一氧化碳的信号转导机制

很早 ,人们就注意到在人体的正常生理状况下有内源性一氧化碳 (ｃａｒｂｏｎｍｏｎｏｘｉｄｅ ,ＣＯ)的存在。近年来随着对一氧化氮 (ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅ ,ＮＯ)研究的深入和全面 ,另一类血管内皮舒张因子 (ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｕｍ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｒｅｌａｘｉｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＥＤＲＦ)ＣＯ被认识 ,且实验表明 ,它还是重要的信使分子[1] 。实际上 ,ＣＯ从呼吸系统、心血管系统到神经系统、免疫系统均发挥调节作用。1 .ＣＯ信号的基本转导通路1 .1　ｃＧＭＰ途径　　ＣＯ在生物体内主要通过激活可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶 (ｓＧＣ)升高ｃＧＭ…     

血管内皮细胞的Cl-通道--电特性和有关细胞功能

内皮细胞在心血管系统具有重要功能,除通过分泌内皮舒张因子－－一氧化氮（ＮＯ）及收缩性物质内皮素等控制血管平滑肌张力外,并能调节血管通透性。近年来发现内皮细胞上的Ｃ１＾－通道能调节细胞体积和细胞膜电位的稳定性。通过离子通道调控膜电位一机理,能较好理解血管内皮的功能,并可望由此开拓新型血管药物。本文综述了内皮细胞的Ｃ１＾－通道的电生理特性、类别,并探讨该通道调控细胞体积,ＮＯ的分泌及调控细胞膜电位的可     

磷酸二酯酶研究进展

细胞内ｃＧＭＰ是独立的信使分子,参与细胞内多种功能的调节。普遍存在于细胞内的鸟苷酸环化酶(ｇｕａｎｙｌａｔｅｃｙｃｌａｓｅ,ＧＣ)催化ＧＴＰ生成ｃＧＭＰ。ＧＣ分为膜结合性酶和胞浆可溶性酶两种同工酶。ＮＯ是可溶性ＧＣ的激活剂,可促进ｃＧＭＰ的生成,使细胞内ｃＧＭＰ水平升高,进而使血管扩张。早在19世纪70年代,人们就发现有机硝酸酯对缺血性心脏病有良好的治疗作用,但不了解其作用机理。ＮＯ和ｃＧＭＰ的发现,揭示了硝基类扩血管药物的作用机理。无论膜型ＧＣ或胞浆型ＧＣ催化生成的ｃＧＭＰ,其水解都是由磷酸二酯酶(ＰＤＥ)催…     

低氧条件下大脑皮层微血管平滑肌细胞内皮细胞中[Ca^2]i变？…

目的和方法 本研究采用离子探针Ｆｕｒａ－２／ＡＭ结合计算机图象分析技术,并通过施加ＮＯ合酶抑制剂Ｌ－ＮＮＡ和ＮＯ的作用靶－－鸟苷酸环化酶（ＧＣ）的抑制剂美兰（Ｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ Ｂｌｕｅ;ＭＢ）,观察经培养的大鼠大脑皮层微血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞中的〖Ｃａ＾２＋〗ｉ在低氧作用后的变化以及与有关血管舒张因子ＮＯ和ｃＧＭＰ之间的关系。结果 低氧时大脑微血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞内的Ｃａ＾２＋浓度有下降,     

胰岛素对正常大鼠主动脉血红素氧合酶-CO-cGMP系统活性的影响

目的：通过观察范围不同浓度胰岛地Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠主动脉血红素氧合酶－一氧化碳－环磷酸鸟苷（ＨＯ－ＣＯ－ｃＧＭＰ）系统活性的影响,以探讨胰岛素与血管缩功能的关系。方法：应用离体Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠主动脉组织孵育技术和主动脉平滑肌培养技术,以胆红素生成量作为ＨＯ活性的指标,以培养上清液中碳氧血红蛋白（ＣＯＨｂ）含量作为内源性ＣＯ产量的指标,应用放射免疫法测定主动脉环磷酸乌苷含量,从组织和细胞水平观察生理范     

NO：一种重要的生物信使分子

一氧化氮（ｎｉｔｒｉｃｏｘｉｄｅ,ＮＯ）以其多样而新颖的生理,病理作用和广泛的组织分布,得到国内外学者的关注,研究表明,ＮＯ是一种重要的细胞内信使分子和神经递质,参与血管调节,炎症免疫反应等过程,Ｌ－Ａｒｇ－ＮＯ途径异常和ＮＯ产生异常,会引起某些疾病,从ＮＯ抑制剂和ＮＯ供体两方面,提出ＮＯ相关性疾病的治疗方法。     

缺氧兔心肌血流量的变化及一氧化氮和腺苷的调节作用

观察了急性缺氧和慢性间断性缺氧兔心肌血流量、心肌组织中腺苷和ｃＧＭＰ含量的变化及Ｎ￣ω－ＮＯ３－Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＡ）阻断一氧化氮（ＮＯ）生成后的影响。结果表明,急性缺氧兔心肌血流量增加,心肌组织中腺苷和ｃＧＭＰ含量增高;静脉输入Ｌ－ＮＡ后,心肌血流量减少,同时心肌组织中ｃＧＭＰ含量降低,腺苷含量进一步增高。慢性缺氧免心肌血流量无明显变化,红细胞压积（Ｈｃｔ）增高;抑制ＮＯ合成后,右室心肌血流量减少,左室心肌血流量无明显变化。说明ＮＯ和腺苷均参与急性缺氧时冠状血管扩张机制;ＮＯ参与慢性缺氧兔心肌血管基础张力调节。     

止血带休克时主动脉舒缩功能与一氧化氮合酶活性的关系

目的：为探讨止血带休克发生过程中血管舒缩功能的改变及意义,以及与血管一氧化氮（ＮＯ）产生的关系。方法：采用Ｒｏｓｅｎｔｈａｌ方法复制大鼠止血带休克（ＴｏＳ）模型,分别测定对照组和ＴｏＳ组大鼠血浆中,主动脉孵育液中亚硝酸盐（ＮＯ－２）含量及主动脉组织中ｃＧＭＰ含量,一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性,同时观察了主动脉血管环舒缩功能的改变。结果：ＴｏＳ大鼠离体主动脉环对去甲肾上腺素的反应性降低;其血浆和主动脉孵育液中ＮＯ－２明显增加;主动脉ｃＧＭＰ含量增多;主动脉血管总ＮＯＳ活性加强,其中主要是诱导型ＮＯＳ（ｉＮＯＳ）活性增加。结论：ＴｏＳ大鼠主动脉ＮＯＳ活性加强,产生ＮＯ增多,造成血管低反应性。     

在体导入NOS基因可抑制球囊扩张术后血管内膜增生

在体导入ＮＯＳ基因可抑制球囊扩张术后血管内膜增生血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）增生、内膜增厚是球囊扩张术后再狭窄的主要发病机制之一。近年来许多实验表明ＮＯ有抑制培养ＶＳＭＣ增殖的作用;口服ＮＯ前体Ｌ－精氨酸可减轻内皮损伤诱导的血管内膜的增生。Ｌ－精氨酸在...     

一氧化氮在防止心肌肥厚反应中的作用及其机制

本工作从整体和细胞水平探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在防止心肌肥厚反应中的作用及其机制。压力超负荷心肌肥厚大鼠左心室肌ＮＯ含量减少。内源性ＮＯ可能通过非ｃＧＭＰ依赖机制减轻压力超负荷引起的心肌肥厚。在培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞中血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）、内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）和去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）通过各自的受体和偶连的Ｇ蛋白,一方面引起心肌细胞肥大;另一方面抑制一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性和ＮＯ生成。心肌细胞和非心肌     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor