分子实时测序（Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing,SMRT）技术对Pm HN02菌株进行全基因组测序,利用Illumina测序校正后进行基因功能注释和生物信息学分析。使用PCR鉴定菌株毒力基因,并构建进化树进行分析。[结果] Pm HN02菌株全基因组大小为2 333 292 bp,GC含量为40.15mol%,预测到的编码基因有2 389个,包含19个rRNA （6个23S rRNA、6个16S rRNA、7个5S rRNA）、62个tRNA基因、5个sRNA;含84个串联重复序列、66个小卫星DNA、2个微卫星DNA、9个基因岛、9个前噬菌体;分别有1 648、2 190和1 917个基因注释在GO、KEGG和COG数据库中,而且大部分富集于Pm的代谢过程;还有85个III型分泌系统效应蛋白、191个表型突变基因、165个毒力因子相关基因。根据分析结果绘制该菌株的全基因组圈图,并将基因组信息提交至NCBI后获得登录号cp037865。PCR鉴定发现该菌株含有fimA、toxA等14个毒力基因,缺失了tadD等毒力基因。系统进化树分析发现该菌株同北京的Pm3菌株（MH150895.1）进化关系最接近。[结论] 研究完成了A型Pm HN02株的全基因组测序和生物学特性鉴定,揭示了其同国内外Pm分离株的进化关系,为预防Pm疾病流行和探索Pm致病机制提供了参考。     

柑橘溃疡病菌II型分泌通道基因xpsD突变体的鉴定及功能分析

【目的】鉴定柑橘溃疡病菌胞外水解酶减弱突变体Mxac56-20的Tn5插入位点,及其在柑橘上的致病力。【方法】采用质粒拯救方法获得Tn5旁侧序列,与基因组信息比对后明确突变体的插入位点;构建功能互补载体对突变体进行功能互补,检测互补菌株胞外蛋白水解酶、纤维素酶和淀粉酶的恢复情况;在寄主植物柑橘上观察致病力变化。【结果】Mxac56-20的Tn5插入位点是II型分泌系统xpsD基因,所构建的互补载体使突变体的胞外水解酶活性和致病力得到恢复。【结论】柑橘溃疡病菌xpsD基因的突变,导致胞外水解酶活性降低,在寄主上的致病力减弱,说明柑橘溃疡病菌的II型分泌系统在与寄主互作过程中起到致病因子的作用。     

阴道分离因肯毛孢子菌的分子鉴定和种内分型

分别采用rRNA基因内转录间隔区(ITS)和基因间隔区(IGS1)测序,ITS和IGS1区PCR限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)和基因组DNA的随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)等方法,对三株因肯毛孢子菌Trichosporon inkin进行分子特征及种内分型研究。结果显示,不同菌株的rRNA基因ITS区和IGS1区的序列相似性均高达100%,RFLP酶切图谱具有较理想的种内一致性,而不同菌株的RAPD图谱不尽相同。研究表明:rRNA基因IGS1区测序及RFLP酶切可考虑用于因肯毛孢子菌的菌种分子鉴定,而基因组DNA的RAPD则较适合于菌种的种内分型。     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.