影响CD4+CD25+T细胞分化发育的细胞分子机制

免疫耐受的精髓即机体对外界病原体抗原产生免疫应答的同时对自身抗原不应答.近两年对CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞(CD4 CD25 regulatory T cell, Treg)所发挥的免疫耐受功能的研究取得了令人瞩目的长足进展,对此群细胞所具有的维持外周免疫耐受的独特地位已无可争议.但调节性T细胞的多种生物学特征特别是Treg细胞分化发育的分子机制与信号需求并不清楚,因此探索有关Treg的发生发育及其影响机制已成为近两年研究Treg细胞的热点.综述最近的相关研究数据,了解胸腺以及外周影响Treg细胞分化发育和功能产生的多种细胞分子机制,有助于进一步研究此群细胞的功能及其在抑制自身免疫性疾病、诱导移植耐受等方面的应用.     

喘可治注射液对小鼠体外CD4+CD25+T细胞的影响

利用荧光抗体标记和流式细胞术检测喘可治对刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导的T细胞CD69和CD25表达的影响,研究喘可治是否具有促进CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞升高的作用.结果发现喘可治对ConA诱导的T细胞活化标志分子CD69的表达具有抑制作用,但对CD25的表达具有促进作用.说明喘可治对T细胞活化具有抑制作用,CD25表达的上调并不是由活化引起的,而很可能是CD4 CD25 Tr水平升高的标志.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的外周维持

CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞作为一种抑制性T细胞功能亚群,在维持机体的免疫自稳和免疫耐受方面发挥了关键作用。该作用的发挥与其外周细胞库的维持密切相关。新近的研究显示CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞主要通过两种机制来维持其外周细胞库,一些功能分子参与其中。     

CD4+T细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用

近年来,人们对CD4 T细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用给予了极大的关注,CD4 T细胞不仅可通过IFN-γ依赖性等机制直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,而且在CD8 T细胞的激活、记忆性的细胞毒性T细胞(CTL)应答的产生、维持以及促进其存活等过程中发挥着重要作用,同时激活CD4 T细胞和CD8 T细胞是免疫治疗的理想策略;另外,CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)可能被肿瘤表达的自身抗原所诱导,与肿瘤免疫耐受的维持和抗肿瘤应答的下调有关,被认为是免疫治疗失败的主要原因,抑制该细胞亚群可增强治疗性肿瘤疫苗的临床效果.现就CD4 T细胞在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用的研究进展作一综述.     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞发挥效应的分子机制

调节性T细胞是一群具有免疫调节(或免疫抑制)作用的细胞,Foxp3 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞约占CD4 T细胞的5%￣15%,主要是CD4 CD8-CD25-单阳性胸腺细胞在胸腺的自然选择过程中产生的,也可以通过外周诱导而产生。它通过细胞接触依赖机制和抑制性细胞因子依赖机制主动抑制自身免疫T细胞的活化,维持自稳状态。现对Foxp3 CD4 CD25 T细胞群的一些特征性分子在其效应机制中的作用进行综述。     

调节性T细胞及其调节机制

免疫系统中许多细胞相互作用以保护机体免受各种病原体造成的伤害,同时机体又发展了多种机制调控免疫系统以预防对自身抗原的免疫应答或对病原体的过度应答。除了抗原刺激免疫活性细胞激活和分化的内在稳态调节机制外,调节性T细胞所介导的外源性机制在免疫调节中发挥着举足轻重的作用。目前发现的调节性T细胞主要包括CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞、Tr1调节性T细胞、Th3调节性T细胞、CD8+调节性T细胞、NK T细胞、TCRγδ+T细胞、DN T细胞。本文介绍这些调节性T细胞的表型和作用机制的研究进展。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞、IL-2与免疫耐受

近年来,越来越多的研究表明CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在免疫耐受的过程中起着非常重要的作用。IL-2作为一种T细胞生长因子调控着调节性T细胞诱导免疫耐受的过程。IL-2维持着中枢及外周的调节性T细胞的活性,但是对胸腺调节性T细胞的发育是非必要的。同时,IL-2信号影响着调节性T细胞的功能并维持着其的竞争适应性。因此,CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞通过与IL-2之间形成的免疫网络调控着免疫耐受的过程,从而影响着机体的免疫平衡。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫

调节性T细胞是一类具有免疫抑制作用,调节自身T细胞功能的T细胞亚群,与维持免疫耐受、抑制自身免疫性疾病有关,CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞是其重要组成部分.该文介绍CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞在癌症患者免疫系统中的失调现象、机制和以其为靶点的免疫治疗方式.     

宫颈癌患者外周血CD4+CD25+high调节性T细胞的表达及意义

目的:探讨宫颈癌患者外周血中CD4~ CD25~( high)调节性T(regulator T cells,Tr)的表达及意义。方法:采用流式细胞术检测52例宫颈癌患者,35例健康女性外周血中CD4~ CD25~( high)Tr、细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocytes,CTL)和NK细胞,采用ELISA检测血清中-干扰素(interferon,IFN-)的表达水平。结果:宫颈癌患者外周血CD4~ CD25~( high)Tr占CD4~ T淋巴细胞的百分比为(7.18±2.32)%,高于健康女性组(P<0.05);宫颈癌患者外周血CD4~ CD25~( high)Tr水平与CTL、NK细胞及IFN-水平呈负相关。结论:宫颈癌患者外周血中具免疫抑制活性的CD4~ CD25~( high)Tr水平较高,参与宫颈癌患者的肿瘤免疫抑制。     

CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫研究进展

调节性T细胞(Treg)是一类具有免疫调节功能的细胞群,在机体的免疫耐受中起着关键性作用。它们主要通过细胞-细胞直接接触的方式抑制CD4+和CD8+效应性T细胞的活化和增殖,来调节获得性免疫系统,阻止自身免疫疾病的发生。Treg中以自然产生的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(固有Treg细胞)研究最多。在人类,调控效能主要限于CD4+CD25high亚型。由于Treg独特的生物学功能,它在自身免疫性疾病的发生、移植耐受和肿瘤的发生和转归上越来越受到重视。该文就该类细胞的特点及其与肿瘤关系的研究进展作一综述。     

IFN-alpha and IL-10 induce the differentiation of human type 1 T regulatory cells

CD4(+) T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells suppress Ag-specific immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Although IL-10 is critical for the differentiation of Tr1 cells, the effects of other cytokines on differentiation of naive T cells into Tr1 cells have not been investigated. Here we demonstrate that endogenous or exogenous IL-10 in combination with IFN-alpha, but not TGF-beta, induces naive CD4(+) T cells derived from cord blood to differentiate into Tr1 cells: IL-10(+)IFN-gamma(+)IL-2(-/low)IL-4(-). Naive CD4(+) T cells derived from peripheral blood require both exogenous IL-10 and IFN-alpha for Tr1 cell differentiation. The proliferative responses of the Tr1-containing lymphocyte populations, following activation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs, were reduced. Similarly, cultures containing Tr1 cells displayed reduced responses to alloantigens via a mechanism that was partially mediated by IL-10 and TGF-beta. More importantly, Tr1-containing populations strongly suppressed responses of naive T cells to alloantigens. Collectively, these results show that IFN-alpha strongly enhances IL-10-induced differentiation of functional Tr1 cells, which represents a first major step in establishing specific culture conditions to generate T regulatory cells for biological and biochemical analysis, and for cellular therapy to induce peripheral tolerance in humans.     

Antigen specificity acquisition of adoptive CD4+ regulatory T cells via acquired peptide-MHC class I complexes

The Ag-specific CD4(+) regulatory T (Tr) cells play an important role in immune suppression in autoimmune diseases and antitumor immunity. However, the molecular mechanism for Ag-specificity acquisition of adoptive CD4(+) Tr cells is unclear. In this study, we generated IL-10- and IFN-gamma-expressing type 1 CD4(+) Tr (Tr1) cells by stimulation of transgenic OT II mouse-derived naive CD4(+) T cells with IL-10-expressing adenovirus (AdV(IL-10))-transfected and OVA-pulsed dendritic cells (DC(OVA/IL-10)). We demonstrated that both in vitro and in vivo DC(OVA/IL-10)-stimulated CD4(+) Tr1 cells acquired OVA peptide MHC class (pMHC) I which targets CD4(+) Tr1 cells suppressive effect via an IL-10-mediated mechanism onto CD8(+) T cells, leading to an enhanced suppression of DC(OVA)-induced CD8(+) T cell responses and antitumor immunity against OVA-expressing murine B16 melanoma cells by approximately 700% relative to analogous CD4(+) Tr1 cells without acquired pMHC I. Interestingly, the nonspecific CD4(+)25(+) Tr cells can also become OVA Ag specific and more immunosuppressive in inhibition of OVA-specific CD8(+) T cell responses and antitumor immunity after uptake of DC(OVA)-released exosomal pMHC I complexes. Taken together, the Ag-specificity acquisition of CD4(+) Tr cells via acquiring DC's pMHC I may be an important mean in augmenting CD4(+) Tr cell suppression.     

变应性鼻炎患者外周血中Tr1/Th3细胞的检测和分析

目的:检测变应性鼻炎(Allergic rhinitis,AR)患者和健康对照者外周血中IL-10+CD4+T细胞、TGF-β+CD4+T细胞(分别代表Tr1细胞和Th3细胞的特性)的比例,并探讨其在AR发病中的意义,为AR的治疗提供临床参考。方法:分离19例对粉尘螨过敏的AR患者和19例健康对照者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs),采用流式细胞术分别检测外周血中IL-10+CD4+T细胞、TGF-β+CD4+T细胞的比例。结果:同健康对照者相比,AR患者外周血中IL-10+CD4+T细胞的比例显著降低[(1.66±0.48)%vs.(3.80.92)%,t=-9.08,P0.01)],AR患者外周血中TGF-β+CD4+T细胞的比例降低[(1.92±0.54)%vs.(4.76±1.12)%,t=-9.94,P0.01)]。结论:外周血中IL-10+CD4+T(Tr1)细胞比例的降低可能是AR发病的一个重要因素,提高AR患者外周血中分泌IL-10的Tr1细胞的比例可能在AR的治疗中具有重要意义。外周血中TGF-β1+CD4+T(Th3)细胞的比例显著降低,可能是AR发病的一个重要因素。但TGF-β1与AR关系的研究较少,特别是外周血中TGF-β1水平与AR的关系研究较少,需进一步研究。     

Expansion and characteristics of human T regulatory type 1 cells in co-cultures simulating tumor microenvironment

Objective Chronic inflammation and cancer development are associated with dysregulated immune responses and the presence of regulatory T cells (T_reg). To study the role of T_reg in tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, an in vitro model simulating the tumor microenvironment and promoting the induction and expansion of IL-10⁺ T_reg type 1 (Tr1) was established. Methods An in vitro co-culture system (IVA) included an irradiated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line, immature dendritic cells (iDC), CD4⁺CD25⁻ T cells and cytokines, IL-2 (10 IU/ml), IL-10 (20 IU/ml), IL-15 (20 IU/ml) ± 1 nM rapamycin. Autologous iDC and CD4⁺CD25⁻ T cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of 15 normal donors. Co-cultures were expanded for 10 days. Proliferating lymphocytes were phenotyped by multi-color flow cytometry. Their suppressor function was measured in CFSE inhibition assays ± neutralizing anti-IL-10 mAb and using transwell cultures. Culture supernatants were tested for IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ in ELISA. Results In the IVA, low doses of IL-2, IL-10 and IL-15 promoted induction and expansion of CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁻IL2Rβ⁺IL2Rγ⁺FoxP3⁺CTLA-4⁺IL-10⁺ cells with suppressor activity (mean suppression ± SD = 58 ± 12%). These suppressor cells produced IL-10 (mean ± SD = 535 ± 12 pg/ml) and TGF-β (mean ± SD = 512 ± 38 pg/ml), but no IL-4 or IFN-γ. Suppressor function of co-cultures correlated with the percent of expanding IL-10⁺ Tr1 cells (r ² = 0.9; P < 0.001). The addition of rapamycin enriched Tr1 cells in all co-cultures. Neutralizing anti-IL-10 mAb abolished suppressive activity. Suppression was cell-contact independent. Conclusion The tumor microenvironment promotes generation of Tr1 cells which have the phenotype distinct from that of CD4⁺CD25^highFoxP3⁺ nTreg and mediate IL-10 dependent immune suppression in a cell-contact independent manner. Tr1 cells may play a critical role in cancer progression.     

Cutting edge: chemical dominance does not relate to immunodominance: studies of the CD4+ T cell response to a model antigen

IL-10 has potent immunosuppressive properties, and IL-10-producing CD4+ Tr1 cells have been characterized as regulators of Th1-mediated immunity. In this study, using a s.c. model of glioma cell growth in mice, we demonstrate that CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells play a critical role in tumor rejection following vaccination with irradiated glioma cells. Surprisingly, glioma-specific CD4+ T cells produce IL-10 but neither IL-4 nor IFN-gamma, and glioma rejection is compromised in IL-10(-/-) hosts. Hence, our findings demonstrate that IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells can manifest antitumor functions and suggest that IL-10 may have proinflammatory effects in disease states.     

B7H1-Ig fusion protein activates the CD4+ IFN-gamma receptor+ type 1 T regulatory subset through IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 cells

It has been demonstrated in our previous work that, in the human skin-grafting model, the expression of costimulatory molecule B7H1 (PD-L1) by keratinocytes plays an essential role in inducing local tolerance via activation of IL-10-secreting T cells. This study further analyzes the role of B7H1 in differentiation of type 1 T regulatory (Tr1) cells and explores underlying mechanisms. Mouse fusion protein B7H1-Ig is used, together with immobilized anti-CD3 mAb, to costimulate the purified naive CD4+ T cells. B7H1-Ig-treated CD4+ T cells were found to activate a characteristic Tr1 population possessing a CD4+ CD25- Foxp3- CD45RBlow phenotype. These regulatory T cells strongly inhibited the Th1-dominated MLR by secretion of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Moreover, B7H1-treated Tr1 cells also resulted in suppressed clinical scores and demyelination when adoptively transferred into mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, analysis of the cytokine profile indicated that there were two differential reaction patterns during the B7H1-Ig-induced Tr1 development. These two patterns were characterized by activation of IFN-gammaR+ IL-10R- Th1 and IFN-gammaR+ IL-10R+ Tr1 cells, respectively. Secretion of IFN-gamma by Th1 and the expression of IFN-gammaR on Tr1 were critical for further Tr1 differentiation, as demonstrated by mAb blocking and by analysis in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. In conclusion, B7H1 is capable of inducing Tr1 differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells by coactivation in an IFN-gamma- or Th1-dependent manner. Our study may shed some light upon the clinical usage of B7H1 as a therapeutic reagent for induction of tolerance.     

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞在CD46途径下诱导IL-10生成的研究

目的：炎症抑制因子IL—10在过敏及自身免疫性疾病的发生过程中有着重要意义,补体调节蛋白CD46作为一种新的T细胞活化辅助因子可以诱导CD4^＋T细胞生成IL-10。另外有研究表明,CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（CD^4＋CD25^＋Tregs）作为一种重要的免疫抑制细胞可以通过促进周围细胞分泌IL-10,使其抑制作用得到放大。本研究探讨在CD46辅助刺激途径下,CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs诱导周围CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞产生IL-10的能力。方法：分离纯化CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs和CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞,采用CD3／CD46或CD3／CD28刺激,分别进行单独培养或按1：10的比例共培养,同时以CD4^＋T细胞组作为比较。用氚标记胸腺嘧啶核苷（3H-TdR）掺入法测定细胞增殖速率,ELISA方法测定各培养组上清IL10的水平。结果：在CD46或CD28刺激下,CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs／CIM＋CD25^＋T细胞共培养组、CD4^＋T细胞组的几-10水平均显著高于CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞单独培养组。在CD46刺激下,CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞组、CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs／CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞共培养组、CD4^＋T细胞组IL-10的水平均较CD28刺激下明显增高,各组细胞的增殖能力均较CD28刺激下显著降低。结论：在cD46或CD28刺激下,CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs均能够诱导CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞分泌IL-10,CD46作为一种新的T细胞共刺激分子,与传统的CD28分子相比,能够刺激IL-10分泌增加。本文阐述了CD46途径下CD4^＋CD25^＋Tregs诱生IL-10的功能,进一步研究CD46途径下各类免疫细胞的活化反应,对于明确此途径下免疫细胞的功能改变与某些疾病发病机制的关系具有重要意义。     

Bacterial-reactive T regulatory cells inhibit pathogenic immune responses to the enteric flora

We showed previously that cecal bacterial Ag (CBA)-specific CD4(+) T cells induce colitis when transferred into SCID mice. The purpose of this study was to generate and characterize CBA-specific regulatory T cells in C3H/HeJBir (Bir) mice. CD4(+) T cells were stimulated with CBA-pulsed APC in the presence of IL-10 every 10-14 days. After four or more cycles, these T cells produced high levels of IL-10, low levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma, and no IL-2, consistent with the phenotype of T regulatory-1 (Tr1) cells. Bir Tr1 cells proliferated poorly, but their proliferation was dependent on CD28-B7 interactions and was MHC class II-restricted. Transfer of Bir Tr1 cells into SCID mice did not result in colitis, and cotransfer of Bir Tr1 T cells with pathogenic Bir CD4(+) Th1 cells prevented colitis. Bir Tr1 cells inhibited proliferation and IFN-gamma production of a CBA-specific Th1 cell line in vitro. Such inhibition was partly due to IL-10 and TGFbeta1, but cognate interactions with either APCs or Th1 cells were also involved. Normal intestinal lamina propria CD4(+) T cells had Tr1-like activity when stimulated with CBA-pulsed APCs. We conclude that CD4(+) T cells with the properties of Tr1 cells are present in the intestinal lamina propria and hypothesize that these cells maintain intestinal immune homeostasis to the enteric flora.     

Regulatory T cells induced by B cells: a novel subpopulation of regulatory T cells

Regulatory T cells play a crucial role in the homeostasis of the immune response. In addition to CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells, several subsets of Foxp3^- regulatory T cells, such as T helper 3 (Th3) cells and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, have been described in mice and human. Accumulating evidence shows that naïve B cells contribute to tolerance and are able to promote regulatory T cell differentiation. Naïve B cells can convert CD4⁺CD25^- T cells into CD25⁺Foxp3^- regulatory T cells, named Treg-of-B cells by our group. Treg-of-B cells express LAG3, ICOS, GITR, OX40, PD1, and CTLA4 and secrete IL-10. Intriguingly, B-T cell-cell contact but not IL-10 is essential for Treg-of-B cells induction. Moreover, Treg-of-B cells possess both IL-10-dependent and IL-10-independent inhibitory functions. Treg-of-B cells exert suppressive activities in antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific manners in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the phenotype and function of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells, Th3 cells, Tr1 cells, and Treg-of-B cells.