基于多指标的中国淡水拟除虫菊酯水质基准

在US EPA水质基准制定指南框架基础上,利用从ECOTOX和CNKI数据库获取的3种拟除虫菊酯农药对中国淡水水生生物的急性毒性数据和生物标记物毒性数据,得出了基于多指标的中国淡水水体中溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的基准最大浓度(criteria maximum concentration,CMC)和基准连续浓度(criteria continuous concentration,CCC),分别为:7.5和0.9,110和19,21和3.5 ng·L-1。引入SOD、CAT、Ach E、MDA、G-SH、DNA/RNA含量等生物标记物指标,可以从多角度、多层次、多水平反映污染物的生态毒性效应,提出的基准值可以更加精准地预测污染物的生态风险。本研究可为水质基准推导方法的完善及拟除虫菊酯农药的水生生态风险控制提供参考。     

海南万宁海域海洋生物重金属分析与评价

海洋经济生物体内重金属含量直接影响到人类健康。根据2020年12月对万宁海域12个调查站、10种生物(鱼类7种、软体类1种、甲壳类2种)体内的7种重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Hg)含量监测结果,分析了重金属的含量特征,并分别利用单因子污染指数法和重金属富集系数对重金属污染水平和它在生物体内的富集情况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)各类生物体内重金属含量的高低顺序不一致,但三类生物体内锌和铜的含量均相对较高。生物对必需元素锌和铜的富集明显高于对非必需元素铅、镉和总汞的,主动吸收能力明显。(2)不同类生物同种重金属的含量存在一定差异,甲壳类的高于鱼类和软体类的。万宁海域鱼类和软体类生物重金属单因子污染指数均小于1,部分甲壳类生物的铬单因子污染指数大于1,超标率为41.7%。铬是万宁海域海洋生物的主要污染因子,影响其含量的原因可能是周围的围填海工程,以及所研究物种的生理特性。(3)万宁海域甲壳类生物体内总汞已呈轻污染状态,铬呈重污染状态。(4)甲壳类生物对重金属的富集能力强于鱼类和软体类的,各类生物对Cu的富集能力最高,对As的富集能力最低,且对重金属Cu、Cd和Zn有潜在的严重...     

细河河水及其沿岸地下水水质的有机污染特征

调查了沈阳市细河河水及其沿岸地下水水质中石油类和美国环保局(USEPA)"黑名单"上的16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的有机污染现状,评价细河污染带来的生态风险。结果表明:细河河水中石油类浓度和16种PAHs总浓度范围分别为0.031～1.819mg.L-1和0.026～0.384μg.L-1,平均浓度分别为1.007mg.L-1和0.151μg.L-1;细河沿岸地下水中石油类浓度和16种PAHs总浓度范围分别为0.020～0.987mg.L-1和0.051～0.389μg.L-1,平均浓度分别为0.364mg.L-1和0.133μg.L-1;细河河水和地下水中的石油类污染严重;河水中的PAHs浓度在流经规模较大的城镇或乡镇处出现高值点,苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(k)荧蒽在河水与地下水中的检出率较高,对水生生态系统健康构成了潜在的威胁。     

富营养化水体生物净化效应的研究进展

水体富营养化治理已成为当今世界性难题,解决水体富营养化问题的关键是调控水生生态系统结构,使其恢复自然、健康和稳定的水生生态系统功能,提高水生生态系统的生物净化能力,水生高等植物及水生植被是水生生态系统中最重要的初级生产者,它们个体大、生长周期长、吸取和储存营养物质的能力强,保持和恢复一定数量的水生植物种群可抑制浮游植物的生长,提高系统的生物多样性,使水生生态系统结构更加稳定,水生动物在水生生态系统物质和能量循环中处于十分重要的地位,浮游动物和底栖动物可直接捕食浮游植物,控制浮游植物的数量;而改变鱼类种群结构可提高浮游动物的生物量,从而间接控制浮游植物的大量繁殖,达到治理水体富营养化的目的,我国的生物净化研究还处于起步阶段,今后在水生高等植物及水生植被生物净化的关键技术及优化水产养殖新模式技术研究方面有待提高,这将对我国水体富营养化治理及水体可持续利用有着重要的意义。     

乙腈的水生态基准

本文参照美国国家环保局推荐的“推导保护水生生物及其用途的国家水质基准的技术指南”,根据我国水生生物区系特点,通过水生生物毒性试验研究和制定石油化工废水中重要污染物—乙腈的水生态基准。试验动物涉及到4个门、6个纲、8个科、13属和13个种。文中根据乙腈对13种水生动物的急性毒性试验,对水生动物的慢性毒性试验以及对水生植物浮萍的生长抑制试验,推导出乙腈的基准连续浓度为413mg／L,基准最大浓度为1145mg／L。     

惠州西湖去除鱼类对水体磷浓度的影响

鱼类对水生生态系统的营养盐循环特别是磷循环产生重要影响.该文以惠州西湖予湖--南南湖(面积1.2×105m2)为研究对象,通过对其中鱼类的去除,研究分析了磷的变化.结果表明:水体总磷在鱼类去除后短期内浓度上升明显,与颗粒态磷浓度有显著的正相关关系;同时,叶绿素a浓度也明显上升;而溶解性总磷浓度变化不明显,可溶性活性磷在整个实验期间浓度非常低.这表明颗粒态磷浓度的增加是总磷浓度上升的直接原因.其可能机理是:鱼类去除后,短期内悬浮物含量下降,水体透明度增加,水体光合作用增强,pH值增加,促进底泥营养盐特别是磷的释放,进而促进浮游植物的大量繁殖,造成水体颗粒态磷含量明显增加;同时鱼类去除后对浮游植物牧食压力的减少也是重要原因之一.     

长江流域鱼类食性同资源集团组成特征分析

长江流域目前已知分布有鱼类423种,隶属于18目41科173属,其中纯淡水鱼类348种、洄游性鱼类11种、河口鱼类64种.这些鱼类可以划分为8种食性类型:浮游植物食性、着生藻类食性、水生高等植物食性、浮游动物食性、水生昆虫食性、肉食性、软体动物食性和杂食性.对长江上、中、下游以及河口江段的鱼类种类组成及食性同资源集团组...     

贵州高原三板溪水库浮游植物群落动态与环境因子的关系

为探究贵州高原氮限制型大型深水水库浮游植物群落结构与环境因子的关系,分别于2012年11月(枯水期)、2013年4月(平水期)、8月(丰水期)对三板溪水库上、中、下游浮游植物和环境因子进行采样调查,共检出浮游植物6门87属,主要由绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻构成。浮游植物丰度在枯水期、平水期、丰水期分别为0.064×104~1.17×104、8.21×104~422.47×104和9.08×104~2903.33×104cells·L-1,其中枯水期和丰水期时加池丰度最高,南加丰度最低,平水期则为大坝最高、南加最低。枯水期、平水期、丰水期分别以颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、钝脆杆藻(Fragilaria capucina)和具缘微囊藻(Microcystis marginata)为优势种。浮游植物集中分布于水体表层0~10 m的范围内,并随水深的增加丰度逐渐降低;三板溪水库总磷平均浓度为0.403 mg·L-1,枯水期为0.281~1.139 mg·L-1、平水期为0.394~0.639 mg·L-1、丰水期为0.054~0.736 mg·L-1,总氮平均浓度为1.38mg·L-1。氮磷比(3.7∶1)低于浮游植物生长的最佳氮磷比7∶1,表现出三板溪水库的氮限制型,与大多数淡水水体氮磷营养结构不一致。RDA分析与Pearson相关分析结果表明,水温为影响三板溪水库浮游植物群落动态的关键环境因子、氮磷比为重要的环境因子,氮磷营养盐主要通过促进硅藻及抑制蓝藻来影响浮游植物群落动态。     

水生双翅目昆虫监测水体重金属污染的研究

水生双翅目昆虫是监测水体重金属污染的理想对象。文章归纳用于监测重金属污染的水生双翅目昆虫的种类,重点介绍水生双翅目昆虫在重金属污染下外部形态、内部结构、生化及分子水平的变化,以及相关生物标志物的研究,为水生双翅目昆虫用于水体重金属污染的生物监测提供科学依据。     

有机磷农药对微藻的毒性作用研究概述

论文就有机磷农药对藻类生长的影响、毒性机理以及对浮游植物群落结构的影响进行综述。相对于水生甲壳类和鱼类,有机磷农药对藻类毒性较低,EC₅₀一般高于1mg/L,对藻类生长的影响大致呈现低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的趋势,有机磷农药之间及其与其它化合物之间具有联合毒性作用。有机磷农药对藻细胞酶活性具有一定影响,而对光合作用的影响也是有机磷农药对藻类毒性效应的重要致毒机制。浮游植物对有机磷农药敏感性差异以及施药引起的浮游动物对藻类的选择性摄食,可能会导致水生态系统中浮游植物群落结构的变化。     

Comparative biodiversity of crustaceans and aquatic insects from various water body types in coastal Mediterranean wetlands

Coastal wetlands are characterized by a high biodiversity. At the same time, biodiversity is one of the main criteria used to establish protection policy priorities, or to propose management actions. In this study, crustacean and aquatic insect species richness in the Empordà wetlands was investigated. These two groups contribute in an important way to the total biodiversity, and still they are seldom taken into account in the management of natural areas. Representative samples (38 points) of all aquatic water body types in the Empordà wetlands were taken monthly (dip net with 250 μm mesh). Sampling was carried out between 1996 and 2000, but until present, only qualitative data have been extracted. A rich fauna of 125 crustacean taxa and 295 aquatic insect taxa were found. Some environments were characterized by low richness and high singularity (isolated artesian freshwater springs), some by high richness and high singularity (estuarine waters, brackish and meso-eutrophic freshwater wetlands), and others by low richness and low singularity (hypertrophic freshwater wetlands and hyperhaline wetlands). Factors determining singularity and richness are discussed. Comparison with crustacean richness of other western Mediterranean wetlands showed a similar high species richness in our study sites, probably due to high spatial heterogeneity of these areas.     

Biochemical composition of crustacean zooplankton and their grazing on phytoplankton and ciliated protozoans in a recently founded reservoir (Sahela, Morocco

In order to assess the impact of crustacean zooplankton on phytoplankton and protozoan ciliates in the Sahela reservoir under semi-arid climate, we conducted experiments during the period from July to December 1999 at the deepest point in the lake (15 m). Samplings and measurements were carried out in diffusion chambers submerged in situ over a period of 7 h without (control chambers) and with (experimental chambers) crustacean zooplankton. During these experiments, counts were conducted on phytoplankton and ciliates to determine the abundance and the mortality of these organisms due to zooplankton in each diffusion chambers at t = 0 and t = 7 h of incubation. The study showed that the growth rates of phytoplankton and ciliates populations varied between 0.02 and 0.05 h-1 and from 0.01 to 0.07 h-1, respectively. The mortality caused by zooplankton grazing fluctuated from 0.07 to 0.2 h-1 of phytoplankton and from 0.01 to 0.2 h-1 of ciliates. These mortalities were significantly and positively correlated with the growth rates (r = 0.8; p < 0.02; n = 9). Moreover, the heavy predation by the crustacean zooplankton was exerted on small-sized phytoplankton and ciliates and we demonstrated the relationships between protozoans and zooplankton for the transfer of matter and energy in aquatic food webs. Furthermore, the crustacean zooplankton metabolism was different, whether zooplankton was present in diffusion chambers or in the lake.     

AeDNA: 水生生物eDNA数据库

环境 DNA (eDNA) 技术是一种生态和生物多样性监测和评价的新手段, 完整和准确的参考序列库是eDNA技术应用于水生生物多样性调查的基础。当前, 不同水生生物eDNA参考序列还存在诸多问题, 如不同类群使用的标记基因不同且资源较为分散, 部分参考序列分类不准确, 以及针对我国各类水体中水生生物eDNA参考序列不多等。针对上述问题, 研究构建了水生生物eDNA数据库(AeDNA, http://aedna.ihb.ac.cn/)。 AeDNA整合了DNA条形码和基因组两种类型参考序列。其中18S、28S、ITS、COΙ、12S、rbcL 等各类DNA条形码60余万条, 涉及2万余种鱼类、1万余种水生植物、1万余种底栖动物、1万余种浮游动物和1万余种浮游植物; 基因组包含线粒体、叶绿体等细胞器基因组6199个及万种鱼类基因组计划和万种原生生物基因组计划所产生的物种基因组。涉及的生境有江、河、湖、海、冰川和温泉等各类水环境, 尤其数据库构建团队贡献的6万余条参考序列, 具有我国丰富的各类水体生境信息。总体来说, AeDNA是一个数据量大、类群覆盖全、准确性高且具有我国水生生物特色的综合性eDNA参考序列库, 是水生态和水生生物多样性监测的重要基础资源。     

Determination of tipping points for aquatic plants and water quality parameters in fish pond systems: A multi-year approach

High levels of nutrients in fish ponds by fish farming may cause significant eutrophication leading to a loss in species richness and a decrease of cover of aquatic plants to phytoplankton dominance. This shift can be represented by a tipping point where a significant change in the state of the ecosystem is observed such as a change from high to low aquatic plants species richness and cover. A total of 100 fish ponds were studied during five years in the Dombes region, France, to determine tipping points in aquatic plant richness and cover using chlorophyll α (CHL), water transparency, Total N (TN) and Total P (TP) gradients with two statistical methods. The relationships between tipping points, nutrient loads and yearly variations in weather conditions were also evaluated. Looking at the five years data, tipping points were observed in aquatic plant richness at 6 and 60 μg/L for CHL, and at 3.90 mg/L for TN concentration; as well as at 70 cm for water transparency, but no tipping point was found with TP. For aquatic plant cover, tipping points were observed at 11 μg/L for CHL, 2.42 mg/L for TN, 0.05 mg/L for TP, and at 62 cm for water transparency. These tipping points showed a significant decrease of aquatic plant species richness and cover, linked to the nutrient concentrations which drive the competition between the primary producers phytoplankton and aquatic plants. However, tipping points could vary significantly between years. The inter-annual variability may be due to an early occurrence of phytoplankton blooms in some ponds in a year preventing the establishment of aquatic plants, and thus influencing the value of tipping points. Weather conditions influence the competition between primary producers by impacting chlorophyll α and nutrients concentrations. When weather conditions supported increased nutrient concentrations, the development of phytoplankton and aquatic plants was facilitated and tipping points in aquatic plant richness and cover occurred with relatively high values. Thus, a significant decrease of plant cover and richness occurred at higher level of nutrients compared to the other years. In these cases, aquatic plants dominated over phytoplankton for the spring period, and also often during summer. In conclusion, tipping points observed are mainly linked to the competition between aquatic plants and phytoplankton. In shallow and eutrophic systems like fish ponds where nutrients are not a limiting resource, weather conditions act temporarily during spring as the main regulator of this competition.     

Bioindication of transboundary pollution of the Amur River with aromatic hydrocarbons after the technogenic accident in China

Applying bioindication methods for estimation of the ecological risk under pollution of aquatic ecosystems with hydrocarbons is discussed. The consequences of the transboundary pollution of the Amur River ecosystem with benzene derivatives released after the technogenic accident at a petroleum chemical plant in China are analyzed. Responses of microbial complexes involved in self-purification of water and accumulation of toxic substances in fish are considered.     

Aquatic invertebrates of Lake Gregory,northwestern Australia,in relation to salinity and ionic composition

Lake Gregory is a large semi-permanent lake system in arid north-western Australia. Its catchment extends into humid areas and as a result the lake has dried only twice in the last 25 years. Although the system is mostly fresh, parts of it become saline as they dry. We identified aquatic invertebrates and undertook chemical analysis of water samples from several sites at Lake Gregory in 1989, when the main water-body was saline, and in 1991 and 1993, after the system had flooded and was fresh. During the period 1989–1993, salinities varied from 0.1‰ to 82‰, and ionic composition ranged from strong sodium chloride dominance, in saline water and fresh water of the eastern part of the system, to bicarbonate dominance in fresh water of the western area. At least 174 invertebrate species were recorded, including two mollusc species that were never collected live. This species richness is much higher than that recorded from other Australian arid zone lakes, probably owing to long periods of inundation with fresh water. The fauna was dominated by insects (42 per cent of total species richness), crustaceans (27 per cent) and rotifers (22 per cent). Most species (160) were restricted to fresh water; only 12 species were found in saline water. Only one ostracod occurred in saline conditions, although ostracods are a dominant group in Australian saline lakes. Among species restricted to fresh water, the proportion of rotifer and protozoan fauna that occurred in bicarbonate-dominated water was greater than the proportion of insect, crustacean and hydracarine fauna that did so. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水环境中工程纳米颗粒物的生态毒理学机理及理想模式生物的筛选

随着纳米技术产业的高速发展,大量工程纳米颗粒物(Engineering nano-particles,ENPs)被排放到自然水环境中,因此对其进行生态毒性及环境风险的研究尤为迫切。综述了ENPs在水环境中的毒理学机理及理想模式生物筛选的研究进展。目前的研究表明ENPs的毒性作用机制主要包括两方面:一是影响细胞信号通路,二是氧化应激造成基因表达的变化。此外,光催化活性、细胞表面附着、溶解特性、表面特征、赋存形态、溶剂效应及与其他环境污染物的协同作用也是可能的毒性作用机理。模式生物的筛选与确定在纳米生态毒理学研究中极为重要。鱼类作为水环境中普遍存在的脊椎动物,群落庞大,其具有行为端点敏感性高、且在生物毒性实验中存在明显的量效关系等特征,被认为是研究ENPs生态毒理学最适合的水生模式生物。研究表明针对在ENPs影响下的未成年鱼类的行为特征研究比传统的胚胎发育及致死率研究更为有效。无脊椎动物和浮游植物同样在各种水环境中普遍存在,对环境污染物极为敏感,且对有害物质具有显著的富集放大效应,因此作为模式生物也具有一定的优势。     

Ecological Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Surface Waters of Lake Taihu,China

The residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface waters from Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay, and Xukou Bay of Lake Taihu, China, were investigated, and their ecological risks were assessed using the risk quotient method and probabilistic risk assessment. Environmental concentrations of OCPs in surface water of these bays were relatively lower compared with other rivers or lakes in China. Calculation of risk quotient associated with taxonomic groups indicates moderate ecological risks from OCPs for crustaceans and insects in these bays, while the ecological risks were low for fish and negligible for phytoplankton. The ecological risk quotients associated with individual OCPs were lower than 0.01 in these bays, suggesting a negligible risk to aquatic organisms. Ecological risk from α-HCH was relatively lower compared with DDTs, endosulfans, and γ-HCH. The combined ecological risks were evaluated using probabilistic risk assessment for only eight OCPs owing to a lack of available toxicity data for β-HCH and δ-HCH. The percentage of species with the potential to be at risk from mixture of OCPs was lower than the criteria of 5% in each bay, indicating that the combined ecological risks were acceptable.     

Patterns of composition and species richness of crustaceans and aquatic insects along environmental gradients in Mediterranean water bodies

Differences in the dynamics of ecological processes between Mediterranean and colder temperate aquatic systems could imply different patterns in faunal communities in terms of composition and biodiversity (i.e. species richness and rarity). In order to identify some of these patterns the crustacean and aquatic insect composition and biodiversity of four water body types, classified according to their salinity and water permanence, were compared. Moreover, the relationships between species richness and water, pond and landscape variables were analysed. A total number of 91 water bodies located throughout Catalunya (NE Iberian Peninsula) were sampled. Three species assemblages were observed: one for permanent freshwaters, another for temporary freshwaters, and a third one for saline waters (SW), since permanent and temporary saline water bodies had similar composition. Differences in salinity were associated with proportion of crustaceans versus insects and with singularity. Thus, saline ponds had a higher proportion of crustaceans, and lower values of singularity. Conductivity was significantly related to total (crustaceans plus insects) richness, and also related to insect richness. The main difference between the models obtained for crustacean species richness and insect species richness is the significance of landscape variables in the latter, and this fact could be related to the different dispersion types of these two faunal groups: active for insects versus passive for crustaceans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Guest editors: R. Céréghino, J. Biggs, B. Oertli & S. Declerck The ecology of European ponds: defining the characteristics of a neglected freshwater habitat