金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因及新型抗菌药物的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus),简称金葡菌,是一种临床常见致病菌,可引起皮肤化脓性感染、肺炎、心包炎、败血症及脓毒血症等多种疾病。目前临床上金黄色葡萄球菌的多重耐药情况已十分严峻,特别是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的出现,已成为临床抗感染治疗的棘手难题,严重危害人类健康。本文主要介绍金黄色葡萄球菌基因水平的耐药性、新型抗菌药物的研发及临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染三方面的进展,为金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性研究及耐药菌株的临床有效治疗提供科学依据。     

白木香内生真菌Aspergillus sp.A14的挥发性成分及其抗菌活性

通过溶剂萃取法提取白木香内生真菌A14(Aspergillus sp.)的挥发油,采用滤纸片琼脂扩散法分别测定了其对3种人体病原菌的体外抑菌活性。结果表明:A14挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant S.aureus,MRSA)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)均表现出一定抑制作用。应用GC-MS技术,分析鉴定了内生真菌A14挥发油的14个化学成分,显示蜂蜜曲菌素是其中的主要成分,占挥发油峰面积的93.41%。     

雾化吸入金葡素诱导主动性免疫防护降低兔金黄色葡萄球菌的感染效应

目的探索雾化吸入金葡素(staphylococcin)是否诱导主动性免疫防护以降低兔金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的感染效应。方法将金黄色葡萄球菌感染的新西兰大白兔模型30只(雌雄各半,平均体质量2.45 kg)随机分为对照组、雾化组,每组15只。对照组采用生理盐水进行雾化吸入,雾化组采用生理盐水+金葡素雾化吸入,每天1次,共20 d。ELISA法检测各组兔模型采用干预因素处理前后血清IgG抗体滴度,碱性磷酸酶-抗碱性磷酸酶桥联酶染色法(APAAP法)检测T细胞亚群CD4^+、CD8^+T淋巴细胞比例和CD4^+/CD8^+比值的变化。结果雾化组处理后兔血清IgG抗体滴度显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=18.9451,P<0.01)。同时,雾化组CD4^+T淋巴细胞比例显著高于对照组(t=2.1340,P<0.01),CD4^+/CD8^+比值也明显高于对照组(t=5.2983,P<0.05)。结论雾化吸入金葡素能有效诱导金黄色葡萄球菌感染的兔产生主动性免疫防护,降低金黄色葡萄球菌感染的效应。     

金黄色葡萄球菌病防治研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)被认为是最常见的食源性致病菌之一,引起人畜的感染性疾病,导致皮肤、软组织和血液感染,引发脓毒症和中毒性休克综合征。随着抗生素的滥用,金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性逐渐增强,导致耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)的出现,并且在全球范围内散播,严重危害公共卫生安全。目前亟需有效控制SA感染的新疗法,因此本文对金黄色葡萄球菌防治技术的研究进展进行综述,并对其防治前景进行了分析,以期对金黄色葡萄球菌尤其是MRSA的控制提供理论指导。     

科研快讯

《自然-医学》:研究发现一种新金黄色葡萄球菌基因来自复旦大学上海医学院华山医院,美国国立卫生研究院等处的研究人员发表了题为"MRSA epidemic linked to a quicklyspreading colonization and virulence determinant"的文章,发现一种新发现的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)基因:sasX,在亚洲大部分地区出现的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌疫情中扮演了重要角色。相关成果公     

类SCC样甲氧西林敏感性金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组学分析

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus), 作为一种常见的致病菌常可导致严重感染性疾病. 金黄色葡萄球菌的主要特点是易产生耐药性. 临床上运用多重PCR方法对S. aureus耐药菌株进行分型. SCC作为一种mecA基因的转运载体, 介导金黄色葡萄球菌产生耐药性. 本研究报道了一株新甲氧西林敏感性金黄色葡萄球菌的全基因组序列信息, 即类SCC样MSSA463菌株, 经多重PCR方法, 该菌株被误鉴定为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌, 结果与药敏结果相冲突. 为此, 运用焦磷酸测序方法完成了该菌株的全基因组测序, 并与已知金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组序列信息不同, 发现可读框(CZ049; AB037671)存在于attL, attR反向重复序列的临近下游. 这些结果提示, 在金黄色葡萄球菌与其他微生物之间可能存在一种水平基因转移, 并改变了金黄色葡萄球菌对药物的敏感性, 推测attL, attR反向重复序列可能作为外源性基因的插入部位而存在.     

金黄色葡萄球菌逃逸宿主免疫的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)是一种能引起人和动物发生多种疾病的革兰阳性菌(Gram positive bacterium),并且金黄色葡萄球菌免疫逃逸(immune escap)是导致宿主持续性感染以及诱导细胞死亡的主要原因。现就金黄色葡萄球菌阻止自噬溶酶体(lysosome)的形成、阻碍中性粒细胞(neutrophils)的募集、吞噬作用及抑制巨噬细胞(macrophage)的免疫功能等作一概述。     

长足大竹象雄性附腺提取物抑菌作用研究

以3种细菌(大肠杆菌Escherichia coli、金黄色葡萄球菌Bacillus subtilis、枯草芽孢杆菌Staphyloccocus aureus)为供试菌,测定了长足大竹象Cyrtotrachelus buqueti雄性附腺提取物的抑菌活性。结果表明:长足大竹象雄性附腺提取物对革兰氏阳性菌如枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有一定的抑菌活性。不同浓度的粗提物对枯草芽孢杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌影响差异均具有高度统计学意义(P0.01),抑菌活性随着粗提物浓度的增加而增强。粗提物对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.2 mg·m L~(-1)、0.4 mg·m L~(-1)。不同处理温度对长足大竹象雄性附腺粗提物的抑菌作用有一定影响。     

光滑鳖甲肽聚糖识别蛋白ApPGRP的表达与功能分析

【目的】旨在研究光滑鳖甲Anatolica polita肽聚糖识别蛋白(peptidoglycan recognition proteins, PGRPs)基因ApPGRP表达模式及其对下游免疫相关基因的表达调控,以及重组蛋白ApPGRP与细菌的结合能力。【方法】构建原核表达载体pET-28a-ApPGRP,转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),诱导表达并纯化重组蛋白His-ApPGRP,分别测定其与金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus和肽聚糖(peptidoglycan, PGN)的结合能力。金黄色葡萄球菌S.aureus刺激后,利用qRT-PCR检测光滑鳖甲6龄幼虫体内ApPGRP、抗菌肽基因ApAttacin2和ApAttacin1、防御素基因ApDefensin、丝氨酸蛋白酶基因ApSP和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因ApSerpin等免疫相关基因的表达水平;采用RNAi技术沉默光滑鳖甲6龄幼虫体内ApPGRP基因的表达,并利用qRT-PCR分别检测RNAi处理以及RNAi后再用S.aureus刺激时幼虫体内上述基因的表达水平变化。【结果】通过原核表达获得了重组蛋白His-ApPGRP,其具有结合金黄色葡萄球菌和肽聚糖的能力。注射金黄色葡萄球菌后,检测的光滑鳖甲6龄幼虫免疫相关基因(ApSP除外)的表达都显著上调;RNAi沉默光滑鳖甲6龄幼虫ApPGRP后,其他免疫相关基因表达量均显著降低,其响应金黄色葡萄球菌刺激后的表达量也显著低于对照组。【结论】这些结果表明,ApPGRP在光滑鳖甲免疫防御中起着识别外源微生物,激活信号通路并调控抗菌肽表达的作用。     

中药抗难愈性创面耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌研究进展

难愈性创面耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)具有多重耐药性、对消毒剂抗性和形成细菌生物膜等特点。有效针对难愈性创面MRSA的中药应具有抗MRSA和生物膜的能力。本文就近年来的相关研究进展进行了综述。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.