土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷与土壤酶化学计量对气候变化的响应机制

微生物和土壤酶是陆地生态系统中生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力,深入理解微生物在生态系统中的调节作用以及气候变化过程中微生物量和土壤酶的响应机制是生态学领域关注的重要科学问题.本研究从气候因素角度出发,基于生态化学计量学理论,综述了微生物和土壤酶在陆地生态系统碳氮磷循环中的作用,以及土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷和土壤酶化学计量对气候变化的响应机制,即: 改变微生物代谢速率和酶活性;调整微生物群落结构;调整微生物生物量碳氮磷与土壤酶化学计量特征;改变碳氮磷养分元素利用效率.最后分析当前研究的不足,并提出了该领域亟待解决的科学问题: 综合阐明土壤微生物和土壤酶对气候变化的响应机制;探究土壤微生物和胞外酶养分耦合机理;深入探究土壤微生物量和土壤酶化学计量特征对气候变化的适应对策.     

长白山土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性随海拔的分布特征与影响因子

长白山是由火山喷发形成的山地生态系统,是研究生态系统重建和演替过程的天然实验室。以长白山西坡垂直带中的亚高山针叶林带、亚高山岳桦林带、高山草甸带、高山苔原带土壤为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)和微孔板法分别测定土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性,探讨(1)长白山西坡微生物群落结构及酶活性沿海拔的分布特征;(2)垂直带植被因子、土壤因子对微生物群落结构及酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量均随海拔升高先增加再减少,有机碳和全氮最高值出现在岳桦林带;随海拔升高,土壤微生物总PLFA和各类群微生物PLFA呈现出先增加后减少的变化特征,表现为亚高山岳桦林带亚高山针叶林带高山草甸带高山苔原带;在对土壤微生物总PLFA的贡献率上,表现为细菌真菌放线菌,G~-G~+;微生物PLFA相关性方面,细菌、放线菌、G~+、G~-之间的关联性较大,真菌与这四者之间的关联性较小;土壤全氮含量与各微生物类群均表现为显著正相关,而C/N则与各微生物类群均表现为负相关,二者是调控土壤微生物沿海拔变化的主要因子;土壤水解酶βG和AP活性随海拔升高而逐渐增加,其中AP活性对高山苔原带生态系统表现出很好的响应;土壤含水量、C/N和土壤温度是调控土壤酶活性垂直变化的主要因子;高山苔原带草甸化过程对土壤含水量、全磷含量、水解酶AP活性产生重要影响,而对土壤微生物PLFA含量和其他酶活性影响不大。长白山垂直带土壤微生物群落结构和酶活性除了受到土壤环境因子和水热条件的影响,还与植被群落组成及凋落物性质具有紧密联系。     

青藏高原草地生态系统对气候变化的响应

青藏高原高寒草地生态系统对气候变化高度敏感,其如何响应和反馈气候变化一直以来受到极大关注.本文系统综述了近5年来有关青藏高原草地生态系统在物候、生产力、碳循环等方面对气候变化的响应过程以及应对气候变化的适应性管理的最新研究成果,发现气候变化对高寒草地生态系统的诸多影响还存在很大的不确定性.多数研究结果表明,增温使高寒草甸的植被物候提前和初级生产力水平提高,而高寒草原有相反的影响趋势,说明不同地域、不同群落类型对不同季节温度变化的响应模式不同.而气候变化对物种多样性和碳循环有关过程的影响结果尚没有一致的结论,时空尺度和方法上的差异可能是导致不同结果的主要原因.因此,建议在增强时空异质性的响应与反馈研究的同时,更需要加强生态过程和机理的研究.     

水分条件变化对土壤微生物的影响及其响应机制研究进展

土壤微生物在维持陆地生态系统服务中扮演着重要的角色.土壤水分条件是影响微生物活性与生态系统功能的重要因素之一,全球气候变化所引起的极端干旱与降雨必将加速土壤水分的剧烈变化.由于不同土壤微生物对干旱胁迫的耐受性不同及其对水分变化的响应差异,使得土壤水分条件变化直接改变了土壤微生物活性与群落结构,进而对微生物介导的关键过程与土壤生态系统功能造成深刻的影响.因此,全面深入地理解水分条件变化下土壤微生物群落的结构变化特征与响应机制具有重要意义.本文在总结土壤水分条件变化对土壤微生物活性(土壤呼吸与酶活性)和微生物群落结构的影响的基础上,进一步阐述了土壤微生物对干旱胁迫与水分条件变化的响应机制和生态学策略,包括: 1)积累胞内溶质、产生胞外聚合物、进入休眠状态等应对干旱胁迫的细胞生理策略;2)微生物之间、微生物与植物之间相关抗逆性基因的转移及土壤微生物群落的功能冗余等应对水分变化的微生物机制.研究水分条件变化下土壤微生物群落结构及生态系统功能之间的内在联系,不仅有助于进一步剖析微生物介导的土壤生态过程,而且能够为今后陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应研究和模型预测提供理论依据.     

干湿交替下草地生态系统土壤呼吸变化的微生物响应机制研究进展

草地是陆地生态系统中最重要、分布最广的生态系统类型之一,对全球碳循环和气候调节有着重要的作用和效应.我国拥有极为丰富的草地资源,是巨大的陆地碳储存库,也是全球碳循环重要组成部分.干湿交替是土壤中普遍发生的自然现象,这种现象的发生可能会加速土壤的碳矿化过程、激增土壤呼吸以及影响微生物的活性和群落结构等.在全球变化日趋显著的背景下,降雨量、降雨强度以及降雨频率的变化将会加速土壤干湿交替进程,进而带来微生物活性、群落结构以及土壤呼吸的变化,并对全球碳循环过程产生重要影响.本文综述了近十年来国内外的相关文献,对干湿交替条件下,土壤释放CO₂消耗碳源、土壤呼吸随时间的动态变化趋势以及土壤呼吸与微生物量、微生物活性和微生物群落结构之间的关系进行了分析和总结,以期为更好地理解干湿交替过程中草地生态系统土壤呼吸的微生物学响应机制,更准确地预测和评估未来的全球陆地生态系统的碳收支与气候变化提供一定的理论基础.     

土壤微生物群落对全球气候变化响应的研究进展

全球气候变化对陆地生态系统过程和功能产生重要影响,土壤微生物群落在陆地生态系统几乎所有的生物地球化学循环过程起到关键作用。本文针对气候变化对土壤微生物的影响研究结果,主要从土壤微生物活性(土壤呼吸与酶活性)和微生物群落结构对大气CO₂升高、增温、降水变化、氮沉降等全球变化单因子和多因子的直接或间接响应进行综述,并进一步阐述参与土壤碳氮循环过程的功能微生物对气候变化的响应机制与适应规律。全球变化因子改变了土壤微生物的群落组成,呈现降低、增加和无影响3种效应,且不同功能微生物也呈现不同的敏感性。多个全球变化因子对土壤微生物群落结构的交互效应可能存在加性、协同、拮抗作用,产生加和的、相互促进或抵消的整体效果。然而,目前对多种全球变化因子如三因子或四因子的组合作用,以及多因子的高阶交互作用研究较少;已有的研究地理分布不均匀,且时间和空间大尺度的研究不足;缺乏综合生态系统模型对全球变化的影响进行模拟和预测。最后指出今后的研究发展方向：进行多种全球变化因子、长时间、多生态系统点位、大空间尺度的土壤微生物群落动态研究;探究多种全球变化因子的高阶交互作用;建立综合响应的生态系统模...     

土壤微生物对气候变暖和大气N沉降的响应

气候变暖和大气N沉降是近一、二十年来人们非常关注的全球变化现象,它们所带来的一系列生态问题已成为全球变化研究的重要议题。它们不仅影响地上植被生长和群落组成,还直接或间接地影响土壤微生物过程,而土壤微生物对此做出的响应正是生态系统反馈过程中非常重要的环节。该文分别从气候变化对土壤微生物的影响(土壤微生物量、微生物活动和微生物群落结构)和土壤微生物对气候变化的响应(凋落物分解、养分利用与循环以及养分的固持与流失)两个角度,综述近期土壤微生物对气候变暖和大气N沉降响应与适应的研究进展。气候变暖和大气N沉降对土壤微生物的影响更多地反映在微生物群落的结构和功能上,而土壤微生物量、微生物活动和群落结构的变化又会通过改变凋落物分解、养分利用和C、N循环等重要的土壤生态系统功能和过程做出响应,形成正向或负向反馈,加强或削弱气候变化给整个陆地生态系统带来的影响。然而,到目前为止土壤微生物的响应对陆地生态系统产生的最终结果仍是未决的关键性问题。     

基于高通量测序的两种高寒草甸土壤原核生物群落特征研究

土壤微生物在生态系统中具有重要的生态功能,研究青藏高原高寒草甸的土壤原核生物群落组成及其主要影响因子,对揭示青藏高原独特的微生物地理区系和预测全球环境变化的影响有重要意义。利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,结合分子生态网络,对青藏高原高寒沼泽化草甸和高寒草甸的土壤原核生物的群落组成特征进行了分析。结果共检测到23145个OTUs,可分为2个古细菌类群和33个已知的细菌类群;其中变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门为土壤的优势菌群,相对丰度累计超过79%;高寒草甸原核生物的多样性高于高寒沼泽化草甸,两种草甸类型原核生物群落特征具有显著差异性(P0.001)。分子生态网络分析表明,高寒草甸网络具有较长的平均路径距离和较高的模块性,使其比高寒沼泽化草甸网络更能抵抗外界环境变化,在应对气候变化时具有更高的稳定性;典范对应分析(CCA)和分子生态网络的分析结果均表明,土壤p H值是影响土壤原核生物群落特征的主要影响因子。综上所述,土壤微生物群落的组成变化对于评估其对全球气候变化的响应具有重要的指示作用,土壤原核生物群落特征在不同的高寒草甸土壤中具有显著差异,了解其变化规律和影响因子,能为高寒草甸生态系统的适应性管理和应对气候变化提供理论依据。     

基于数字相机图像的西藏当雄高寒草地群落物候模拟

物候现象是环境条件季节和年际变化最直观、敏感的综合指示器, 其发生时间不仅反映了陆地生态系统短期的动态特征, 其微小的变化还会对陆地生态系统产生重要的反馈作用。高寒草地是青藏高原分布广泛、极具代表性的植被类型, 准确地获取高寒草地群落的物候特征, 对于理解和预测气候变化对青藏高原生态系统的影响具有重要意义。该文以西藏当雄高寒草地为研究对象, 探讨了近地面数字相机图像在高寒草地群落季相监测中的作用, 结果如下: 1)通过比较不同绿度指数的差别, 确定了准确表征高寒草地植被群落季相变化的绿度指数——绝对绿度指数(2G_RB); 2)结合土壤含水量数据, 通过线性回归分析得知高寒草地植被群落生长过程与表层(≤10 cm)土壤含水量的变化较为一致(R ² > 0.70); 3)通过对比分析, 发现降水在高寒草地群落季相“变绿”过程中具有“触发”作用。研究表明, 数字相机技术可作为物候监测手段, 实现高寒草地植被群落季相的实时、连续获取, 为更好地揭示气候变化影响下景观尺度季相演变特征, 诊断地方、区域和全球尺度上生态系统对气候变化的快速响应提供了有效的手段。     

施肥梯度对高寒草甸群落结构、功能和土壤质量的影响

在三江源区研究了不同施肥梯度对高寒矮嵩草草甸群落结构、功能;土壤全量养分、速效养分;土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳的影响,以揭示矮嵩草草甸群落特征;土壤养分和土壤微生物活性对施肥梯度的响应.结果表明:1)随着施肥量的增加,不同功能群的盖度响应各异,其中禾本科植物的响应较大,而豆科和杂类草植物盖度明显降低,莎草科盖度变化不明显;施肥量增加到一定程度,如施氮40 g/m2时,各功能群植物的盖度逐渐降低.生物量随施肥梯度呈单峰曲线变化,不施肥时生物量最低,施肥20 g/m2或32 g/m2时生物量最高.2)土壤全量养分和速效养分在施肥量为20 g/m2或32 g/m2时较高,施肥量增加到40 g/m2时土壤资源逐渐降低.3)不同施肥梯度矮嵩草草甸土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳在0-10 cm土层明显较高,且随着施肥量的增加,分布在0-40 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量呈单峰曲线变化.施肥20 g/m2或32 g/m2时土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量最高.4)30 g/m2施肥量可作为高寒草甸最佳施氮水平.施肥梯度下土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量可作为衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量变化的重要指标.高施肥量(≥40 g/m2)视为影响高寒草甸生态系统结构与功能、土壤养分及土壤微生物活性的阈值.     

Soil microbial responses to warming and increased precipitation and their implications for ecosystem C cycling

A better understanding of soil microbial ecology is critical to gaining an understanding of terrestrial carbon (C) cycle–climate change feedbacks. However, current knowledge limits our ability to predict microbial community dynamics in the face of multiple global change drivers and their implications for respiratory loss of soil carbon. Whether microorganisms will acclimate to climate warming and ameliorate predicted respiratory C losses is still debated. It also remains unclear how precipitation, another important climate change driver, will interact with warming to affect microorganisms and their regulation of respiratory C loss. We explore the dynamics of microorganisms and their contributions to respiratory C loss using a 4-year (2006–2009) field experiment in a semi-arid grassland with increased temperature and precipitation in a full factorial design. We found no response of mass-specific (per unit microbial biomass C) heterotrophic respiration to warming, suggesting that respiratory C loss is directly from microbial growth rather than total physiological respiratory responses to warming. Increased precipitation did stimulate both microbial biomass and mass-specific respiration, both of which make large contributions to respiratory loss of soil carbon. Taken together, these results suggest that, in semi-arid grasslands, soil moisture and related substrate availability may inhibit physiological respiratory responses to warming (where soil moisture was significantly lower), while they are not inhibited under elevated precipitation. Although we found no total physiological response to warming, warming increased bacterial C utilization (measured by BIOLOG EcoPlates) and increased bacterial oxidation of carbohydrates and phenols. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis as well as ANOVA testing showed that warming or increased precipitation did not change microbial community structure, which could suggest that microbial communities in semi-arid grasslands are already adapted to fluctuating climatic conditions. In summary, our results support the idea that microbial responses to climate change are multifaceted and, even with no large shifts in community structure, microbial mediation of soil carbon loss could still occur under future climate scenarios.     

Warming and drying suppress microbial activity and carbon cycling in boreal forest soils

Climate warming is expected to have particularly strong effects on tundra and boreal ecosystems, yet relatively few studies have examined soil responses to temperature change in these systems. We used closed‐top greenhouses to examine the response of soil respiration, nutrient availability, microbial abundance, and active fungal communities to soil warming in an Alaskan boreal forest dominated by mature black spruce. This treatment raised soil temperature by 0.5 °C and also resulted in a 22% decline in soil water content. We hypothesized that microbial abundance and activity would increase with the greenhouse treatment. Instead, we found that bacterial and fungal abundance declined by over 50%, and there was a trend toward lower activity of the chitin‐degrading enzyme N‐acetyl‐glucosaminidase. Soil respiration also declined by up to 50%, but only late in the growing season. These changes were accompanied by significant shifts in the community structure of active fungi, with decreased relative abundance of a dominant Thelephoroid fungus and increased relative abundance of Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes in response to warming. In line with our hypothesis, we found that warming marginally increased soil ammonium and nitrate availability as well as the overall diversity of active fungi. Our results indicate that rising temperatures in northern‐latitude ecosystems may not always cause a positive feedback to the soil carbon cycle, particularly in boreal forests with drier soils. Models of carbon cycle‐climate feedbacks could increase their predictive power by incorporating heterogeneity in soil properties and microbial communities across the boreal zone.     

Relative impacts of disturbance and temperature: persistent changes in microenvironment and vegetation in retrogressive thaw slumps

In the Low Arctic, a warming climate is increasing rates of permafrost degradation and altering vegetation. Disturbance associated with warming permafrost can change microclimate and expose areas of ion-rich mineral substrate for colonization by plants. Consequently, the response of vegetation to warming air temperatures may differ significantly from disturbed to undisturbed tundra. Across a latitudinal air temperature gradient, we tested the hypothesis that the microenvironment in thaw slumps would be warmer and more nutrient rich than undisturbed tundra, resulting in altered plant community composition and increased green alder ( Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa ) growth and reproduction. Our results show increased nutrient availability, soil pH, snow pack, ground temperatures, and active layer thickness in disturbed terrain and suggest that these variables are important drivers of plant community structure. We also found increased productivity, catkin production, and seed viability of green alder at disturbed sites. Altered community composition and enhancement of alder growth and reproduction show that disturbances exert a strong influence on deciduous shrubs that make slumps potential seed sources for undisturbed tundra. Overall, these results indicate that accelerated disturbance regimes have the potential to magnify the effects of warming temperature on vegetation. Consequently, understanding the relative effects of temperature and disturbance on Arctic plant communities is critical to predicting feedbacks between northern ecosystems and global climate change.     

The responses of microbial temperature relationships to seasonal change and winter warming in a temperate grassland

Microorganisms dominate the decomposition of organic matter and their activities are strongly influenced by temperature. As the carbon (C) flux from soil to the atmosphere due to microbial activity is substantial, understanding temperature relationships of microbial processes is critical. It has been shown that microbial temperature relationships in soil correlate with the climate, and microorganisms in field experiments become more warm‐tolerant in response to chronic warming. It is also known that microbial temperature relationships reflect the seasons in aquatic ecosystems, but to date this has not been investigated in soil. Although climate change predictions suggest that temperatures will be mostly affected during winter in temperate ecosystems, no assessments exist of the responses of microbial temperature relationships to winter warming. We investigated the responses of the temperature relationships of bacterial growth, fungal growth, and respiration in a temperate grassland to seasonal change, and to 2 years’ winter warming. The warming treatments increased winter soil temperatures by 5–6°C, corresponding to 3°C warming of the mean annual temperature. Microbial temperature relationships and temperature sensitivities (Q₁₀) could be accurately established, but did not respond to winter warming or to seasonal temperature change, despite significant shifts in the microbial community structure. The lack of response to winter warming that we demonstrate, and the strong response to chronic warming treatments previously shown, together suggest that it is the peak annual soil temperature that influences the microbial temperature relationships, and that temperatures during colder seasons will have little impact. Thus, mean annual temperatures are poor predictors for microbial temperature relationships. Instead, the intensity of summer heat‐spells in temperate systems is likely to shape the microbial temperature relationships that govern the soil‐atmosphere C exchange.     

Genomics in a changing arctic: critical questions await the molecular ecologist

Molecular ecology is poised to tackle a host of interesting questions in the coming years. The Arctic provides a unique and rapidly changing environment with a suite of emerging research needs that can be addressed through genetics and genomics. Here we highlight recent research on boreal and tundra ecosystems and put forth a series of questions related to plant and microbial responses to climate change that can benefit from technologies and analytical approaches contained within the molecular ecologist's toolbox. These questions include understanding (i) the mechanisms of plant acquisition and uptake of N in cold soils, (ii) how these processes are mediated by root traits, (iii) the role played by the plant microbiome in cycling C and nutrients within high‐latitude ecosystems and (iv) plant adaptation to extreme Arctic climates. We highlight how contributions can be made in these areas through studies that target model and nonmodel organisms and emphasize that the sequencing of the Populus and Salix genomes provides a valuable resource for scientific discoveries related to the plant microbiome and plant adaptation in the Arctic. Moreover, there exists an exciting role to play in model development, including incorporating genetic and evolutionary knowledge into ecosystem and Earth System Models. In this regard, the molecular ecologist provides a valuable perspective on plant genetics as a driver for community biodiversity, and how ecological and evolutionary forces govern community dynamics in a rapidly changing climate.     

Decadal warming causes a consistent and persistent shift from heterotrophic to autotrophic respiration in contrasting permafrost ecosystems

Soil carbon in permafrost ecosystems has the potential to become a major positive feedback to climate change if permafrost thaw increases heterotrophic decomposition. However, warming can also stimulate autotrophic production leading to increased ecosystem carbon storage—a negative climate change feedback. Few studies partitioning ecosystem respiration examine decadal warming effects or compare responses among ecosystems. Here, we first examined how 11 years of warming during different seasons affected autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in a bryophyte‐dominated peatland in Abisko, Sweden. We used natural abundance radiocarbon to partition ecosystem respiration into autotrophic respiration, associated with production, and heterotrophic decomposition. Summertime warming decreased the age of carbon respired by the ecosystem due to increased proportional contributions from autotrophic and young soil respiration and decreased proportional contributions from old soil. Summertime warming's large effect was due to not only warmer air temperatures during the growing season, but also to warmer deep soils year‐round. Second, we compared ecosystem respiration responses between two contrasting ecosystems, the Abisko peatland and a tussock‐dominated tundra in Healy, Alaska. Each ecosystem had two different timescales of warming (<5 years and over a decade). Despite the Abisko peatland having greater ecosystem respiration and larger contributions from heterotrophic respiration than the Healy tundra, both systems responded consistently to short‐ and long‐term warming with increased respiration, increased autotrophic contributions to ecosystem respiration, and increased ratios of autotrophic to heterotrophic respiration. We did not detect an increase in old soil carbon losses with warming at either site. If increased autotrophic respiration is balanced by increased primary production, as is the case in the Healy tundra, warming will not cause these ecosystems to become growing season carbon sources. Warming instead causes a persistent shift from heterotrophic to more autotrophic control of the growing season carbon cycle in these carbon‐rich permafrost ecosystems.     

Variable sensitivity of plant communities in Iceland to experimental warming

Facing an increased threat of rapid climate change in cold‐climate regions, it is important to understand the sensitivity of plant communities both in terms of degree and direction of community change. We studied responses to 3–5 years of moderate experimental warming by open‐top chambers in two widespread but contrasting tundra communities in Iceland. In a species‐poor and nutrient‐deficient moss heath, dominated by Racomitrium lanuginosum, mean daily air temperatures at surface were 1–2°C higher in the warmed plots than the controls whereas soil temperatures tended to be lower in the warmed plots throughout the season. In a species‐rich dwarf shrub heath on relatively rich soils at a cooler site, dominated by Betula nana and R. lanuginosum, temperature changes were in the same direction although more moderate. In the moss heath, there were no detectable community changes while significant changes were detected in the dwarf shrub heath: the abundance of deciduous and evergreen dwarf shrubs significantly increased (>50%), bryophytes decreased (18%) and canopy height increased (100%). Contrary to some other studies of tundra communities, we detected no changes in species richness or other diversity measures in either community and the abundance of lichens did not change. It is concluded that the sensitivity of Icelandic tundra communities to climate warming varies greatly depending on initial conditions in terms of species diversity, dominant species, soil and climatic conditions as well as land‐use history.     

Microbial functional diversity covaries with permafrost thaw‐induced environmental heterogeneity in tundra soil

Permafrost soil in high latitude tundra is one of the largest terrestrial carbon (C) stocks and is highly sensitive to climate warming. Understanding microbial responses to warming‐induced environmental changes is critical to evaluating their influences on soil biogeochemical cycles. In this study, a functional gene array (i.e., geochip 4.2) was used to analyze the functional capacities of soil microbial communities collected from a naturally degrading permafrost region in Central Alaska. Varied thaw history was reported to be the main driver of soil and plant differences across a gradient of minimally, moderately, and extensively thawed sites. Compared with the minimally thawed site, the number of detected functional gene probes across the 15–65 cm depth profile at the moderately and extensively thawed sites decreased by 25% and 5%, while the community functional gene β‐diversity increased by 34% and 45%, respectively, revealing decreased functional gene richness but increased community heterogeneity along the thaw progression. Particularly, the moderately thawed site contained microbial communities with the highest abundances of many genes involved in prokaryotic C degradation, ammonification, and nitrification processes, but lower abundances of fungal C decomposition and anaerobic‐related genes. Significant correlations were observed between functional gene abundance and vascular plant primary productivity, suggesting that plant growth and species composition could be co‐evolving traits together with microbial community composition. Altogether, this study reveals the complex responses of microbial functional potentials to thaw‐related soil and plant changes and provides information on potential microbially mediated biogeochemical cycles in tundra ecosystems.     

不同氮素水平下增温及[CO2]升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗生物量及其分配的影响

 蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)是东北地区天然次生林重要组成树种, 研究该树种对未来气候变暖的响应, 可为预测未来气候变暖情况下蒙古栎林的发展动态、制定合理的经营措施提供科学参考。该文旨在探讨不同的供氮水平下, CO₂浓度和温度升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗生物量及其分配的影响。实验采用人工气候箱控制, 控制条件分别为温度升高4 ℃(ET)、CO₂浓度倍增(700 μmol CO₂ ·mol^–1) × 温度升高4 ℃ (ECET)和对照(正常温度, CO₂浓度为400 μmol CO₂·mol^–1) (CK), 每个控制条件幼苗的基质分别用3种氮素水平处理: N1 (15 mmol·L^–1 N)、N2 (7.5 mmol·L^–1 N)和N3 (不施氮)。研究结果显示, 1)在ET条件下, N1明显促进幼苗茎的高生长、径生长和生物量积累, 幼苗生物量的分配随氮素浓度的增加, 地下生物量所占的比例增大。2) ECET条件下N1明显促进幼苗的高生长, 但对径生长影响不显著, 对幼苗总生物量积累的影响不显著。但N1增加了地下生物量的比例。3) ET与ECET条件下幼苗叶片的碳氮比均随供氮水平降低而升高, 但ECET下碳氮比的升高是由于叶片碳含量较高引起的, 而ET条件下则是由于叶片氮含量的降低而引起的。ECET和ET条件较低的氮素供应水平综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗的生物量积累无促进作用。因此, 在未来气候变化情况下, 土壤中充足的氮供给可能将促进蒙古栎幼苗的生长, 增加其天然更新潜力, 并增加其碳库容。