黄渤海海域口虾蛄野生资源的种群遗传学研究

本研究通过扩增测序共获得了148条口虾蛄线粒体COⅠ基因序列,定义了52个单元型,其中存在63个变异位点。在黄渤海海域中,盐城口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性最高;渤海与黄海海域口虾蛄群体间遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.006 12。经MEGA 4.0软件计算得知11个种群间的遗传距离为0.0009~0.0057,而渤海与黄海两大海域间的遗传距离为0.0043。系统发生关系显示,渤海与黄海海域的单倍型呈交错聚集状态,说明两大海域间不存在显著的遗传分化。本次研究初步评估了两个海域的口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性水平,为渤海海域与黄海海域口虾蛄种质资源保护提供了基础资料。     

再议中国近海小黄鱼种群的划分问题

以往认为,中国近海小黄鱼可划分为3个种群.本研究从地理隔离、数量动态、形态解剖,分子遗传学和海洋水文等不同方面,重新审视了我国近海小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis Bleeker）种群的划分问题.研究表明：中国近海小黄鱼仅仅存在两个种群,即黄海南部和东海小黄鱼种群及渤海和黄海北部小黄鱼种群.主要证据有三：其一,分析1965年至今小黄鱼不同种群形态解剖学和分子遗传学重要文献,发现这些文献的结果仅仅支持黄海南部和东海小黄鱼是一个种群的结论;其二,依据1971-1982年我国10多个主要渔业公司小黄鱼捕捞统计资料,黄海南部和东海的小黄鱼在地理分布上几乎不存在隔离的现象.在冬季外海,黄海南部和东海小黄鱼栖息于同一个越冬场.进入春季后,它们从该越冬场分别向舟山渔场、鱼山渔场和吕泗渔场产卵洄游.同时,东海南部近海越冬场的小黄鱼向北作产卵洄游,在舟山渔场汇入外海来的小黄鱼鱼群中.从5-8月,黄海南部至东海仅存在一个小黄鱼索饵群体.而黄海北部和渤海小黄鱼群体与上述群体存在明显的地理隔离;其三,黄海南部和东海,近年来小黄鱼产量增长趋势一致,而同期的渤海和黄海北部小黄鱼资源量恢复不大.     

依据大规模捕捞统计资料分析东黄渤海白姑鱼种群划分和洄游路线

根据我国10多个主要渔业公司1971-1982年间白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)捕捞统计资料,从产量分布,鱼群移动等方面,研究了东黄渤海白姑鱼的种群划分和洄游路线。结果显示,我国沿海白姑鱼可分为2个种群。其中,黄渤海种群越冬场主要在黄海中部34°00'N以北水域。每年3-4月份,鱼群陆续进入山东半岛的乳山沿海、渤海各海湾、黄海北部沿岸和海州湾产卵。栖息在渤海的白姑鱼9-11月份在渤海中部索饵,形成越冬群体,11月后绕过成山头向越冬场洄游,12月至1月份到达越冬场;东黄海种群越冬场主要是在东海外海和中南部近海。每年3-4月份东海外海白姑鱼向西进入舟山渔场。在舟山渔场,这部分鱼群与从东海中南部近海北上的产卵群体汇合,向西进入舟山群岛沿海水域产卵。到了5月份,在浙江北部近海形成索饵群体。6-8月份,索饵群体经过长江口北上黄海南部近海索饵,9月份,索饵群体前锋到达34°00'N禁渔线外侧。此后,索饵场的白姑鱼向南做越冬洄游,并在10月份回到长江口。从这里,一部分群体游向外海越冬场,一部分群体继续南下回到东海中南部近海的越冬场。另外,在东海中南部近海越冬群体,部分就近游向沿岸的海湾,河口产卵,产卵后在产卵场外侧索饵,冬季回到就近的越冬场。     

东海海域口虾蛄种群遗传多样性

为准确掌握中国沿海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)种群遗传结构、合理开发利用其资源,采用线粒体DNA(mt DNA)细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)序列分析方法检测东海海域(庙子湖岛、南韭山、大陈岛、南麂岛)口虾蛄种群遗传多样性,并与黄渤海群体和南海群体进行比较分析(基因序列来源于Gen Bank)。经PCR扩增与测序获得100条658 bp的东海海域口虾蛄COⅠ基因序列,基于这些序列分析得到的变异位点数、单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数与核苷酸多样性指数分别为60、60、0.963±0.011和0.005 94±0.000 44,分析认为东海海域口虾蛄具有较高的单倍型多样性和较高的核苷酸多样性。单倍型分子系统树、分子方差分析及两两群体间的遗传分化系数(Fst)分析结果表明,东海海域口虾蛄遗传变异主要来自于群体内(Fst=﹣0.007 78,P0.05),各地理群体间遗传分化不显著,Fst值范围为﹣0.016 53~﹣0.009 08(P0.05),它们可能进行了一定程度的基因交流;通过与黄渤海群体及南海群体基因序列比较分析,口虾蛄东海群体、黄渤海群体与南海群体遗传变异主要来自于群体间(Fst=0.849 71,P0.01),且单倍型分子系统树存在2个显著分化的单倍型类群。东海群体与黄渤海群体间存在显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.884 58,P0.01),而与南海群体间不存在显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.020 44,P0.05),这种遗传结构模式可能与历史上的气候变化及所处海域海洋环境条件相关。建议今后对中国沿海口虾蛄资源进行开发利用时,将黄渤海群体看作一个管理单元,东海群体与南海群体看作一个管理单元。     

黄海海域口虾蛄种群的遗传多样性

为了比较黄海海域口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)不同地理种群的遗传多样性水平,本研究通过分子标记探讨了6个口虾蛄种群的遗传变异.共获得72条627 bp的CO Ⅰ序列,检测到41个变异位点,平均核苷酸多样性为0.005 12;定义了39个单元型,平均单元型多样性为0.962 5.6个种群间的遗传距离在0.004 3 ～0.006 4之间;盐城海域口虾蛄种群具有较高的遗传多样性水平,而青岛和日照海域种群的核苷酸多样性水平则相对较低.歧点分布和中性检验Tajima‘s D及Fu's Fs值均说明黄海海域口虾蛄种群在历史上存在着一个快速扩张的事件,并且根据τ值和分子钟估计种群扩张时间大约距今5.5万年.本研究结果将为黄海海域口虾蛄野生资源的保护和合理利用提供科学依据.     

海冰

人称“中国北冰洋”的渤海和黄海北部海域,是我国纬度最高的海域。每年冬季的寒冷时节．其沿岸海域、各港湾、锚地、岛屿周围和狭窄水道等处．均有不同程度的海冰生成,形成了蔚为壮观的海冰世界。     

太平洋鲱黄海种群的数量估算

太平洋鲱(Clupea pallasi)黄海种群(简称黄海鲱鱼),仅分布于34°N以北的黄海海域。成鱼与未成熟的幼鱼几乎终年分栖。成鱼有明显的昼夜垂直移动现象。越冬期成鱼分布偏     

渤海江豚种群现状初探

渤海是黄渤海江豚种群的重要分布区,但是有关该区域江豚的种群数量的资料极其匮乏。2015年至2016年,采用截线抽样法在渤海水域开展了6个航次的目视调查,收集了渤海江豚的分布数据,首次评估了区域内的江豚种群数量,为制定有效的渤海江豚种群生态保护策略提供了基础资料。调查结果显示,在2015年8月、2016年5~7月、9月和11月进行的6个调查航次共计8972 km的有效航程中,发现江豚87次、136头次。江豚在渤海各海湾和中部水域都可观察到;14:00-18:00时段、离岸15~35km范围内较易观察到江豚;黄河口外、秦皇岛东北侧老龙口和莱州外沿岸河口水域,江豚出现频次较多。各季节中,以5月在黄河口外20~40km范围内发现江豚的频次和数量最多。采用Distance 7.0软件估算渤海江豚种群数量,其中探测概率分别取值0.399、0.85和1时,渤海江豚种群数量估算值分别为7883头（CV=0.21）、3701头（CV=0.21）和3124头（CV=0.21）,对应的种群密度分别为1.441头/km2、0.066头/km²和0.056头/km²,均低于已报道的南黄海和日本海江豚种群相应值。受海上天气、调查条件和经验所限,本文估值可能存在偏差,但限于渤海江豚历史资料缺乏的现状,本文的结果对于认识渤海江豚的种群状况仍具有重要参考意义。     

胶州湾西部海域大型底栖动物次级生产力初步研究

2003年9月—2004年9月隔月在胶州湾西部的5个站位进行了7个航次的大型底栖动物调查取样.利用Brey经验公式对大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值进行研究.结果表明,该海域大型底栖生物年次级生产力平均值为47.34 g·m^-2·a^-1.平均P/B值为0.58.相关分析表明,叶绿素a是影响次级生产力的重要因子,与南黄海鳀鱼产卵场、渤海及国外相关海域的结果进行比较表明,在局域尺度上叶绿素a是最重要的影响因子,但在区域尺度上次级生产力随水深增加而降低.分析对次级生产力影响最大的菲律宾蛤仔种群的年龄组成发现,该种群主要是由不足1龄、1龄和2龄个体组成.     

中国沿海污损性海鞘生态特点及研究展望

海鞘是海洋污损生物群落的重要组成部分, 其附着会给水产养殖业带来严重危害。在中国沿海, 引发生物污损的海鞘共8 科20 属40 种, 其中渤海海域7 种, 黄海17 种, 东海23 种和南海27 种。北方海域以柄瘤海鞘(Styela clava)、乳突皮海鞘(Molgula manhattensis)和米氏小叶鞘(Diplosoma listerianum)为优势种, 南方则以冠瘤海鞘(Styela canopus)、皱瘤海鞘(S.plicata)和大洋纵列海鞘(Symplegma oceania)为优势种。海鞘污损特点与设施所处地理位置、浸海时间、环境状况等因子密切有关。今后除了继续对沿岸代表性海域开展深入研究外, 还需结合海洋经济发展和科学研究的需要, 加强离岸设施(尤其深海环境)污损生物群落的研究, 以期更好地掌握污损性海鞘的组成分布、种群特点及发展趋势。     

中国沿海日本鳗鲡幼苗群体鉴别研究

本文研究了中国沿海日本鳗鲡Anguilla japanica Temminck et Schlegel幼苗的群体问题。通过各项形态性状的观察、计量和差异统计比较,结合有关资料进行了综合分析。所得结果表明:我国沿海主要鳗苗产区的群体,相互间存在着一定的关系,均属同一个种、同一个种群,惟作为今后渔业资源管理的基本单元,其间尚可区分出江苏、长江口、浙江、福建、广东等若干不同的群体。     

Stock discrimination of the Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) based on the otolith shape analysis in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea

Geographic variability in sagittal otoliths shape of the Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) was studied to test whether stock discrimination might be possible using this method. It was hypothesized that S. niphonius would show little difference in otolith shape, likely as a result of mixing between seas. A total of 164 sagittal otoliths were collected from commercial fishing vessels between April and June 2010 in three spawning grounds, that of Qingdao in the middle Yellow Sea, Lvsi in the southern Yellow Sea, Huanghua in the the Bohai Sea. To minimize the potential effect of the fish size among the three fishing grounds, a narrow size range (400–550 mm fork length) was selected. The discriminant function analysis conducted with standardized otolith shape indices and Fourier harmonics produced classification success rates ranging from 57.0 to 88.2% and worked well in the separation between the Bohai Sea group and the Yellow Sea group. No significant differences were detected among the three groups for the Lvsi spawning grounds. The otolith variables showed a distinct gradual variation tendency with the movement of fish schools from south to north. The results suggest that stock from the Bohai Sea could be managed as a separate entity from those found in the Yellow Sea.     

STOCK STRUCTURE OF SEA OTTERS (ENHYDRA LUTRIS KENYONI) IN ALASDA

Sea otters in Alaska are recognized as a single subspecies ( Enhydra lutris kenyoni ) and currently managed as a single, interbreeding population. However, geographic and behavioral mechanisms undoubrably constrain sea otter movements on much smaller scales. This paper applies the phylogeographic method (Dizon et al . 1992) and considers distribution, population response, phenotype and genotype data to identify stocks of sea otters within Alaska. The evidence for separate stock identity is genotypic (all stocks), phenotypic (Southcentral and Southwest stocks), and geographic distribution (Southeast stock), whereas population response data are equivocal (all stocks). Differences in genotype frequencies and the presence of unique genotypes among areas indicate restricted gene flow. Genetic exchange may be limited by little or no movement across proposed stock boundaries and discontinuities in distribution at proposed stock boundaries. Skull size differences (phenotypic) between Southwest and Southcentral Alaska populations further support stock separation. Population response information was equivocal in either supporting or refuting stock identity. On the basis of this review, we suggest the following: (1) a Southeast stock extending from Dixon Entrance to Cape Yakataga; (2) a Southcentral stock extending from Cape Yakataga to Cape Douglas including Prince William Sound and Kenai peninsula coast; and (3) a Southwest stock including Alaska Peninsula coast, the Aleutians to Attu Island, Barren, Kodiak, Pribilof Islands, and Bristol Bay.     

黄海近岸海域蓝点马鲛产卵场分布及其环境特征

蓝点马鲛是黄海最重要的经济鱼类之一,为及时掌握其产卵生境特征及早期资源动态,本文根据2015年和2017年5月下旬2个航次的黄海近岸海域产卵场调查数据,采用服从Tweedie分布的广义相加模型(GAM)对蓝点马鲛鱼卵数据进行了分析。结果表明: 蓝点马鲛产卵场分布与经纬度、海水深度和海水表层温度均呈显著相关,与盐度无显著相关性;最适深度、温度分别为15～30 m、16～20 ℃。其产卵场主要分布在石岛渔场(36°30′ N,121°48′ E)附近和海州湾(33°30′—36° N,119°30′—121°30′ E)。蓝点马鲛不同年份间的产卵场分布存在一定的差异,表温较高的年份其产卵场分布有向北偏移的趋势。有必要加强蓝点马鲛主要产卵区域的管理和保护力度,建立相应的生态养护和修复策略,实现黄海蓝点马鲛渔业资源的可持续开发利用。     

长江中华鲟繁殖群体资源现状的初步研究

根据1994—1998年获得的246尾标本,对中华鲟繁殖群体的性比、性腺发育成熟个体比例、年龄结构、体长和体重特征等进行了研究。并结合历史资料,对其种群资源现状进行评价,提出了相应的资源保护措施建议。     

Phylogeography and population history of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.): a genealogical approach reveals genetic structuring among the eastern Atlantic stocks

Despite the resolving power of DNA markers, pelagic and migratory marine fish species generally show very little geographical population structuring. In mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) population differentiation has been detected only at a transatlantic scale. By applying two regions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (D-loop and cytochrome b (cytb)) in combination with genealogical and frequency-based statistical approaches, our data suggest population differentiation among eastern Atlantic spawning stocks. In contrast, and indicative of homing behaviour, no genetic structuring was observed among shoals of individuals outside the spawning season. Among spawning stocks, mtDNA D-loop sequences detected differentiation within the eastern Atlantic, while the cytb gene detected transatlantic differentiation. The impact of recurrent events (e.g. gene flow restricted by isolation by distance) and historic events (e.g. population range expansions) among spawning stocks was investigated applying a nested cladistic analysis of geographical distribution of cytb haplotype lineages. In the eastern Atlantic, historical population range expansion, presumably in connection with recolonization of northern areas after the last glaciation, is suggested to be the main factor determining mtDNA lineage distribution. This was supported by estimates of mtDNA nucleotide diversity, where the highest diversity was observed for the stock spawning in the Bay of Biscay, for which the size estimate is only 15% of the largest stock (Celtic Sea). In addition to revealing population differentiation, our data demonstrate the importance of sampling strategy and the power of applying statistical methods addressing both ongoing and historical population processes.     

Genetic variation and stock structure of school mackerel and spotted mackerel in northern Australian waters

The total mean sample heterozygosity calculated from eight polymorphic loci was 0·172 (0·047 S.E.) (F_st 0·025) for school mackerel Scomberomorus queenslandicus , and for spotted mackerel S. munroi was 0·110 (0·074 S.E.) (F_st 0·038). There was no evidence of temporal variation for either species as significant genetic differences were not detected between months or year classes within areas. Spatially, school mackerel have a complex stock structure, with stocks being associated with large embayments. In contrast, spotted mackerel appear to comprise a single stock in Australian east coast waters. Both species showed a significant pattern of stock structure between Australian east coast and northern (Arafura Sea) samples.     

东海带鱼春、夏和秋季产卵群体的生殖周期特性与种群问题

东海带鱼有春、夏和秋季生殖之别,秋季并出现分群现象。带鱼第一个生殖周期与其出生季节相适应;从第二个生殖周期开始则消失了与出生季节的相应关系。根据种群结构的组成特性以及耳石相对生长的分析,从种群概念上阐明了不同季节出生的带鱼群体的相互关系。论证了春、夏和秋季产卵群体系为同一种群的不同生物学群。文中讨论了种下阶元的不同分化程度和位置:繁殖群(种群)——繁殖下群——生物学群。     

中国沿海代表性河口地区鳗苗群体形态特征的比较研究

本文报道了１９９２—１９９４年连续３年采自海南至辽宁（包括台湾）沿海７个代表性河口地区鳗苗群体的主要形态特征比较研究结果。４项计数性状和３项度量性状,差异系数分析结果未达到亚种差异水平;判别函数显示,大多数群体间存在显著差异,这种差异应源于遗传变异。各年差异变化无规律,可能与鳗苗漂游分布的随机性有关。