A new species of Cytisus Desf. (Fabaceae) from islands off the west coast of Galicia (north-west Iberian Peninsula)

A new species of the section Spartopsis Dumort. of the genus Cytisus Desf. (Fabaceae) is described. The new species, Cytisus insularis , is restricted to the western islands of Galicia (north-west Iberian Peninsula), where it principally colonizes cliffs. A possible recent hybrid origin for these populations is considered but rejected in view of the results of experimental tests of pollen viability and seed germination. Characters permitting discrimination from the most similar taxa are detailed, and possible relationships with the other species of the section are discussed.     

铁线莲属黄花铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis的黄花铁线莲组sect. Meclatis进行了全面修订, 确定此属含13种和13变种(包括1新变种和2新变种等级); 写出了此组的分类学简史和地理分布, 并对其在铁线莲属中的系统位置和组内诸种的亲缘关系进行了讨论; 还写出了此组的分种、分变种检索表, 以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等, 并附有各种的插图。此组的花构造与对枝铁线莲组sect. Brachiatae的近似, 与后者在亲缘关系上相近, 区别在于此组的萼片通常斜上方开展, 呈黄色, 被毛的花丝下部变宽, 呈狭披针形, 而在对枝铁线莲组, 萼片水平开展, 呈白色, 被毛的雄蕊花丝呈狭条形, 下部不变宽; 二组可能均起源于欧洲铁线莲组的sect. Clematis subsect. Clematis, 因此, 均应是隶属欧洲铁线莲亚属subgen. Clematis的成员。根据对此组植物形态特征的分析, 观察到以下演化趋势: (1)叶的颜色由于适应干旱气候, 由绿色变为灰绿色; (2)卵形或宽卵形、掌状分裂、边缘具齿的小叶可能是原始的特征, 而披针形或条形、不分裂、全缘的小叶是衍生的特征; (3)单独、顶生、只是花梗的花是由具花序梗和二苞片的聚伞花序发生减化(reduction)而衍生的; (4)萼片形状的演化趋势与小叶形状的演化趋势近似, 也由卵形演变到披针形或条形; (5)萼片内面无毛是原始现象, 而被毛则是衍生现象; (6)萼片顶端无突起是原始现象, 出现突起则为衍生现象; (7)花药形状由长圆形演变到狭长圆形和条形。根据上述演化趋势, 推测具较多原始特征的甘川铁线莲C. akebioides和甘青铁线莲C. tangutica为此组的原始种, 而具较多衍生特征的尾尖铁线莲C. caudigera和角萼铁线莲C. corniculata为此组的进化种。组成世界屋脊的青藏高原西缘、帕米尔高原和邻近山地集中分布有此组10种(包括7特有种), 当是此组的分布中心; 而甘川铁线莲和甘青铁线莲二种分布区的主要重叠部分所在的青藏高原东缘则可能是此组的起源中心。过去,一些铁线莲属专家将属于欧洲铁线莲组的C. ispahanica Boiss.和属于对枝铁线莲组的C. graveolens Lindl.误置于黄花铁线莲组中, 对此, 本文予以纠正。     

A taxonomic revision of the genus Tordylium L. (Apiaceae)

The four related genera: Ainsworthia Boiss., Tordylium L., Synelcosciadium Boiss. and Mandenovia Alava are revised. Data are presented from detailed gross morphology, mericarp surface features and anatomy, and palynology.
The results show: (1) Ainsmorthia and Synelcosciadium are congeneric with the genus Tordylium, and that Mandenovia is a good monotypic genus; (2) Tordylium persicum is synonymous with 7. cappadocicum and 7. aegaeum with 7. pestalozzae; (3) the genus Tordylium is best divided into subgenus Tordylium (including Synelcosciadium) and subgenus Ainsworthia (Boiss.) Drude. The latter is divided into section Condylocarpus (Hoffm.) DC, section Hasselquistia (L.) Boiss. and section Univittata Drude.
A new species of Tordylium is described, and two new combinations made. A taxonomic treatment of the genus 'Tordylium', together with a key to the species, is given.     

五味子属（五味子科）分类系统的初步修订

通过对前人提出的五味子属（五味子科）分类系统的点评,根据五味子属植物的33个形态性状及其性状分析,经过分支分析,提出一个新的五味子属分类系统：将五味子属分为五味子亚属和团蕊五味子亚属;将五味子亚属分为多蕊五味子组、少蕊五味子组、中华五味子组和五味子组。编排了分亚属、组和种的检索表,对每个种上分类等级均列出其模式、异名和代表种。     

Infrageneric classification of the genus Gaultheria L. (Ericaceae)

The genus Gaultheria has been classified into ten sections (one with two subsections) and 22 series of which five are new combinations and 21 are new taxa. Seven of these sections are composed primarily of solitary flowered species and the other three sections of racemose species. About half of the species of the genus are included in section Brossaea. A summary of the classification is here presented.     

Astragalus sect. Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran

Astragalus rahiminejadii , a new species endemic to Iran, is described and illustrated. This species, which belongs to section Astragalus , is confined to the western part of Iran (Prov. Kermanshah) and is known only from a single population. Seed testa morphology as viewed under the scanning electron microscope is discussed and photomicrographs are provided. In addition, the geographical distribution and ecology of the species belonging to this section are discussed.  © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2005, 147 , 363–368.     

Astragalus sect. Astragalus (Fabaceae) in Iran, complementary notes with a key to the species

Astragalus zarreianus. is described and illustrated from Iran. It belongs to section Astragalus. This new species confined to western part of Iran (Prov. Illam) from only one location. A key to the species of the section known from Iran is prepared. Differences between the section and the closely related sections are discussed. On the basis of some important trends, an informal grouping is undertaken for yellow flower Astragali. Moreover, A. pseudo-orthocarpus is considered as a valid species in this treatment and differences with its closest relatives are described.     

A new species of Hedysarum (Fabaceae) in Iran and other new Hedysarum records

Hedysarum al-shehbazii , a new species endemic to Iran, is described and illustrated. This species belongs to Hedysarum section Multicaulia . It is confined to the western part of Iran (Kermanshah Province), and is known from a single population close to the Iraq frontier, although possibly also growing in the adjoining eastern part of Iraq. The conservation status of this species is 'vulnerable' according to World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria. In addition, H. varium and H. syricum are reported as new records from a single gathering close to the Turkish frontier. Moreover, H. kotschyi and H. pogonocarpum are transferred from Hedysarum section Crinifera to Hedysarum section Multicaulia .  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 155 , 505–512.     

兰科盆距兰属（Gastrochilus）植物的修订

本文对盆距兰属（Ｇａｓｔｒｏｃｈｉｌｕｓ）植物作了修订,共分３个组,含４６种和１变种,其中１个组（Ｓｅｃｔ．Ｃａｅｓｐｉｔｏｓｉ）和８个种（Ｇ．ｃａｒｎｓｕｓ,Ｇ．ｇａｒｈｗａｌｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｇ．ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ,Ｇ．ｇｕａｎｇｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｇ．ｓｕｂｐａｐｉｌｌｏｓｕｓ,Ｇ．ｎａｎｃｈｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｇ．ｓａｃｃａｔｕｓａｎｄＧ．ｇｏｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ）为新的,首次在本文作了描述报导。本属属的形态特征,研究历史和订正后属下的分类群检索表,种的文献引证、简短的特征记要和地理分布以及在属中被排除的分类单位索引均提供在本文。     

Pollen morphology and phylogenetic relationships in neotropical Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)

In order to provide new insights into phylogenetic relationships among the neotropical taxa of Phyllanthus , 28 illustrations are provided of the pollen grains of 22 selected species studied from 11 sections of the subgenera represented in the neotropics. Special attention has been given to subgenus Conami because of its variability in pollen morphology: of eight species illustrated, the apertures are diploporate colpi in three species and pores in five species; exine ornamentation is vermiculate in two species and pilate in the other six species. The six species in the neotropical sections Pityrocladus and Microglochidion (subgenus Emblica ) are characterized by prolate grains with an increased number of colpi (4–8). Of particular interest are species in which the pollen exine is clypeate (with exine shields); clypeate pollen grains are illustrated in two species of subgenus Xylophylla and in one species of section Cyclanthera that has unique exine shields with single central pila. The pollen of the one Brazilian phylloclade-bearing species illustrated (in section Choretropsis ) has 3-colporate grains with reticulate exine, typical for subgenus Phyllanthus , and very different from the clypeate grains of the West Indian phylloclade-bearing species in section Xylophylla . This pollen evidence clearly demonstrates homoplasy in the origin of phylloclades in Phyllanthus . Pollen morphological data suggest that the neotropical taxa of Phyllanthus have arisen following colonization from Africa (subgenus Kirganelia ) and Asia (subgenus Emblica ). © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 138 , 325–338.     

Astragalus sect. Trachycercis (Fabaceae) in Iran

A diagnostic key, and new data are provided for seven species of Astragalus sect. Trachycercis , which occur within the area covered by the Flora of Iran. Astragalus brevipedunculatus Ranjbar is described as new, and A. armeniacus Boiss. is reported as new for the flora of Iran. The micromorphology of the seed coat surface of ten Astragalus taxa has been studied by SEM. Considerably different types of sculpturing at species level and similarities between related taxa were observed. In addition, differences between A . sect. Trachycercis and the closely related sections A . sect. Erioceras and A. sect. Wettsteiniana are discussed. Astragalus durandianus , A. pseudoshebarensis and A. shebarensis , which all have strongly inflated pods, are transferred from A . sect. Erioceras to A. sect. Wettsteiniana. Astragalus brevipedunculatus sp. nov., described from a small region near Aras River in Iran, is the only geographically isolated species of the section. Members of the section prefer habitats from coastal dune climates of the Azarbaijan Sharqi Province to the Armenian and Azarbaijan frontiers, although possibly also growing in the adjacent southern parts of Armenia and Azarbaijan. Astragalus brevipedunculatus sp. nov. is the only species of the section in Iran and neighboring countries that has few pairs of leaflets and is completely glabrous. The new species should be considered as a 'Critically Endangered' (CR) following the IUCN criteria. A distribution map for A. brevipedunculatus and A. armeniacus is presented.     

The Bornean Lithocarpus B1. section Synaedrys (Lindl.) Barnett (Fagaceae): its circumscription and description of a new species

The Bomean species of Lithocarpus B1. section Synaedrys edl.) Barnett (Fagaceae) are discussed in terms of their unifying characteristics, and keys to the species are provided. A novel morphological feature present in the genus, where the seed in the mature fruit is enclosed by a lignified and thickened receptacle, is illustrated. A new species, L palungensis Cannon & Manos, is described. It can be distinguished from L. pulcher (King) Markgr. by its submontane distribution, prominent reflexed cupular spines, present at all stages, and broadly oblong leaves with scattered open fasciculate trichomes on the abaxial surface. Foliar trichome types present within the section are also described. Distinctiveness of fruit wall and receptacle shape, as described by two-dimensional elliptic Fourier transformation, is demonstrated by principal components analysis.     

A new species of Oxytropis (Baicalia) (Leguminosae) from Shanxi Province in China

A new species of Oxytropis (Leguminosae) from Shanxi Province in China, O. shanxiensis, is described and illustrated. The new species is close to O. bicolor (section Baicalia) and shares the verticillate and opposite leaflets and glandular hairs of that species, but differs in having leaflets and wings rounded at apex, beak of keel-petals ca.l.0 mm long, and ovary subglabrous.     

铁线莲属灌木铁线莲组修订

对毛茛科铁线莲属Clematis的灌木铁线莲组sect. Fruticella进行了全面修订,确定此组共含5种、2 变种和3变型;对此组的分类学简史和地理分布做了介绍;写出本组2系的形态特征和地理分布,组下分类 群检索表,以及各种植物的形态描述、地理分布、生长环境等,并附有各分类群的3幅插图。根据花的构造 认为在铁线莲属中,灌木铁线莲组与黄花铁线莲组sect. Meclatis在亲缘关系上最为接近。二组拥有的共 同特征为: 花的4枚萼片呈黄色,斜上方开展;雄蕊花丝下部变宽,呈披针状条形。二组的区别为: 灌木铁 线莲组的萼片边缘在花开放后展宽成膜质狭翅,雄蕊无毛;而在黄花铁线莲组,萼片边缘不展宽,雄蕊花丝 被柔毛。本组5种的花构造一致;在其他营养器官形态特征方面观察到以下演化趋势: (1)叶由不分裂到羽 状全裂,由绿色到灰绿色,由狭菱状卵形到条形;(2)花序含数朵花,具花序梗和2苞片,生于当年生枝顶端, 到花数目减少到1朵,花序梗和苞片消失,花生于当年生枝的腋生短枝顶端。根据上述演化趋势认为灌木 铁线莲的模式变型C. fruticosa f. fruticosa (叶绿色,狭卵形或披针形;花序通常含数朵花,顶生于当年生枝 上)是本组的原始类型,其他种可能均源出于此类型。根据花序特征,本组被划分为2系。第1系,灌木铁线 莲系ser. Fruticosae,含4种,分布于我国黄土高原及相邻干旱地区,向北达蒙古戈壁荒漠,向南在甘肃越过 秦岭到达甘肃南部。在黄土高原北部及相邻的内蒙古西南部集中分布本系全部4种,这里是灌木铁线莲 组的分布中心。第2系,绿叶铁线莲系ser. Virides,含绿叶铁线莲C. viridis 1种,分布于我国横断山区北部的 高山灌丛草地。     

Allium brussalisii (Alliaceae), a new species from Greece

Allium brussalisii , from Mount Parnitha near Athens (Sterea Hellas, Greece), is described as a species new to science and compared with related species of Allium section Codonoprasum and Allium section Brevispatha. It is a diploid species (2n = 2x = 16) that flowers in early autumn. On the basis of its unilateral and more or less entire spathe and the simple filaments, it resembles species of Allium section Brevispatha; however, its sectional taxonomy remains unclear as, on the basis of several other morphological, cytological, and ecological characteristics, it also resembles species of Allium section Codonoprasum. The new species is presently known only from the type locality and is of particular interest for the phylogeny of the genus. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 140–146.     

Taxonomic study of Astragalus sect Erioceras (Fabaceae) in Iran Additional notes and key to the species

A key to and new findings on the Astragalus sect. Erioceras, are given for the 10 species of this section, which occur within the area covered by the flora of Iran. One species, Astragalus neo-sytinii , is described as a new species. A. sympileicarpus is reported as a new record for the flora of Iran. A. viridis is transferred from A. sect. Erioceras to sect. Xiphidium Sect. Acantherioceras is reduced to the level of subsection. The differences between that section and closely related sections are discussed.     

Four new species of Entoloma s.l. (Agaricales) from southern China

Four new Entoloma s.l. species (E. azureosquamulosum, E. caeruleoflavum, E. hainanense, and E. subtenuicystidiatum) are described from southern China. E. azureosquamulosum fits well within the section Rhamphocystotae, E. caeruleoflavum belongs to the section Entoloma, E. hainanense is placed in the section Calliderma, and E. subtenuicystidiatum is a species in the section Cyanula. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses for the four new species are provided based on ITS and LSU sequences in this paper.