听觉对拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)定位猎物的影响

为探明蜘蛛的听觉感受器在寻觅定位猎物中的作用,在实验室内比较拟环纹豹蛛(Pardosa pseudoannulata)对有果蝇振翅声源端和无声源端的反应。结果表明:近距离内,拟环纹豹蛛对有声源端选择指数显著高于无声源端,但距离增大至15 cm后,拟环纹豹蛛选择指数无显著差异;拟环纹豹蛛停留时间也呈类似变化,距离12 cm内,拟环纹豹蛛在有声源端停留时间较长,多于总观察时间的1/2,且拟环纹豹蛛在有声源端停留时间显著高于无声源端,距离增加后,拟环纹豹蛛对声音敏感程度下降,停留时间无显著差异;总之,离声源距离越近,拟环纹豹蛛对声音的敏感性越高,随着距离增加,敏感性逐渐降低,声源间距与拟环纹豹蛛成功定位猎物有明显负相关性,拟环纹豹蛛在一定距离下可以依靠听觉定位猎物;另外,拟环纹豹蛛性别对听觉感受器的敏感度有一定影响,雌性拟环纹豹蛛对果蝇振翅声音更为敏感,选择指数更高。     

CrylAb蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内的富集及对其体内酶活性的影响

用Cry1Ab蛋白处理的果蝇喂养拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,在第1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、11d用酶联免疫(ELISA)检测技术测定实验组和对照组拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白含量,运用紫外分光光度法检测拟环纹豹蛛体内超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性,探讨拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白的富集作用与其体内3种酶活性的关系.结果表明,从第1d至第7 d Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内均具富集作用(p＜0 05),到第7d的时候达到最高值,达极显著差异(p＜0.01),然后逐渐降低,但仍显著高于对照(p＜0.05).SOD酶活性总体趋势是降低的,在第7d达到最低;用Cry1Ab蛋白处理拟环纹豹蛛后其体内的AChE和GSH-Px酶活性随饲养时间的延长而增加,并均高于对照组(p＜0.05).该研究证明Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内具有富集效应,并且其体内Cry1Ab蛋白对其体内GSH-Px、AChE具有一定诱导作用,对SOD酶具有一定程度的抑制作用.     

Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内的富集及对其体内酶活性的影响

用Cry1Ab蛋白处理的果蝇喂养拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,在第1d、3d、5d、7d、9d、11d用酶联免疫（ELISA）检测技术测定实验组和对照组拟环纹豹蛛体内Cry1Ab蛋白含量,运用紫外分光光度法检测拟环纹豹蛛体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的活性,探讨拟环纹豹蛛体内Cw1Ab蛋白的富集作用与其体内3种酶活性的关系。结果表明,从第ld至第7dC~IAb蛋F1在拟环纹豹蛛体内均具富集作用（P〈0．05）,到第7d的时候达到最高值,达极显著差异（p〈0．01）,然后逐渐降低,但仍显著高于对照（p〈0．05）。SOD酶活性总体趋势是降低的,在第7d达到最低;用Cry1Ab蛋白处理拟环纹豹蛛后其体内的AChE和GSH—Px酶活性随饲养时间的延长而增加,并均高于对照组（p〈0．05）。该研究征明Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛体内具有富集效应,并且其体内Cry1Ab蛋白对其体内GSH—Px、AChE具铂一定诱导作用,对SOD酶具有一定程度的抑制作用。     

拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢上黑白相间毛饰物的功能

狼蛛科雄蛛附肢上多样化的饰装往往与求偶行为相偶联,这些特殊的饰装通常被认为是雌性选择的结果。拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata,属狼蛛科豹蛛属,雄蛛触肢胫节密被白毛,跗舟密被黑毛,具有典型的性二型现象;同时,只有成熟的雄蛛才展现触肢黑白相间的毛饰物。推测拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢这种黑白相间的毛饰物可能在物种识别中具重要作用。在室内我们拟通过涂抹操作对拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢黑白相间毛饰物的功能进行分析。实验分为4组,分别是对照组(A组,雄蛛不做任何处理)、雄蛛触肢白色胫节全部涂成黑色(B组)、雄蛛触肢黑色跗舟全部涂成白色(C组)和雄蛛触肢的黑色跗舟被涂成黑色(D组),然后采用雌雄配对进行求偶交配行为测定。实验结果表明,B组雄蛛的交配成功率显著低于A、C和D组的雄蛛,而后3组雄蛛的交配成功率无显著差异。相反,B组雄蛛被雌蛛相食百分率显著高于其它3组。可见拟环纹豹蛛雄蛛触肢上黑白相间毛饰物,尤其是其胫节上的白色饰物在雌蛛种间识别中起重要作用。     

拟环纹豹蛛对白背飞虱的嗅觉反应

采用视觉屏蔽法和Y型嗅觉仪法研究了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata.雌性成虫对水稻害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera嗅觉反应.在视觉屏蔽的条件下,拟环纹豹蛛对被刺死猎物的捕食成功率为78.95%,高于没有视觉屏蔽蜘蛛的捕食成功率(68.18%),但2者间差异不显著;而在Y型嗅觉仪中,34.38%拟环纹豹蛛雌性成虫能正确选择猎物的方向,显著高于错误的选择(6.25%).因此,拟环纹豹蛛能依靠嗅觉正确判断猎物的方向而进行捕食活动.     

Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛胚胎发育过程中形态和化学物质含量变化的影响

利用稻田蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛为研究对象,检测Cry1Ab蛋白在拟环纹豹蛛卵囊内的含量及Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛胚胎发育过程中形态特征的变化、化学物质含量和卵粒内4种保护酶活性的影响。结果表明：在胚胎发育过程中,卵粒中Cry1Ab蛋白含量随发育时间延长而减少,通过对卵粒中的化学物质的测定,发现蛋白质含量水平对照组要显著高于实验组（P〈0.05）,糖和脂肪含量对照组和实验组之间无显著差异。卵粒内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AchE）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）4种酶活力除了GSH-Px酶活力实验组高于对照组外,其余3种酶活力均低于对照组。通过石蜡切片和液体石蜡透明观察,实验组较对照组胚胎发育历期延长。该研究证明在胚胎发育时期Cry1Ab蛋白影响了卵粒内SOD、AchE、GSH-Px和CAT酶的活力,且Cry1Ab蛋白对拟环纹豹蛛的胚胎发育产生了一定程度的影响。     

拟环纹豹蛛的视觉距离和颜色选择

为了探明拟环纹豹蛛（Pardosa pseudoannulata）的视觉距离与环境颜色选择情况,通过采用死果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)和拟环纹豹蛛为试验材料,自制试验设备,分别测定了拟环纹豹蛛的视觉距离（3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6 cm、7 cm）和其对红、橙、黄、绿颜色的选择。第一组试验中,在拟环纹豹蛛饥饿的情况下,观察记录其对不同距离下果蝇的选择停留时间,以此来确定它们的视觉距离。第二组试验中,观察记录拟环纹豹蛛对不同颜色的选择停留时间,以此来确定它们的环境颜色选择情况。第一组试验结果表明,拟环纹豹蛛在视觉上可以感知距离,它们的视觉对于3cm,4cm,5cm,6cm这4个距离的果蝇都具有敏感性。拟环纹豹蛛对距离3 cm和距离4 cm的果蝇的视觉敏感性相近且最好,对距离5 cm和距离6 cm的果蝇仍具有视觉敏感性,且敏感性相近,但对距离5cm比距离4cm的果蝇的偏爱选择指数明显下降（P<0.05）,说明敏感性显著下降,对距离7 cm以上果蝇的视觉感知几乎不存在。通过拟环纹豹蛛选择停留在有果蝇处的标准曲线y=-9.6770x 118.74,R2=0.8378和选择停留在无果蝇处的标准曲线y=9.6750x-18.729,R2=0.8377,可知随着果蝇距离的增加,拟环纹豹蛛视觉的感知性逐渐减弱,甚至消失,说明果蝇的距离与拟环纹豹蛛视觉的敏感性呈负相关的关系。第二组拟环纹豹蛛对颜色选择的试验中,通过计算出拟环纹豹蛛对4种颜色的偏爱选择指数,即红色为35.40%±1.60%,绿色36.03%±1.60%,黄色18.01%±1.60%,橙色10.56%±1.60%,得出拟环纹豹蛛对黄色和橙色的敏感性显著低于对红色和绿色的敏感性（P<0.05）,它们对红色和绿色最敏感,说明拟环纹豹蛛对不同波长的光色敏感性存在差异。     

应用单克隆抗体评价拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的控制作用

应用褐飞虱的单克隆抗体 4 B8研究了 1999年浙江大学华家池校区农场汕优 6 3单季晚稻田中拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的捕食作用。采用盘拍法的调查结果表明 ,褐飞虱、拟环纹豹蛛种群数量高峰期均在水稻生长后期 (9月中旬 ) ,最大种群密度分别为12 6头 /丛和 1.83头 /丛。对每次捕获的每头拟环纹豹蛛样品的抗体夹心 EL ISA检测结果表明 ,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱单克隆抗体的阳性反应率与田间褐飞虱的生物量及拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的占有量显著相关。定量评估结果表明 ,在此密度条件下 ,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的最大捕食率仅为 2 .2 8%。拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的平均捕食量、总捕食量和捕食率与田间褐飞虱的生物量显著相关。总捕食量、捕食率与拟环纹豹蛛种群密度极显著相关     

稻田两种狼蛛种间相互作用及对白背飞虱复合捕食作用的研究

室内研究结果表明,拟水狼蛛对白背飞虱的捕食作用小于拟环纹豹蛛,两种狼蛛种内种间均存在干扰作用,且主要表现为残杀作用,狼蛛密度越高,干扰作用越大;拟环纹豹蛛对拟水狼蛛的残杀作用大于对其身的残杀作用,拟水狼蛛只存在自相残杀作用,对拟环纹豹蛛无残杀作用。     

洱海周边2种寄生蜂对拟环纹豹蛛和星豹蛛卵孵化的影响

为探讨Hidryta sp．和Idris sp．对云南洱海周边拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata（Boes．＆Str．）和星豹蛛Pastvigera C．L．Koch卵孵化的影响,对具卵囊的拟环纹豹蛛和星豹蛛进行为期1年的野外采集和室内卵囊孵化观察,发现Hidryta sp．寄生蜘蛛卵囊后,每个卵囊内仅羽化出1只蜂,不再有幼蛛孵化出;而被Idris sp．寄生后每个卵囊羽化出一至数十只蜂,仍有幼蛛孵化出。比较未被寄生与被寄生蜘蛛卵囊的孵化量显示,拟环纹豹蛛未被寄生与被Idrissp．寄生后的孵化量间无显著差异（P〉0．05）;星豹蛛未被寄生与被Idris sp．寄生后的孵化量问存在显著差异（P〈0．01）。比较单位个体孵化量显示,Hidrytasp．对拟环纹豹蛛卵孵化的影响程度大于Idris sp．;而Hidrytasp．对星豹蛛卵孵化的影响程度小于Idris sp．。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.