逆境胁迫下4种紫花苜蓿幼苗形态变化的比较研究

在各种酸、碱、盐胁迫环境下种植4种进口紫花苜蓿,检测幼苗形态指标,分析其对逆境因子的敏感性.研究结果显示,耐酸能力表现为:金皇后>飞马>阿尔冈金>维多利亚;耐碱能力表现为:飞马>阿尔冈金>金皇后>维多利亚;耐盐能力表现为:飞马>金皇后>阿尔冈金>维多利亚;耐盐碱能力表现为:飞马=阿尔冈金>金皇后>维多利亚.研究结论为探索紫花苜蓿的抗逆性并依据其不同的抗逆性特点,在我国因地制宜,分别选择合适的土壤种植,发挥其最大生产性能,提供指导和参考.     

滤减UV B辐射对烟叶可溶性蛋白、〖HJ*3〗〖HJ*2〗光合色素和类黄酮的影响

在云南玉溪烟区种植烤烟海拔最高(1806.0m)的通海县,通过盆栽烤烟K326试验,研究了在滤减自然的太阳UV-B辐射强度25%、50%和65%条件下,UV-B辐射对烟叶发育过程中可溶性蛋白、光合色素和类黄酮的影响。结果表明:随叶龄增加,可溶性蛋白含量下降,光合色素降解,类黄酮在老叶中积累,蛋白质在生理成熟期对UV-B辐射最敏感。与对照相比,减弱UV-B辐射处理降低了烟叶类黄酮和可溶性蛋白含量,但光合色素含量上升;较低的UV-B辐射降低了叶绿素的降解速度。结果从一侧面说明UV-B辐射对烟叶蛋白质的合成是有益的,类黄酮和叶绿素的变化是对UV-B辐射变化的适应性反应,类黄酮与蛋白质之间可能存在一定的偶联关系。     

滤减UV B辐射对烟叶可溶性蛋白、〖HJ*3〗〖HJ*2〗光合色素和类黄酮的影响

在云南玉溪烟区种植烤烟海拔最高（1 806.0 m）的通海县,通过盆栽烤烟K326试验,研究了在滤减自然的太阳UV B辐射强度25%、50%和65%条件下,UV B辐射对烟叶发育过程中可溶性蛋白、光合色素和类黄酮的影响。结果表明：随叶龄增加,可溶性蛋白含量下降,光合色素降解,类黄酮在老叶中积累,蛋白质在生理成熟期对UV B辐射最敏感。与对照相比,减弱UV B辐射处理降低了烟叶类黄酮和可溶性蛋白含量,但光合色素含量上升;较低的UV B辐射降低了叶绿素的降解速度。结果从一侧面说明UV B辐射对烟叶蛋白质的合成是有益的,类黄酮和叶绿素的变化是对UV B辐射变化的适应性反应,类黄酮与蛋白质之间可能存在一定的偶联关系。     

二色补血草的耐盐性研究

通过NaCl胁迫发芽试验、盆栽浇灌NaCl盐水试验、不同含盐量土壤的种植试验,研究二色补血草(Limonium bicolor)3个时期的耐盐能力。结果表明:高浓度NaCl对二色补血草种子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,种子的发芽率与盐浓度之间呈显著的负相关,种子萌发时盐胁迫的适宜值、临界值、极限值分别是0.49%、1.30%、2.11%;盆栽试验结果表明,二色补血草在2.0%以下的NaCl盐水胁迫下没有表现明显的盐害症状,只表现高浓度NaCl胁迫下,生长量低于低浓度处理的,当处理浓度达到2.4%时,多数植株濒临死亡;不同含盐量土壤的种植试验结果表明,在自然条件下,二色补血草成株耐盐临界值为1.7%~1.8%。试验结果说明二色补血草具有较强的耐盐能力,适合在滩涂盐碱地推广种植。     

二色补血草的耐盐性研究

通过NaCl胁迫发芽试验、盆栽浇灌NaCl盐水试验、不同含盐量土壤的种植试验,研究二色补血草（Limoniumbicolor）3个时期的耐盐能力。结果表明：高浓度NaCl对二色补血草种子的萌发有明显的抑制作用,种子的发芽率与盐浓度之间呈显著的负相关,种子萌发时盐胁迫的适宜值、临界值、极限值分别是0.49%、1.30%、2.11%;盆栽试验结果表明,二色补血草在2.0%以下的NaCl盐水胁迫下没有表现明显的盐害症状,只表现高浓度NaCl胁迫下,生长量低于低浓度处理的,当处理浓度达到2.4%时,多数植株濒临死亡;不同含盐量土壤的种植试验结果表明,在自然条件下,二色补血草成株耐盐临界值为1.7%～1.8%。试验结果说明二色补血草具有较强的耐盐能力,适合在滩涂盐碱地推广种植。     

不同能源柳无性系对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

为了探索不同能源柳无性系的耐盐潜力,在盆栽条件下,对1年生能源柳无性系2、4、C、E扦插苗设置NaCl盐分梯度,使其土壤含盐量保持在0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%,并以乡土旱柳为对照,胁迫45d后,对5个无性系的气体交换参数、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质进行测定。研究发现:(1)在低浓度盐胁迫下(土壤含盐量0 0.4%),导致各能源柳光合速率降低的是气孔因素;在高浓度盐胁迫下(土壤含盐量大于0.4%),导致各能源柳无性系光合速率下降的主要是非气孔因素。(2)随着土壤盐浓度的增加,各能源柳无性系的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐减小,过氧化物酶(POD)活性先增加后减小,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现增加的趋势,并且4个能源柳无性系在盐胁迫条件下保护酶活性强于旱柳。(3)在土壤含盐量小于0.6%时,4个能源柳无性系的可溶性蛋白含量始终大于旱柳;在整个胁迫过程中,能源柳C的脯氨酸含量始终大于旱柳。(4)与旱柳相比,4个能源柳无性系在土壤含盐量0 0.4%的土壤中都能良好生长,其中能源柳C的耐盐潜力更大,可在土壤含盐量为0.6%的土壤中正常生长。这说明,4个能源柳无性系均可在天津轻、中度盐渍化地区栽培。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗抗氧化能力以及光合作用效率的影响

紫花苜蓿为多年生豆科优良牧草,土壤盐碱化是其产量的重要限制因素。该研究以‘中苜1号’紫花苜蓿为材料,在盐胁迫浓度和褪黑素浓度筛选试验基础上,设置盐(150 mmol/L NaCl)和褪黑素(30、50、80μmol/L)单独及复合处理,采用水培根灌褪黑素的方法,探究外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗生长特性、膜透性、渗透调节、抗氧化物酶以及光合作用指标的影响。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿幼苗生长受到盐胁迫的显著抑制,而在单独褪黑素处理下无显著变化;各浓度褪黑素处理均可有效缓解盐胁迫对紫花苜蓿生长造成的伤害,并以150 mmol/L NaCl+80μmol/L褪黑素处理(NaCl+MT2)效果最佳,其幼苗根长、根鲜重和根干重分别比盐胁迫处理显著增加了34.52%、41.93%和19.61%。(2)盐胁迫显著增加了紫花苜蓿幼苗细胞膜系统的透性和膜脂过氧化程度,NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的相对电导率和MDA含量分别比盐胁迫处理显著降低了27.18%和30.24%,同时使幼苗叶片的相对含水量显著提高,脯氨酸含量却显著降低,表明外源褪黑素有效缓解了盐胁迫下细胞失水危害和细胞膜损伤的程度。(3)NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的POD和SOD活性分别比盐胁迫处理显著提高31.45%和41.41%,其CAT活性却无显著变化,表明外源褪黑素可显著增强紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片POD、SOD活性,提高其活性氧的清除能力,减轻盐胁迫诱导的过氧化伤害。(4)盐胁迫显著抑制了紫花苜蓿幼苗光合作用效率,而NaCl+MT2处理幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较盐胁迫处理分别显著增加了30.27%、45.1%、42.15%。研究发现,盐胁迫致使紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片的活性氧积累显著增加,抗氧化物酶活性显著降低,显著降低了其光合作用效率,外源褪黑素通过提高紫花苜蓿的抗氧化能力和光合作用效率来促进幼苗生长,从而增强了紫花苜蓿的耐盐性。     

松嫩草地主要豆科牧草的适应性与种植利用研究

通过比较松嫩草地主要豆科牧草种子萌发期耐盐碱性的差异, 苗期出苗情况和病虫害及种植牧草后对土壤化学性质的影响, 对该6种豆科牧草进行综合评价, 并选出适宜在松嫩盐碱化草地种植的豆科牧草。结果表明, 在萌发期, 紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa L.)、扁蓿豆 (Medicago ruthenica)、兴安胡枝子 (Lespedeza davurica)、细叶胡枝子 (Lespedeza hedusaroides)和黄花草木樨 (Melilotus officinalis) 5种小粒种子耐盐碱性好于大粒种子广布野豌豆 (Vicia cracca), 尤其是紫花苜蓿 (M. sativa L.), 其发芽率和活力指数在低盐浓度 (≤ 0.4% NaCl)环境中高于对照条件; 苗期小粒种子出苗较快 (3—4 d), 大粒种子广布野豌豆 (V. cracca) 出苗时间较长 (9 d); 细叶胡枝子 (L.edusaroides)、兴安胡枝子 (L. davurica)和黄花草木樨 (M. officinalis)不易遭病虫害, 其余3种易受蚜虫和七星瓢虫危害。种植6种豆科牧草后土壤氮含量都有一定程度的提高, 尤其是兴安胡枝子 (L. davurica); 土壤pH也有了一定程度的降低, 尤其是紫花苜蓿 (M. sativa L.)。综合比较发现松嫩草地6种豆科牧草以种植小粒种子紫花苜蓿 (M. sativa L.)和兴安胡枝子 (L. davurica)牧草为更好。     

土壤真菌差异影响入侵豚草与本地植物生长及互作

采用温室盆栽实验,研究了本地植物土壤与豚草入侵地土壤中真菌对外来植物豚草和2种本地植物生长及对豚草与本地植物互作的影响。结果表明:在本地植物土壤中,杀真菌剂处理下,豚草单独种植、与本地植物狗尾草混合种植或与紫花苜蓿混合种植时,其生物量分别比未采用杀真菌剂处理高46.7%、39.1%和90.5%,但杀真菌剂对狗尾草及紫花苜蓿的生物量却没有显著影响;在豚草入侵地土壤中,与未采用杀真菌剂的处理相比,杀真菌剂处理使单独种植的豚草的生物量降低了44.3%,同时杀真菌剂也降低了本地植物狗尾草和紫花苜蓿的生物量,但杀真菌剂的施用对与狗尾草或紫花苜蓿混合种植的豚草的生物量却没有显著影响;进一步比较了本地植物土壤和豚草入侵土壤中真菌对植物生长的反馈作用,结果显示,在本地植物土壤中,真菌对豚草生长呈现负反馈,但在豚草入侵地土壤中,真菌对单独种植的豚草表现出正反馈,而且与本地植物土壤比较,土壤真菌对与本地植物混合种植的豚草的负反馈作用明显变小了。本研究结果为深入研究豚草入侵的土壤微生物学机制提供了一定的实验证据。     

Na2CO3胁迫下甜菜幼苗根际土壤环境因子的变化及其相关性

以两个甜菜品种‘KWS0143’(耐盐碱性强)和‘Beta464’(耐盐碱性较弱)为对象,设置4个Na₂CO₃浓度处理[占土壤质量的0%(CK)、0.4%、0.8%和1.2%],采用盆栽方法研究甜菜幼苗时期植株干质量、根际土壤酶活性和微生物数量的变化.结果表明: 与对照相比,0.4%处理的植株干质量明显增加,而0.8%和1.2%处理显著受到抑制,且处理间差异显著. 不同处理下甜菜幼苗根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性表现出相似的变化规律,0.4%处理酶活性较对照有所增加但不显著;0.8%和1.2%处理则显著降低了酶活性,同时‘KWS0143’的土壤酶活性均高于‘Beta464’.与对照相比,0.4%处理土壤微生物群落没有显著变化;0.8%和1.2%处理的根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量显著减少,且‘KWS0143’的根际微生物数量高于‘Beta464’.两品种植株干质量、土壤酶和土壤微生物之间呈显著正相关;通径分析表明,‘KWS0143’植株干质量决定系数表现为:放线菌>细菌>过氧化氢酶>脲酶>真菌>碱性磷酸酶,‘Beta464’表现为:放线菌>过氧化氢酶>脲酶>真菌>碱性磷酸酶>细菌.     

Influence of salinity on axillary bud cultures of six lowland tropical varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Axillary bud cultures of six low-land tropical varieties of potato Solanum tuberosum (L. T. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) were studied for their response to salinity stress using crude sea salt. Concentrations of 0.8% and above severely inhibited the growth, while decreased growth was observed between 0.4% and 0.6% salt in all the varieties, with occasional shoot tip necrosis and compound leaf formation. A lower concentration of salt (0.2%) was beneficial and increased shoot weight in most varieties. Protein content showed a positive correlation with proline levels, indicating that proline accumulation was due to new synthesis rather than breakdown of existing proteins. Soluble carbohydrates increased in the stem with increasing salt. Roots showed an increase in sodium content while shoots showed increased potassium levels, with increasing salt concentrations. There was a positive correlation between dry weight yields and K/Na ratio. It is apparent that the synthesis of proline, accumulation of soluble carbohydrates as well as increase in potassium and sodium content were all used to adjust the physiology in response to salt stress by the different varieties of potato, with varying degrees, in the present study.     

3种李属彩叶植物对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以盆栽4年生紫叶李、紫叶矮樱、黑杆樱李幼苗为试材,设置土壤NaCl含量分别为0.042%(CK)、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%的盐胁迫处理,研究3种李属彩叶植物盐害情况及其叶片膜质过氧化程度、抗氧化酶活性、有机渗透调节物质含量的变化,已明确它们的耐盐能力.结果表明:(1)随着土壤中NaCl含量的递增,3种彩叶植物的盐害指数和盐害率不断增大,上述三者盐害指数在50%时土壤NaCl含量分别是0.349%、0.261%和0.327%;(2)它们叶片细胞膜透性和氧自由基产生速率均迅速增加,并以紫叶李各处理的值最低且增加最慢;(3)各植物叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性变化均呈先上升后下降趋势,并均在土壤NaCl含量为0.2%或0.3%时达到峰值;(4)各植物叶片脯氨酸含量不断增加,可溶性糖含量先升高后下降,可溶性蛋白含量则先下降后升高.研究发现,3种李属彩叶植物均能在一定盐胁迫范围内通过自身保护酶系统和渗透调节物质有效降低活性氧的伤害,它们的抗盐性表现为紫叶李>黑杆樱李>紫叶矮樱;脯氨酸和可溶性糖可能是盐胁迫下3种植物的主要渗透调节物质.     

EFFECTS OF pH AND OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM,POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON MUSCULAR ACTIVITY OF THE ISOLATED CROP OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA)

1. Twenty-five solutions which contained KCl (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 gm. per liter), in combination with CaCl₂ (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 gm. per liter), 10.0 gm. of NaCl, and 0.2 gm. of NaHCO₃ per liter of solution were tested in order to determine satisfactory KCl/CaCl₂ ratios in an insect physiological salt mixture for the maintenance of muscular activity by the isolated crop of the American roach. Satisfactory activity products (0.390 to 0.549) were obtained in seven mixtures with KCl/CaCl₂ ratios of 0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.6/0.6, 0.8/0.8, 0.2/0.4, 0.4/0.6, and 0.6/0.8, expressed as gram per liter. These ratios lie between 0.50 and 1.00. In solutions which contained calcium, but no potassium, approximately 50 per cent of the crops exhibited an initial tone increase and were arrested in rigor. See Fig. 2. In solutions which contained potassium, but no calcium, all crops showed an initial loss of tone and arrest in relaxation. See Fig. 2. 2. Seven KCl/CaCl₂ ratios (see paragraph 1 above) were tested with eight NaCl concentrations (1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8 per cent) at a pH of 8.0. In these mixtures, the ones with KCl/CaCl₂ ratios of less than 1.0 produced higher activity products than those with ratios equal to 1.00. The highest average activity product (0.849) was obtained in the solutions with 0.2 gm. of KCl and 0.4 gm. of CaCl₂ per liter. 3. Four KCl/CaCl₂ ratios (0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.2/0.4, and 0.4/0.6 gm. per liter) were tested with 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6 per cent NaCl at a pH of 7.5. When analyzed with data from comparable solutions at a pH of 8.0, it was found that 1.4 per cent NaCl afforded an optimum environment for isolated crop activity. 4. Effects of hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations were studied at pH values of 6.8, 7.5, 8.0, and 8.9. The highest average activity product, 1.011, was produced at a pH of about 8.0. 5. A satisfactory physiological salt solution for the isolated foregut of the American roach, Periplaneta americana, would contain 14.0 gm. of NaCl, 0.4 gm. of CaCl₂, 0.2 gm. of KCl, and 0.2 gm. of NaHCO₃ per liter of solution. This mixture should have a pH value between 7.8 and 8.2. 6. Durations of crop activity extending over periods as long as 25 hours were quite common, and several crops maintained contractions for more than 30 hours. The greatest longevity was for crop 814, from a female, which continued activity for slightly more than 47 hours. 7. A significant difference between the activity products of the crops from males and the crops from females was recorded. Although there was not a significant difference in the amount of food ingested by males and females, 12 hours after feeding there was more food in the females'' crops, and the food progressed more rapidly through the males'' crops than through the females''. In addition, crops from the two sexes reacted differently to the effects of day old solutions. This sex difference is apparently related to an inherently increased activity of the crop from the male roach.     

Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study

Objective: The objective was to examine the role of total and beverage‐specific alcohol consumption on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) among elderly men and women. Research Methods and Procedures: We studied prospectively 4655 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study who were free of DM at baseline. Alcohol consumption was obtained at baseline and during follow‐up examinations. DM was defined using fasting glucose and/or use of hypoglycemic medications. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate adjusted relative risks of diabetes across alcohol categories. Results: During a mean follow‐up of 6.3 years, 234 incident cases of DM were documented. Compared with never drinkers, hazard ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] for DM were 0.7 (0.3 to 1.4), 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9), 0.6 (0.4 to 1.1), and 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) for former drinkers and current drinkers of <1, 1 to 6, and 7+ drinks per week, respectively, for men after adjustment for age, BMI, education, and smoking. Corresponding values for women were 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3), 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1), 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1), and 0.4 (0.2 to 1.0), respectively. A reduced risk of DM was observed with all types of beverage consumed. Similar findings were observed when we repeated the above analyses using simple or weighted cumulative alcohol update and covariates over time. Discussion: Light to moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a lower incidence of DM among elderly people, irrespective of the type of beverage consumed.     

Heat-induced Gelation of Myosin Filaments at a Low Salt Concentration

The heat-induced gelation properties of myosin in low salt concentration were studied. Freshly prepared myosin formed gels with an extremely high rigidity in 0.1 to 0.3 m KC1 at pH 6.0 on heating. This high heat-induced gel formability of myosin filaments diminished during storage, concomitant with the loss of the filament formability inherent in the native myosin. Presumably intermolecular aggregation was the cause of this loss during storage. The difference in the heat-induced gelation of myosin filaments at a low salt concentration (0.2 m KC1) and that of myosin monomers at a high salt concentration (0.6 m KC1) was clearly.distinguishable from their gelling behavior. The high gelation ability of freshly prepared myosin filaments upon heating seems to develop through the interfilamental head-head aggregation on the surface of the filaments without involving the tail portion of the molecule.     

Influence of proline and hydroxyproline on salt-stressed axillary bud cultures of two varieties of potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Summary The effects of exogenously supplied proline and hydroxyproline on the potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties L.T.8 and Desiree were studied using axillary bud cultures both in the presence and absence of 0.6% salt stress. In both varieties, the effects of exogenously supplied proline and hydroxyproline at 1.0 mM and 2.5 mM were less severe than 0.6% salt alone. At the same time, the accumulation of proline, protein, carbohydrates, sodium, and potassium were similar. However, when both the salt and proline/hydroxyproline were supplied, proline and hydroxyproline provided some measure of protection against salt stress. It is believed that increased proline levels in L.T.8 and increased carbohydrates in Desiree due to the presence of exogenously supplied proline/hydroxyproline were responsible for the additional protection against salt stress in the axillary bud cultures of these varieties.     

Effects of melatonin and undernutrition on the viability of ovine embryos during anestrus and the breeding season

This study examined the effects of melatonin and level of nutrition on embryo yield during anestrous and breeding season. Adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes were assigned randomly to one of the four treatment groups in two experiments using a 2x2x2 factorial design. Individuals were treated (+MEL) or not treated (-MEL) with a subcutaneous implant of melatonin for 42d (Melovine, CEVA) and fed 1.5 (control, C) or 0.5 (low, L) times the daily maintenance requirements for 20d. Ewes were mated at oestrus (Day=0) and embryos were recovered on Day 5. Level of nutrition and melatonin supplements did not have a significant effect on ovulation rate or the number of recovered ova per ewe in the Reproductive Season (RS) and the Anestrous Season (AS). During the RS, undernutrition reduced the number of viable embryos per ewe (C: 1.1+/-0.2; L: 0.6+/-0.2; P<0.05); however, the number of viable embryos per ewe in the L+MEL group (0.2+/-0.15) was significantly lower than it was in the L, C+MEL and C groups (0.9+/-0.3, 1.2+/-0.3, 1.0+/-0.4, respectively; P<0.05). In the AS, nutrition did not have a significant effect on the number of viable embryos per ewe, although melatonin supplements might have improved rates slightly. Embryo viability rate (% viable embryos/embryos recovered) was unaffected by melatonin supplements or level of nutrition in the RS and the AS. Season had a strong effect on the number of viable embryos per functional corpus luteum among ewes in the L+MEL group, only (RS: 0.2+/-0.1; AS: 0.6+/-0.2; P<0.05). In conclusion, undernutrition impaired the viability of sheep embryos in the RS, particularly among ewes that were given melatonin supplements subcutaneously, but melatonin appeared to improve embryo quality in the AS, which suggests that the mechanisms involved in the interactive effects of melatonin and nutrition on embryo development are influenced by season.