Secular and Religious Nationalism among Young Turkish Women in Belgium: Education May Make the Difference

In this article, I examine the role that education plays in influencing Turkish immigrant girls' choice between a more secular and a more religious nationalism. Their choice can be linked to the existence of strong forms of nationalism within their country of origin and to the concrete reality of the immigrant context. Education proves to play a decisive role for immigrant girls in defining their places within a specific nationalistic worldview and, as a result, within Western society.     

Institutions,information exchange,and migrant social networks in Rome

While a considerable body of work examines immigrant networks, inadequate attention has been devoted to understanding how networks regulate the relationship between immigrants and host institutions. A rich immigrant process may reinforce current power structures by providing a convenient buffer between the elite and challengers. Conversely, immigration may challenge the status quo. I employ social network analysis to examine three understudied immigrant groups in Rome, Bangladeshis, Filipinos, and Peruvians. I find that they have developed systems of problem-solving and sense-making that often interrupt their interactions with host institutions. The state tolerates this because it situates immigrants’ concerns outside its sphere of responsibility.     

Stepping beyond Sí Se Puede: Dichos as a Cultural Resource in Mother—Daughter Interaction in a Latino Family

This mother—daughter case study focuses on a key feature of discourse within a Mexican immigrant family that links oral traditions to resilience and motivation. I combine observations from a previous ethnographic study with recent follow-up interviews of a Mexican immigrant student building on a funds of knowledge framework and an ecological perspective. Expanding on current mother—daughter pedagogic theory, I map "dichos" as they are emblematic of cultural funds of knowledge and how they assume a relationship to resistance and academic attainment for a young Mexican immigrant. The findings challenge the notion that working-class Latino families do not care about the educational fortunes of their youth and lack knowledge and resources to guide their children academically.     

The politics of immigration locally: alliances between political parties and immigrant organizations

Alliances are a political opportunity that reinforce the claims made by different players in the political sphere. However, the literature on the political participation of immigrants pays little attention to the formation of alliances and their effects on the interaction between immigrants and institutional actors, especially under circumstances of politicization. This article aims to explain the emergence of alliances between political parties and immigrant organizations when immigration is politicized locally. I argue that the need to legitimize the political parties’ position on the politicization guide their alliances with immigrants. Using qualitative methods, I analyse the emergence of alliances in the anti-Romanian-Roma campaign in Badalona and the burka ban in Lleida, both in Catalonia, Spain. The findings portray these relationships as the outcome of strategic interactions that respond to the balance of power between institutional and non-institutional actors.     

Highlighting the contrasts,downplaying the divergences: insertion and visibility tactics of Brazilians in Portugal

Although many scholars point to the importance of gender in structuring the immigrant experience, many immigrant women themselves do not attribute much importance to the role that gender plays in their lives. To explore this issue further, we investigate how thirty-two foreign-born Latinas define their experiences in Utah, a new immigrant destination that has received little empirical attention. The women in our sample indicated five major challenges they faced in their everyday lives: social isolation, language difficulty, racial-ethnic prejudice, poverty and lack of documentation. Most of the women described these challenges in terms of social class, race-ethnicity and immigrant status, rather than gender. We argue that migration research needs to be more attuned to axes of oppression other than gender and more attentive to how immigrant women, themselves, interpret their everyday lives.     

‘Horse tripping’: animal welfare laws and the production of ethnic Mexican illegality

Conflicts over animal practices have long been used to construct dynamics of power. This essay examines how debates over immigrant animal practices contribute to the production of immigrant ‘illegality’ in the contemporary USA. I examine laws banning the ‘horse tripping’ events of the Mexican rodeo enacted in California (1994) and Arizona (2009), situating these laws and related media coverage within the broader landscape of exclusionary anti-immigrant politics. While the activists (including Latinos) who supported the bills were primarily concerned with animal welfare, their concerns were marshalled, out of context and against their will, by nativists who demand border militarization, exclusion and deportation. This essay shows that a range of actors – not just notoriously nativist groups but also Latinos themselves, as well as progressive people and organizations – participate, indirectly and inadvertently, in the production of immigrant illegality.     

Perspective: Reproductive isolation caused by natural selection against immigrants from divergent habitats

The classification of reproductive isolating barriers laid out by Dobzhansky and Mayr has motivated and structured decades of research on speciation. We argue, however, that this classification is incomplete and that the unique contributions of a major source of reproductive isolation have often been overlooked. Here, we describe reproductive barriers that derive from the reduced survival of immigrants upon reaching foreign habitats that are ecologically divergent from their native habitat. This selection against immigrants reduces encounters and thus mating opportunities between individuals from divergently adapted populations. It also reduces the likelihood that successfully mated immigrant females will survive long enough to produce their hybrid offspring. Thus, natural selection against immigrants results in distinctive elements of premating and postmating reproductive isolation that we hereby dub "immigrant inviability." We quantify the contributions of immigrant inviability to total reproductive isolation by examining study systems where multiple components of reproductive isolation have been measured and demonstrate that these contributions are frequently greater than those of traditionally recognized reproductive barriers. The relevance of immigrant inviability is further illustrated by a consideration of population-genetic theory, a review of selection against immigrant alleles in hybrid zone studies, and an examination of its participation in feedback loops that influence the evolution of additional reproductive barriers. Because some degree of immigrant inviability will commonly exist between populations that exhibit adaptive ecological divergence, we emphasize that these barriers play critical roles in ecological modes of speciation. We hope that the formal recognition of immigrant inviability and our demonstration of its evolutionary importance will stimulate more explicit empirical studies of its contributions to speciation.     

Becoming American,Constructing Ethnicity: Immigrant Youth and Civic Engagement

After presenting demographic data to demonstrate why immigrant youth are and will be important, this article addresses the limited literature on immigrant youth civic engagement. It also examines the historical literature of immigrant youth in the United States, specifically that of the last great wave of immigration approximately 100 years ago, along with the literature on contemporary adult immigrant civic engagement. It concludes that today's immigrant youth are Americanizing. Nevertheless, when U.S. society and particularly the U.S. state treats immigrant youth as different, the immigrant youth respond with pride by defending their cultural integrity, their right to be different. Contemporary immigrant youth also have the opportunity to maintain transnational ties with their homeland. In response to these forces and opportunities, immigrant youth maintain multiple identities, sometimes identifying with their homeland culture at other times with the United States. The unanswered question is what difference these multiple ties may make for civic engagement.     

迁人江淮稻区褐稻虱生物型跟踪监测及分析

该文对近年来褐稻虱迁入虫源的性质进行了探讨,结果表明迁入的虫源在鉴别品种Mudgo上的致害力,生存率、取食量和原始的种群生物型I没有明显的差别;两者在酯酶同工酶谱带数目和RF值也没有差异。迁入的虫源在田间抗性品种上明显表现虫量少。因此,迁入江淮稻区虫源仍是种群生物型I。人工在Mudgo上诱导产生的生物型1再回到感性品种上连续饲养8代,其对Mudgo的致害性降为1.O级,表明了褐稻虱生物型的不稳定性。     

Organizational life and political incorporation of two Asian immigrant groups: A case study

Civil society is the foundation of a healthy democracy but its immigrant element has received little attention. This paper is a case study of immigrant organizations of highly skilled Asian Indians and Chinese immigrants in a suburban town of Edison, New Jersey. I find that civic participation of Asian Indian immigrants spills over into political incorporation while Chinese immigrant organizations remain marginalized. I argue that local processes of racialization are central in explaining differences in political incorporation of immigrants. In the local context, the Chinese are seen as successful but conformist model minorities and Asian Indians as invaders and troublemakers. The racialization of Asian Indians has resulted in more political activity and higher levels of political visibility of their organizations. The results highlight shortcomings of current assimilation theories, which give little space to civic and political incorporation and view human capital in an unqualifiedly positive light.     

Obstetric violence as immigration injustice: A view from the United States and Colombia

In September 2020, Project South, along with numerous other organizations, released a report detailing abuses in a Georgia Detention Center – including forced hysterectomies. Whatever other factors are at play, one of them is an intrinsic connection between obstetric violence against pregnant migrants and immigration injustice. It is not incidental that these acts – in US detention centers, along the US-Mexico border, in Colombian hospitals and clinics – are being perpetrated on immigrant bodies. And it is not accidental or random which immigrant bodies are vulnerable to these violations. Understanding and confronting obstetric violence directed at pregnant migrants, though, requires reconceptualizing the nature of obstetric violence itself. In particular, we must recognize that obstetric violence against pregnant Latin American migrants in the United States and Colombia is a type of immigration injustice, a means to perpetrate immigration injustice, and a product of immigration injustice. As such, bioethicists need to collaborate with immigration scholars to resist it. After providing some background on the nature of obstetric violence and some ways it is perpetuated against pregnant migrants in the United States and Colombia, I will give a brief overview of how I conceptualize immigration justice. From there, I explain how this type of obstetric violence constitutes a type of immigration injustice, a means to perpetrate immigration injustice, and a product of immigration injustice. My hope is that this analysis motivates bioethicists throughout the Americas to engage with immigration scholars and activists to confront the issue more forcefully.     

Whose Tangle is it Anyway? The African‐American Family,Poverty and United States Kinship

The comparison between United States immigrant and African‐American families presented by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in his 1965 report to President Lyndon Johnson remains the most popular folk model for explaining success, failure and mutual aid in poverty. Despite being savaged by social science in its first two decades and largely ignored in the last two, the Moynihan model is an enduring part of popular discourses on race, intensified by contemporary immigrant success narratives. Based on over three years of participant observation research among homeless African‐American and Latino men and their families and Latin‐American immigrants engaging in small business creation in New York City, I argue that Moynihan's empirically valid claim that certain immigrant family forms are more suited to mutual aid in crisis is misused to present the African‐American family as dysfunctional when its kinship norms are actually typically American.     

Sex differences in life expectancy in Canada: immigrant and native-born populations

A growing body of research often indicates that immigrant populations in Western countries enjoy a lower level of mortality in relation to their native-born host populations. In this literature, sex differences in mortality are often reported but substantive analyses of the differences are generally lacking. The present investigation looks at sex differences in life expectancy with specific reference to immigrant and Canadian-born populations in Canada during 1971 and 2001. For these two populations, sex differences in expectation of life at birth are decomposed into cause-of-death components. Immigrants in Canada have a higher life expectancy than their Canadian-born counterparts. In absolute terms, immigrant females enjoy the highest life expectancy. In relative terms, however, immigrant men show a larger longevity advantage, as their expectation of life at birth exceeds that of Canadian-born men by a wider margin than do foreign-born females in relation to Canadian-born females. It is also found that immigrants have a smaller sex differential in life expectancy as compared with the Canadian born. Decomposition analysis shows this is a function of immigrants having smaller sex differences in death rates from heart disease and cancer. Factors thought to underlie these differentials between immigrants and the Canadian born are discussed and suggestions for further research are given.     

Neighborhood socioeconomic status and BMI differences by immigrant and legal status: Evidence from Utah

We build on recent work examining the BMI patterns of immigrants in the US by distinguishing between legal and undocumented immigrants. We find that undocumented women have relative odds of obesity that are about 10 percentage points higher than for legal immigrant women, and their relative odds of being overweight are about 40 percentage points higher. We also find that the odds of obesity and overweight status vary less across neighborhoods for undocumented women than for legal immigrant women. These patterns are not found among immigrant men: undocumented men have lower rates of obesity (by about 6 percentage points in terms of relative odds) and overweight (by about 12 percentage points) than do legal immigrant men, and there is little variation in the impact of neighborhood context across groups of men. We interpret these findings in terms of processes of acculturation among immigrant men and women.     

Segmented assimilation and socio-economic integration of Chinese immigrant children in the USA

Research on the new second generation has paid much attention to testing one of the hypotheses posed by segmented assimilation theory – downward assimilation into America's underclass – and has neglected to examine other possible outcomes. In this paper, I address a much understudied pathway – assimilation by way of the ethnic community – based on a case study of Chinese immigrant children in the USA. I show that the children of Chinese immigrants have made inroads into mainstream America through educational achievement, not only because of the strong value their parents put on education but also because resources generated in the ethnic community help actualize that value. The Chinese American experience suggests that, in order to advance to the rank of middle-class Americans, immigrant parents have chosen the ethnic way to facilitate children's social mobility and achieved success. Paradoxically, ‘assimilated’ children have also relied on ethnicity for empowerment to fight negative stereotyping of the racialized other.     

Resettled and unsettled: Syrian refugees and the intersection of race and legal status in the United States

ABSTRACT

In this article, I examine how the intersection of legal status and racialization shapes immigrant’s sense of security; or of legal and interpersonal safety. I draw on an ethnography of Syrian refugees who hold a permanent legal status, and who entered the United States in 2015, as Donald Trump was launching his campaign, amplifying anti-Muslim and anti-refugee sentiment. Following refugee experiences from their arrival, through the issuance of the first executive order banning travel in January 2017, I show how this group, racialized as Muslim and Arab, was categorized as a threat to national security. I also capture the uneven way they came to recognize their racialization. While a permanent legal status is likely a necessary condition for feeling a sense of security in the United States, I argue that it is an insufficient one. I show that Syrian refugees’ racialization attenuated their sense of security despite their legal status.     

"Our Child Doesn't Talk to Us Anymore": Alienation in Immigrant Chinese Families

Drawing on ethnographic data on two Chinese immigrant families over a five-year period, I illustrate how and why growing alienation occurred in these families. My analysis shows that a host of developmental, immigration-related, and cultural factors lead to growing alienation in parent—child relations. Social class also plays an important role in shaping family relations after migration. This article complicates understandings of the Chinese American home context and provides educational anthropologists with a useful framework to understand changing dynamics in immigrant families.     

A comment on ‘ethnic discrimination in employment and housing’

This article investigates Los Angeles employers' attitudes towards African American and immigrant Latino low-skill workers. Using 145 in-depth interviews of employers in four industries, I find that a central concern of employers of low-skill jobs is control at the workplace, and employers consequently seek workers whom they perceive as manageable and pliable. As such, the most salient component of employers' attitudes towards African American and immigrant Latino low-skill workers is their perception that the manageability and pliability of workers vary by race, nativity and gender. I also link employers' micro-level attitudes to broader societal level ideologies about race and opportunity. I find that employers' attitudes were embedded within an ideology of individualism, as exemplified by the idea of the 'American Dream', and reflected the growing belief that race-based claims are illegitimate.     

杀虫剂胁迫下褐飞虱迁飞虫和本地虫后代体内粗脂肪、可溶性糖及氨基酸含量的比较

为了解迁飞种群与居留种群后代发生再猖獗的生理生化差异,探讨再猖獗的机制,比较研究了在两个水稻品种（TN1和协优963）上施用杀虫剂后褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)迁飞虫和本地虫后代3龄、5龄若虫和成虫体内可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量以及迁飞成虫与其后代成虫体内游离氨基酸含量的变化。结果表明： 施药以及未施药处理(对照)TN1水稻品种上的迁飞后代3龄、5龄若虫和成虫体内的可溶性糖含量均显著高于本地虫。与可溶性糖含量相比,施药以及对照TN1水稻品种上的迁飞后代3龄、5龄若虫和成虫体内的粗脂肪含量均显著低于本地虫。协优963上3龄、5龄若虫体内可溶性糖含量的变化趋势与TN1上相同。对照水稻上迁飞成虫的粗脂肪含量显著高于本地种群,迁飞与本地3龄、5龄若虫间粗脂肪含量没有显著差异。杀虫剂处理后的水稻上迁飞后代5龄若虫和成虫体内粗脂肪含量显著高于本地虫。方差分析结果也显示,可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量的变化在虫源和杀虫剂,虫源和杀虫剂浓度以及杀虫剂类型和浓度方面有显著交互作用。两种水稻品种上,迁飞当代成虫体内的游离氨基酸含量显著低于其后代成虫。在经3种杀虫剂处理后,TN1上施用三唑磷后成虫体内的氨基酸含量显著高于施用溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉的处理,而协优963上施用溴氰菊酯和吡虫啉显著高于施用三唑磷的处理。本研究结果对深入阐明农药诱导褐飞虱再猖獗的机制具有参考价值。     

Name change and destigmatization among Middle Eastern immigrants in Sweden

Abstract

Research has shown that individuals in Sweden with foreign-sounding surnames who take on more Swedish-sounding or neutral surnames have a positive earnings progression compared to individuals who keep their foreign-sounding names. This article explores the strategies underlying these surname changes. I draw on forty-five interviews from a population of individuals with Middle Eastern backgrounds who changed surnames during the 1990s. Drawing on stigma and destigmatization theory, I argue that immigrant name change, a strategy typically associated with cultural assimilation, is a destigmatization strategy aiming for pragmatic assimilation. Through passing (as either Swedish or non-Middle Eastern), immigrants may keep the benefits of maintaining ethnic identity in their private life and the benefits of more easy public interactions outside the ethnic group. This study also illustrates how the institutional enabling of name change both creates and enables pragmatic assimilation.