海拔对儿童和青少年生长发育的影响北大核心CSCDCSSCI

为进一步探讨自然环境因素对生长发育的影响,本文收集了14个省会城市1996年以来7-18岁107986(男56300,女51686)儿童青少年的身高、体重、胸围资料及体质测量当年的海拔、年降水量、年均气温和年日照时数资料,做海拔等自然环境因素与发育指标的Z-分数和发育分相关与回归分析。结果表明,从低海拔组到中海拔组、高海拔组,儿童青少年的生长发育指标逐步下降,其中体重与BMI有统计学意义(P<0.05),但身高和胸围无统计学意义(P>0.05),低海拔组发育指标明显好于高海拔组;生长发育水平与海拔的相关系数大于年均气温和日照时数,与年降水量不相关;回归分析表明海拔每增加1000m,身高、体重、胸围和BMI分别减少0.112,0.101,0.043和0.118个Z-分数。在四项自然环境因素中,海拔对生长发育的影响最大,对身高、体重、胸围和BMI的贡献率分别是28.0%,26.8%,12.0%,16.8%。     

海拔对儿童和青少年生长发育的影响

为进一步探讨自然环境因素对生长发育的影响,本文收集了14个省会城市1996年以来7-18岁107986(男56300,女51686)儿童青少年的身高、体重、胸围资料及体质测量当年的海拔、年降水量、年均气温和年日照时数资料,做海拔等自然环境因素与发育指标的Z-分数和发育分相关与回归分析。结果表明,从低海拔组到中海拔组、高海拔组,儿童青少年的生长发育指标逐步下降,其中体重与BMI有统计学意义(P0.05),低海拔组发育指标明显好于高海拔组;生长发育水平与海拔的相关系数大于年均气温和日照时数,与年降水量不相关;回归分析表明海拔每增加1000m,身高、体重、胸围和BMI分别减少0.112,0.101,0.043和0.118个Z-分数。在四项自然环境因素中,海拔对生长发育的影响最大,对身高、体重、胸围和BMI的贡献率分别是28.0%,26.8%,12.0%,16.8%。     

芜湖市478名中学生生长发育的追踪研究

本文报道了 1 997年 9月—1 999年 9月对芜湖市第九中学 478名(男 2 4 5人 ,女 2 33人 )汉族中学生生长发育 3年追踪测量结果。调查指标为身高、体重、胸围和月经初潮年龄。分析了维尔维克指数 ,比较了男女间的差异并与芜湖市 1 986年数据进行了比较 ,对差异的可能原因进行了分析 ,并对当前青少年生长发育加速和性成熟提前趋势进行了讨论。     

芜湖市284名小学生生长发育的追踪研究

本文报道了1992年10月— 1997年10月对芜湖市284名 6—11岁汉族小学生生长发育的追踪调查结果。调查指标为身高、体重、胸围、脉搏和肺活量。对形态发育指数进行了分析。分析了男女间的差异。并与汉族 1985和1986年均值和日本人数据进行了比较。对当前儿童少年生长发育加速趋势也进行了讨论。     

达斡尔族中小学生体质发育现状及20多年来的变化

本文报道了6~18岁1993名达斡尔族学生8项体质指标(身高、坐高、体重、肩宽、骨盆宽、胸围、腰围和臀围)的测量结果,并计算了10项体质指数。结果发现,达斡尔族在我国属体质发育较高的民族,并表现为一定的城乡差异;20多年来达斡尔族学生身高、体重、胸围全面增长,男女生身高最大增长年龄均提前约1岁左右,男生高年龄组身高和身体充实度增幅较大,但女生变化不大且肩宽和骨盆宽呈下降趋势。提示达斡尔族青少年体质发育表现为以生长突增提前为主的生长长期趋势,但女生高年龄组身高增长不明显、身体充实度有待提高,应采取营养和锻炼等措施促进其生长发育水平全面提高。     

大连学生体质发育的研究

为了解大连地区城乡学生生长发育状况及其规律,采用人体测量学方法,调查测量了大连地区7—18岁3834（城市男630,城市女645,乡村男1285,乡村女1274）名汉族学生23项形态指标,并利用以往资料,研讨了大连学生主要形态指标的生长发育规律、生长发育趋势、性差和地区差别。结果表明：1生长发育特点：大连学生测量项目的均值随年龄的增长而增加,生长曲线呈上升趋势并且男女有交叉现象。2性差：大连学生各测量项目均有明显的性差,除女生青春期（10—12岁）外,在其他年龄组均为男生大于女生。3生长的长期变化：大连7—17岁男女学生26年来身高、体重、胸围有较大幅度的增长,其每10年平均增长值分别为2.52cm和1.92cm、4.05kg和2.39kg、1.77cm和1.38cm。4城乡差：大连男女学生身高、体重、胸围仍存在城乡差别。     

鄂西青少年体质发育初步研究

目前,研究青少年体质发育的方法较多,作者试图用逐步回归分析法对此作些研究。 按照我国正常儿童青少年体格发育调查研究实施方案(儿童体格发育调查研究工作学习班,1976)和活体测量方法(黄新美,1983)的有关规定,对鄂西7—17岁的1533名青少年(男863人,女670人)进行了直接测量:1.身高;2.体重;3.上肢长;4.下肢长(由地面至大转子尖的距离)(靳仕信,1981);5.上半身长(身高—下肢长);6.上半身长与下肢长的比值。以上各项均值和标准差见表1.另外,还计算了下肢长指数（下肢长/身高×100）和上半身长指数（上半身长/身高×100）。将以上数据按性别、年龄逐个输入AppleII电子计算机（Basic语言）,对数据进行分析处理,用回归分析法（上海第二医学院数学教研室,1979;杨树勤,1985）分析青少年体重的变化与年龄、身高等七个因素的相关关系（见表2）,并对已进入方程式中的各项指标进行反复检查,最后,建立了推算青少年体重变化与年龄、身高的多元回归方程。     

中国青年生长发育环境差异的研究

本文应用因子分析方法确定身高、体重、胸围三项指标的权重系数,计算出中国28个城市18岁汉族男女青年生长发育水平的“发育分”。并将发育分与有关自然环境因素进行了相关性研究。发育分与地球纬度、日照时数、气温年较差等具有高度相关性(r=0.6221～0.6715ρ<0.01),与其它气候因素也有相关性。不同水系水质地区的发育分有显著性差异(ρ<0.05—0.01)。由此提示,自然环境因素,是影响人类生长发育的一个不可忽视的因素。     

中国沿海11省市儿童青少年的生长发育状况

本文分析了2000年中国辽宁、河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东、广西、海南11个沿海省市城乡7—18岁儿童青少年的生长发育状况和1985—2000年生长的长期变化趋势,辽宁、河北、天津、山东、江苏、上海、浙江7省市儿童少年身高、体重、胸围、BMI的发育水平和生长的长期变化高于全国平均水平,海南、广东、广西低于全国平均水平。总体上沿海省市儿童少年的发育水平好于全国平均水平,但地域特征相当明显,东部沿海省市儿童少年的发育水平和长期变化强度都明显高于南部沿海省市。     

裕固族4～13岁儿童身高、体重状况调查分析

了解裕固族4～13岁儿童身高、体重发育现状,分析该儿童4～7岁组及7～13岁组生长发育随年龄的变化关系, 为儿童保健工作提供参考依据和合理化建议。采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取484名儿童, 测量身高和体重。以全国身高体重值为参比值, 计算年龄别身高(HAZ)和年龄别体重(WAZ)值评价4～7岁儿童体格生长迟缓和低体重状况; 身体质量指数(BMI)评价7～13岁儿童超重和消瘦情况。结果显示, 调查对象身高均高于对比值, 4～7岁儿童超重检出率为3.45%, 偏瘦检出率2.30%; 7～13岁裕固族儿童营养不良人数占裕固族儿童总人数的36.90%, 严重消瘦的人数占13.10%, 其中女生的消瘦程度较男生差。所以, 儿童身高、体重生长发育符合一般生长规律。7～13岁裕固族男女生身体偏瘦人数较多的问题值得关注, 建议改善该人群营养膳食, 加强各项体育锻炼。     

西藏小型猪与高原藏猪的血液生理生化值的比较

目的比较西藏小型猪与高原藏猪的血液生理、生化指标的差异。方法采用全自动血液细胞和生化分析仪测定21个血液生理生化指标。结果藏猪与西藏小型猪之间,红细胞、白细胞、血小板计数、总胆固醇、血清甘油三酯指标的测定差异有显著性,谷草转氨酶、血清总蛋白、血清清蛋白、葡萄糖、肌酸激酶指标的测定差异极显著。其中红细胞、白细胞、谷草转氨酶、肌酸激酶的值藏猪高于西藏小型猪,而血小板计数、血清总蛋白、血清清蛋白、葡萄糖、总胆固醇、血清甘油三酯的值藏猪低于西藏小型猪。结论不同的生活环境、气候条件和营养水平会对动物的血液生理、生化值的测定造成一定的影响。     

Growth characteristics of populations of Tibetan origin in Nepal.

Previous growth studies of highland-dwelling populations in the ecologically diverse areas of Peru and Ethiopia have yielded highly varied results: the retarded growth of the Peruvian sample was attributed to the effects of hypoxia, while the increased height and weight of the highland Ethiopian sample could be traced to better health conditions in the highland village than in the lowland village studied. In an attempt to provide a basis for evaluating studies of growth at high altitude, the present study compared Sherpa children living in the Everest region of Nepal with Tibetan children living in Kathmandu. It was found that: (1) the growth of Sherpa and Tibetan children is considerably retarded compared to other high altitude populations; (2) despite conditions favorable for optimum growth among the Tibetans, their growth resembled that of the Sherpas and (3) increased chest circumference, which seems to reflect a developmental acclimatization to hypoxia among Peruvian high-altitude natives, was not seen among the Sherpas.     

The effects of high altitudes on child growth and development

This study compares the growth characteristics of populations of Tibetan origin living in Nepal to high altitude populations of Peru and Ethiopia. Measurements were made on two groups of children, a sample of Sherpas living in the Everest region of northeast Nepal at elevations in excess of 3500 m, and a sample of Tibetan children living in Kathmandu at an altitude of 1000 m. Although the Tibetan children showed some growth advancement over the highland sample of Sherpas, the differences were less than might have been expected on the basis of work carried out in Peru, where long established high altitude populations live at similar elevations to those of Himalayan populations. In particular, some growth trends seen in Andean populations, such as the increased diameter of the chest wall, are not seen in populations of Tibetan origin. It is suggested that genetic influences may exert a stronger effect on the growth of high altitude populations than hitherto believed.Presented the Seventh International Biometeorological Congress, 17–23 August 1975, College Park, Maryland, USA.     

Growth of Qinghai Tibetans living at three different high altitudes

This study compares the stature, weight, skinfolds, upper arm muscle area, and chest dimensions of Tibetan children, adolescents, and young adults who were born and raised, or who had lived from infancy, at 3,200 m, 3,800 m, and 4,300 m in Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China. While the individuals measured in Qinghai are among the tallest and heaviest Tibetans reported in the literature, they are nevertheless smaller and lighter than well-off children living at low altitude. The pattern of size variation among Tibetan males and females measured at the three high altitudes, along with evidence of a secular trend at 4,300 m, suggests that nutrition may significantly effect growth at high altitude. Only minor differences in thorax dimensions exist between Tibetan males and females measured at 3,200 m and 3,800 m. However, Tibetan males at 4,300 m possess slightly narrower and deeper chests (during and after adolescence) than males at 3,200 m and 3,800 m. Since individuals from 3,800 m and 4,300 m belong to the same local populations, this characteristic is unlikely to be genetically determined. However, it may be related to differences in the degree of hypoxia or to the influences of other environmental conditions.     

哈萨克族学生体质发育状况的10年比较分析

报道新疆阿勒泰地区1995年2589名城镇7—18岁哈萨克族(哈族)中小学生身高、体重、胸围、坐高、肩宽、骨盆宽6项体质发育指标的调查结果。男女生体质发育指标随年龄增加而增长,各项指标的年均增长值皆为男生大于女生。与1985年比较,哈族学生的身高、体重、胸围皆有不同程度增长。哈族男女生的身高突增年龄仍分别为14岁和10岁,但是其身高增长却不伴有相应比例的坐高增长,女生部分年龄组的肩宽和男女生各年龄组的骨盆宽呈现负增长,提示哈族学生的体型与10年前相比已经开始有所改变。     

中国西藏拉托唐古墓地古代居民线粒体全基因组研究

目前青藏高原高海拔地区古DNA研究匮乏。拉托唐古墓地位于青藏高原西南高海拔区域,本文对该墓地出土距今约700年的人骨进行古DNA提取,捕获了高质量线粒体全基因组数据,结合东亚线粒体基因组数据库,运用遗传统计方法开展分析。研究结果表明,距今3000年以内青藏高原西南部人群的遗传历史具有连续性,距今700年左右的拉托唐古墓地居民与距今3150-1250年的古代尼泊尔居民以及现代中国西藏居民母系遗传关系较近,且他们都具有共同的M9a1a1c1b1a单倍群。对M9a1a1c1b1a单倍群的深入研究发现,距今10930-5150年期间青藏高原可能发生了人口扩张事件。以上结果为我们了解古代青藏高原高海拔地区人群遗传历史提供了重要信息。     

Growth and nutritional status of the Bharia--a primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh

This study is an attempt to understand the physical growth and nutritional status of Bharia, a primitive tribe of Central India. A cross sectional study was conducted on 551 children (283 boys and 268 girls) aged 4 to 18 years. Body weight, height, sitting height, head circumference, upper arm circumference, chest circumference, biceps, triceps, sub scapular and calf skin fold thickness were measured. Body Mass Index was calculated as weight/height2 to calculate chronic energy deficiency. All anthropometric measurements except skin fold measurement exhibit uniform increase with age in both the sexes. Age-specific Body Mass Index (BMI) indicated substantial changes and falls during pre-school age and rise in adolescence. The BMI according to the Indian standard was normal, but when the data was compared with the International standard malnutrition in both sexes was noticed in childhood. Boys remained undernourished after adolescence, while girls reached the normal growth patterns.     

Childhood malnutrition and growth in a rural area of Western Kenya

An anthropometric survey was carried out on 1,383 school students aged 5-17 years in Suba district (a rural area of western Kenya). Body size and proportion were computed from height, weight, sitting height, arm circumference, and skinfolds. The aim of the study was to evaluate patterns of growth and nutritional status of the Luo population by assessment of the prevalence and trends of malnutrition among children and adolescents. Very few age-groups show significant sex differences for height, body weight, and arm muscle area. However, there are several differences in skinfold thicknesses and arm circumference, always with higher mean values in girls. Analysis of the nutritional status (weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age) shows significant differences among the age-groups in both sexes. Boys present lower Z-scores than girls and there are higher percentages of malnourished subjects (stunted and underweight) among the males. The Luo data were compared with those of other African populations. Their body dimensions, nutritional status, and growth are similar to those of the other sub-Saharan samples. In conclusion, the Luo children are generally undernourished at the older ages: adolescents (11-16 years of age) show the most severe undernutrition and the highest percentages of undernourished subjects. In addition to the higher risk of undernutrition in teenagers, an emerging problem of over-nutrition is evident among the younger age-groups, with a higher prevalence in females. These findings are discussed in light of sexual dimorphism in sensitivity to adverse environmental conditions.     

Growth and nutritional status of Tibetan children at high altitude

Growth and development are clearly affected by high-altitude exposure to hypoxia, nutritional stress, cold or a combination of these factors. Very little research has been conducted on the growth and nutritional status of children living on the Tibetan Plateau. The present study evaluated the environmental impact on human growth by analyzing anthropometric characteristics of Tibetan children aged 8-14, born and raised above 4000 m altitude on the Himalayan massif in the prefecture of Shegar in Tibet Autonomous Region. Data on anthropometric traits, never measured in this population, were collected and the nutritional status was assessed. A reference data set is provided for this population. There was no evidence of wasting but stunting was detected (28.3%). Children permanently exposed to the high-altitude environment above 4000 m present a phenotypic form of adaptation and a moderate reduction in linear growth. However, it is also necessary to consider the effects of socioeconomic deprivation.