PPAR-δ在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一类配体依赖的核受体超家族转录因子,包括α、β/δ和γ三种亚型.近年研究表明:PPAR-δ不仅在调节细胞生长、分化及组织损伤、修复过程中起重要作用,还参与脂质代谢、转运及胰岛素信号,并具有重要的血管生物学效应.因此,PPAR-δ可能成为代谢综合征及动脉粥样硬化病的潜在治疗靶点.     

PPARs信号通路与哺乳动物生殖

过氧化物酶体增殖因子活化受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)在动物体内有着广泛的生物学作用,可调节脂类代谢、能量收支平衡以及细胞分裂分化等重要生理过程。已经发现,PPARs信号通路与糖尿病和癌症等许多重大疾病的发生有关。随着基因剔除技术的应用以及PPARs人工配体的开发利用,人们对PPARs的认识不断深入。现对PPARs通路在卵巢周期、黄体形成、胚胎着床、胎盘发育和雄性生殖等哺乳动物生殖系统中的表达、功能及作用机制进行综述。     

脂质过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体在心脏生理与病理中的作用

心肌能量代谢状况是其结构与功能的重要决定因素,调节能量代谢是心脏疾病的有效疗法之一.脂质过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一组具有复杂功能的核受体超家族成员,与脂肪形成、糖脂代谢、炎症及肿瘤发生等多种生物过程有关.PPARs可通过调控编码脂肪酸与糖类氧化相关酶的基因转录而调节心肌代谢,在心脏多种疾病病理过程中其表达与活性均有明显变化,因此已被作为心脏病的治疗靶点之一.本文对PPARs在心脏生理与病理中的作用进行简要介绍.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体与动脉粥样硬化

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 (peroxisomeproliferator activatedreceptors ,PPARs)是核受体超家族中的一类配体依赖的核转录因子 ,包括α、β/δ和γ三种亚型 ,在脂肪细胞分化、能量代谢和炎症过程中都发挥重要的作用。最近的研究显示 ,PPARs的活化不仅可以改善包括糖尿病、高血压和肥胖等在内的胰岛素抵抗综合征 ,而且还直接作用于血管壁 ,从而减缓动脉粥样硬化的进程。本综述将就PPARs的结构、功能、与动脉粥样硬化发病机制和治疗相关的最新研究进展进行简要介绍。     

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体研究概况

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)家族由PPARα、PPARβ／δ和PPARγ三种核受体组成。PPARs是配体调节的转录因子,与另外一种核受体视黄醛衍生物X受体(RXR)形成异二聚体,结合到靶基因启动子区的特异反应元件(PPRE)上,从而发挥重要的调节基因表达的作用。现在已知有多种天然及合成的PPARs配体,其中,合成药物fibrates(PPARα配体)及thiazolidinediones(PPARγ配体)分别能有效地治疗血脂异常及2型糖尿病。利用这些配体对PPARs进行研究,揭示了PPARs在脂肪形成、脂质代谢、糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性、细胞生长及分化、动脉粥样硬化、炎症及肿瘤等多种生理及病理生理过程中的重要作用。本文对PPARs的结构、组织分布、主要配体,以及它们在健康和疾病状态下的作用进行综述。     

过氧化物酶体增长因子活化受体（PPARs）与microRNAs

在细胞中,过氧化物酶体增长因子活化受体（PPARs）和microRNAs相互制约和调控从而影响相关细胞、组织和器官的功能,在脂肪细胞分化与代谢、炎症、癌症和心血管疾病等生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用.本文首先简要总结了PPARs发挥作用的分子机制;并分别以PPARs家族每一个成员（PPARα、PPARβ和PPARγ）为对象,分析了PPARs调控下的microRNAs表达及功能,探讨了microRNAs调控下的PPARs表达活性变化,并归纳了PPARs与microRNAs之间的调控关系;最后对PPARs相关microRNAs的应用前景进行了简单探讨.研究PPARs与microRNAs间的网络调控关系,可以为PPARs与microRNAs在理论和实践中的深入研究和应用提供参考.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α的研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors,PPARs）作为核受体超家族的一员,其作用广泛,可调节脂肪细胞因子表达、抑制炎症因子、改善胰岛素抵抗等。PPARs有三种亚型,分别是：PPARα、PPARβ／δ和PPARγ。其中PPARα是PPARs最主要的亚型,主要分布在肝脏中。PPARα由不饱和脂肪酸或贝特类降脂药物等配体活化后形成异二聚体,调控靶基因的表达,发挥生物学功能。PPARα参与调节肝脏脂质吸收、脂肪酸氧化、酮体生成、胆固醇代谢等脂代谢过程,以及糖代谢、炎症反应和细胞增殖等,与脂肪性肝病、肝脏炎症反应、乙肝病毒复制和肝癌等肝脏疾病密切相关。本文对PPARα的结构、作用机制、生物学功能及其与肝脏疾病的关系进行综述。PPARα作为肝脏疾病一个新的治疗靶点,阐明其与肝脏疾病发生机制之间的关系,有助于为肝脏疾病的治疗提供新的途径。     

过氧化体增殖剂激活的受体及其功能

过氧化体增殖剂激活的受体(PPARs)是1990年发现的核激素受体家族的一个新成员.其三种亚型α、β、γ具有配体特异性和组织分布的特异性.PPARs在控制炎症反应、脂质代谢、细胞增生和分化等方面发挥重要作用,研究表明PPARs与一些慢性疾病如癌症、动脉粥样硬化等有密切关系.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体与细胞凋亡调控

利用核受体与配体作用促进癌细胞分化和凋亡是治疗癌症的新方向。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一类参与多种生物学效应的核受体,目前已知有3种亚型：α、β和γ。PPARs除和脂质代谢、氧化还原状态、炎症、心血管疾病、糖尿病、肥胖等一系列生理过程密切相关外,PPARs的激活还对细胞的生长、分化甚至凋亡有重要的影响,尤其是PPARγ的激活在多种恶性肿瘤细胞中可促进细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤生长。然而由于PPARs的表达具有极大的物种、组织特异性,使预临床实验的推广应用变得十分复杂。现仅就PPARs与细胞凋亡方面的最新研究进展及其在癌症预临床中的研究状况进行综述。     

PPARγ 基因与代谢综合征关系的研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)γ基因已被公认在调控脂肪细胞分化和多种代谢(糖、脂肪、能量代谢等)中起重要作用。它在脂肪、肌肉、肝脏等多种与胰岛素作用有关的组织中表达,并且具备激活后调控涉及葡萄糖的产生、转运、利用及脂肪代谢的调节等基因的表达。PPARγ基因在脂肪细胞分化、糖、脂代谢、动脉粥样硬化形成、炎性反应中起重要作用,从而与T2DM、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖症、心血管疾病和高血压等疾病的发病风险相关。本文综述了PPARγ基因的结构、功能及其多态性与代谢综合征关系的研究进展。     

Kinase signaling cascades that modulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing. In addition to ligand binding, phosphorylation can also regulate PPARs; the biological effects of phosphorylation depend on the stimulus, the kinase, the PPAR isotype, the residue modified, the cell type and the promoter investigated. The study of this dual regulation mode, which allows PPARs to integrate signals conveyed by lipophilic ligands with those coming from the plasma membrane, may ultimately offer new therapeutic strategies.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists decrease lipoprotein lipase secretion and glycated LDL uptake by human macrophages

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) acts independently of its function as triglyceride hydrolase by stimulating macrophage binding and uptake of native, oxidized and glycated LDL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors expressed in monocyte/macrophages, where they control cholesterol homeostasis. Here we study the role of PPARs in the regulation of LPL expression and activity in human monocytes and macrophages. Incubation of human monocytes or macrophages with PPARalpha or PPARgamma ligands increases LPL mRNA and intracellular protein levels. By contrast, PPAR activators decrease secreted LPL mass and enzyme activity in differentiated macrophages. These actions of PPAR activators are associated with a reduced uptake of glycated LDL and could influence atherosclerosis development associated with diabetes.     

Expression patterns of the chicken peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) during the development of the digestive organs

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play very important roles in various biological phenomena such as regulation of lipid metabolism, homeostasis, cell differentiation and proliferation, in a variety of organs and tissues. However, their functions in the development of the digestive organs have not been studied yet, although it has been supposed that they are involved in the tumor development and regression of digestive organs. To provide fundamental data to analyze functions of PPARs in the developing digestive organs in the chicken embryos, we performed thorough analysis of expression of PPARalpha, beta (delta) and gamma in the esophagus, proventriculus (glandular stomach), gizzard (muscular stomach), small and large intestines from early developmental stages to post hatch stages. The results showed that each PPAR is expressed in spatio-temporally regulated manner. In general, PPARbeta is widely expressed among digestive organs whereas PPARalpha and gamma showed restricted expression. In the intestine, all PPARs are expressed after hatch, indicating that they play important roles in the physiology of the adult intestine.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit interleukin-12 production in murine dendritic cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. They are divided into three subtypes (alpha, beta or delta, and gamma) and are involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis and in the control of inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of PPARs in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells. We find that immature as well as mature spleen-derived DCs express PPARgamma, but not PPARalpha, mRNA and protein. We also show that the PPARgamma activator rosiglitazone does not interfere with the maturation of DCs in vitro nor modifies their ability to activate naive T lymphocytes in vivo. Finally, we present evidence that PPARgamma activators down-modulate the CD40-induced secretion of interleukin-12, a potent Th1-driving factor. These data suggest a possible role for PPARgamma in the regulation of immune responses.     

The role of PPARs and their isoforms in metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance and diabetes

PPARs play the key role in energy homeostasis, inflammation, development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, therefore the special attention is spared to synthesis of the ligand PPARs (fibrates, thiazolidinediones). Three isoforms of PPARs are activated by the fatty acids and their derivatives - eukosanoides. Polymorphism of the Pro 12Ala gene PPARG2 affects the sensitiveness of tissues to insulin and the risk of the development diabetes. It is assumed that the PPAR polymorphism is related to the differential answer on pharmacotherapy that is the foundation for development of the personification of the drug application and the estimate of prognosis.